地面覆盖处理对日光温室土壤养分、秋冬茬番茄生长和产量的影响

以番茄为试材,以地膜覆盖、秸秆+地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖3个处理,以不覆盖为对照,研究了不同地面覆盖方式对秋冬茬日光温室番茄土壤养分、植株生长和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖处理减少土壤水分消耗效果最为显著,较对照减少46.72mm。地膜+秸秆覆盖处理、秸秆覆盖处理土壤酶活性较高,而地膜覆盖处理酶活性为最低值。番茄收获后,地膜+秸秆覆盖处理的土壤全氮含量最高,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量最低。地膜+秸秆覆盖对株高与对照接近,但能明显增加茎粗。番茄单株产量比较:地膜+秸秆覆盖地膜覆盖秸秆覆盖对照,分别比对照产量提高13.99%、7.77%和1.96%。地膜+秸秆覆盖处理对我国北方日光温室秋冬茬番茄栽培生产具有重要的应用价值。     

不同覆盖方式对卷丹百合农艺性状与产量的影响

为研究不同覆盖方式对卷丹百合生长发育及产量的影响,设计稻壳覆盖、草坪碎草覆盖、地膜覆盖、不覆盖4种覆盖方式,测定4个处理条件下卷丹百合的株高、茎粗及叶片数、百合的鳞茎周径及产量.结果表明,稻壳覆盖处理的各测定指标效果最明显,与对照相比,株高为75cm,增幅达35％;茎粗为12.29mm,增幅达到23％;单株叶片数105...     

不同覆盖方式对梨园土壤物理性状和树体生长的影响

2011—2013年,对8年生早酥梨园进行地膜覆盖、玉米秸秆覆盖和地膜+玉米秸秆覆盖等不同方式处理,研究其对梨园土壤物理性状及树体生长的影响。结果表明:连续覆盖3年后,早酥梨园土壤物理性状发生显著变化;地膜覆盖处理明显提高了土壤温度,玉米秸秆覆盖则降低了土壤温度;3个覆盖处理均显著提高了土壤含水量、有机质含量、土壤孔隙度,有效降低了土壤容重;3个覆盖处理对增加树体生长量和产量有显著效果。     

树盘覆盖对早酥梨园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

以18年生早酥梨园为试材,连续3年开展了玉米秸秆覆盖、黑色地膜覆盖、玉米秸秆+地膜覆盖、玉米秸秆+生物菌肥覆盖和清耕试验,研究5种树盘覆盖方式对丘陵山地早酥梨园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明,土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量随土层深度增加而降低,TOC含量增幅最大的是0~30cm土层,效果最明显是玉米秸秆+菌肥覆盖处理,TOC含量比清耕(对照)增加了64.7%。年生长周期内,土壤TOC含量呈现先稳定后降低再升高的趋势,添加秸秆有机物的覆盖处理显著提高了土壤TOC含量,玉米秸秆+菌肥覆盖TOC含量增幅最大,比清耕增加了11.0%。随着覆盖年限的增长,添加秸秆有机物覆盖处理的土壤总有机碳含量、易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量及其占总有机碳的比例、微生物量碳(MBC)含量及其占总有机碳的比例均呈现不同程度的增加,玉米秸秆+生物菌肥覆盖增幅最大,其次为玉米秸秆覆盖和玉米秸秆+黑色地膜覆盖。黑色地膜覆盖增加了土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及其所占TOC比例。在实际应用中,玉米秸秆+生物菌肥覆盖可用于以培肥为主要目的的覆盖栽培,玉米秸秆+黑色地膜覆盖可用于以增温效应为主要目的的覆盖栽培,覆盖材料应本着就地取材原则,以实现农业废弃物利用和果树提质增效的双重效应。     

不同保水措施对土壤水、热状况及新植核桃幼树生长的影响

为了探索北方退化干旱山地适宜的土壤保水措施,以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接苗为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究了不同保水措施对土壤水、热状况及新植核桃幼树生长的影响。结果表明:所有保水措施均能不同程度地提高土壤含水量,表现为多重处理双重处理单一处理对照。地膜覆盖具有保温增温效果;秸秆覆盖具有很好的保温效果,使地温维持较为恒定的状态;保水剂对地温的影响不显著。地膜覆盖可提高新栽树的成活率,秸秆覆盖会降低成活率。地膜覆盖使发芽期提前,秸秆覆盖会使发芽期延迟。到新梢停止生长,保水剂、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+秸秆覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖处理的新植核桃幼树的新梢平均长度分别为11.22、27.17、16.38、31.51、15.91、27.27、29.31、9.83cm,有秸秆覆盖的处理(秸秆、保+秸、秸+地和保+秸+地)有地膜覆盖而无秸秆覆盖的处理(地膜和保+地)保水剂对照。在干旱太行山区新垦地,栽植核桃苗最适宜的土壤保水措施为:春覆地膜夏覆秸秆。     

日光温室不同覆盖模式对番茄产量和微环境的影响

在日光温室条件下,研究了地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖2种方式对温室空气湿度、空气温度、土壤温度、土壤理化性状、番茄产量和农艺性状的影响,筛选出有利于温室番茄生长的最佳覆盖模式。研究结果表明,秸秆覆盖能有效调节土壤的理化性状,该处理下的番茄商品性和产量与地膜覆盖处理的相比显著提高,是适宜日光温室番茄生长的覆盖方式。     

土壤含水量对兰州百合鳞茎发芽出苗的影响

通过控制土壤水分含量,对盆栽兰州百合鳞茎造成水分胁迫,结果表明,兰州百合发芽出苗期适合的土壤含水量在17%～24%,23.40%为最佳.过高过低都不利于鳞茎发芽出土;兰州百合鳞茎也有一定的耐涝能力.     

不同灌溉量对兰州百合生长发育及产量的影响

以兰州百合为试材,采用遮雨棚人工控水方式,研究了在不同灌溉条件下兰州百合的生长形态、脯氨酸、糖含量、产量及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:随着灌溉量的增加,兰州百合的株高、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶片相对含水量、地上部、地下部、产量和水分利用率均增加。在350 mm灌溉量下脯氨酸含量显著上升,在灌溉量为450 mm条件下兰州百合鳞茎中的淀粉含量、海藻糖含量和多糖含量差异显著且含量最高,可溶性糖随着灌溉量的增加而增加。兰州百合鳞茎中葡萄糖的含量随着灌溉量的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在550 mm灌溉量下兰州百合鳞茎中果糖含量最高(2.86 mg·g~(-1))。灌溉量在550 mm下兰州百合产量(鳞茎质量)显著提高。在350～450 mm灌溉量下兰州百合鳞茎中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性最高,450 mm灌溉量下蔗糖合成酶活性最低,α-淀粉酶活性在650 mm灌溉量下最高。不同灌溉量下耗水量和水分利用效率依次为650 mm550 mm450 mm350 mm。结合兰州百合在不同灌溉量下的产量(鳞茎质量)、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量、果糖含量等指标,可知在550 mm的灌溉量下兰州百合的产量和品质均显著提高,因此兰州百合的灌溉量以550 mm最佳。     

辽西丘陵地区早酥梨园不同覆盖方法效应的研究

研究不同树盘覆盖方法对早酥梨园土壤肥力和树体生产性状的影响。结果表明,生物菌肥+秸秆覆盖、秸秆+地膜覆盖显著提高了梨果实品质和产量,梨园土壤的有机质含量、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,树体干周和冠径明显提高,单纯秸秆覆盖效果比前二者稍差;由此可见,采用秸秆覆盖是现代梨园土壤管理制度的有效途径之一,添加生物菌肥和加盖地膜可以显著提高秸秆的转化效率和增产潜力。     

兰州百合栽培技术

百合为百合科百合属多年生宿根草本植物,集观赏、食用、药用、保健于一身,是一种综合价值较高的蔬菜。青海西宁地区由于其特殊的生态环境,适合百合等鳞茎、块根作物栽培,如在西宁地区种植的兰州百合商品性极佳,鳞茎洁白、口感好。笔者现结合在西宁市蔬菜研究所蔬菜科技示范园中栽培兰州百合的生产实践,将兰州百合高产高效栽培技术作一总结。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量