黑龙江省保护性耕作累计推广5500万亩

记者从省农业农村厅了解到,黑龙江省将保护性耕作重点放在解决机械化秸秆还田耕种上,在全省快速形成了保护性耕作技术推广势头。目前,全省保护性耕作累计推广面积达5 504万亩,建立了55个省级保护性耕作示范县,明确了适合黑龙江省的保护性耕作技术模式,筛选出适应黑龙江省保护性耕作技术的配套装备。早在2004年,黑龙江省就开始在兰西县榆林镇、大庆市让胡路区开展保护性耕作技术试验示范。     

对吉林省旱作农业保护性耕作的探讨

针对吉林省旱作农业耕作现状存在的主要问题,提出了适应和符合吉林省旱作农业特征的保护性耕作技术,并分析了目前吉林省旱作农业耕作发展的合理方向,以确保和促进吉林省农业的可持续发展.     

稻田冬季保护性耕作的农业和生态意义

本文主要介绍了几种稻田冬季保护性耕作模式及其对土壤理化性质、后季水稻生长以及农业面源污染的影响.系统地阐述了冬季保护性耕作的农业和生态意义,并提出了冬季保护性耕作的前景和发展趋势.     

黑土地保护性耕作技术的思考

分析美国保护性耕作的起源、基本情况,对美国保护性耕作技术进行总结,对我国黑土地的演变、保护情况及保护性耕作技术问题做详细探讨,阐述中国黑土地的保护现状。针对我国黑土地未来耕作技术的发展,提出应采用和推广轮作、秸秆还田、免耕及垂直耕整等4类技术对我国黑土地实施保护性耕作。     

国外作物免耕栽培的研究与应用

介绍了国外作物免耕栽培的形成发展过程、近期研究结果、生产应用情况和存在的问题.指出采用绿肥作物或作物残茬覆盖的免耕栽培是保护性耕作的最有效技术,是农业可持续发展的有效途径之一.     

寒地稻田保护性耕作研究进展

就保护性耕作的由来和内涵、国内外发展现状作一综述,在指出我国寒地稻田传统耕作方式存在的主要问题后,介绍了寒地稻田保护性耕作的主要技术模式:即以免(少)耕、秸秆还田为主的保护性耕作技术。     

保护性耕作对黑土农田土壤水热及作物产量的影响

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的有效耕作技术,为研究其在冷凉区域的适用性,于2004～2009年,以中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站黑土农田为研究对象,开展了免耕秸秆覆盖、少耕和传统旋耕3种耕作措施长期定位对比研究.结果表明:在大豆玉米轮作制度下,实施免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕的保护性耕作方式,连续3 a免耕大豆产量均表现...     

免耕播种实践及其对小麦生产环境因素的影响

根据当地生产情况,就保护性耕作技术进行了全面的阐述。结合近几年的耕作试验,综述了全国该方面试验研究进展,以及目前推广该技术过程中存在的问题和解决的方法。     

旱地保护性耕作对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为给胶东地区旱地保护性耕作提供技术依据,设置传统耕作(CT)、还田免耕(NT1)、整秆还田免耕(NT2)和还田深松免耕(NTS)4个耕作方式,研究了保护性耕作对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,保护性耕作小麦花后叶面积指数及旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率明显高于CT处理,且高值持续时间长,有利于光合功能期的延长,增强了籽粒灌浆速率,最终提高了穗粒数和千粒重,其中NTS处理表现最好,但保护性耕作降低了公顷穗数,比传统耕作减少240万/ha ,产量表现:NTS＞CT＞NT2＞NT1,说明土壤深松与秸秆还田相结合是该地区旱地冬小麦最适宜的耕作方式.     

农田根际土壤微生物多样性研究进展

农田根际土壤微生物对农业生产具有重要影响,不同的经营(管理)措施对根际土壤微生物影响差异较大,长期非保护性耕作、化肥大量使用使农田根际土壤微生物的多样性降低;而施用有机肥、采用保护性耕作可以使农田根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性增加,有利于实现农田养分高效利用和可持续绿色发展。     

Redesigning Industrial Agroecosystems

Summary

The development and mixed benefits of high-input industrial agriculture are reviewed, then illustrated with findings from a Georgia landscape study. As a basis for considering ways to reduce the serious negative aspects of industrial agriculture, we compared the basic ecological energetics and processes of natural ecosystems with pre-industrial, industrial, and reduced-input conservation tillage agroecosystems. We also reviewed our 20-year comparison of conventional tillage with no-till systems. The conclusion is that current trends to redesign industrial agriculture along the lines of reduced-input conservation tillage systems should be accelerated in order to maintain and restore soil quality, and to reduce pollution and soil erosion at the landscape scale.     

西南地区玉米农作模式的演变与发展

分析西南地区农业分区情况和旱地农作模式发展历程及存在的主要问题,基于现代农业发展和未来农村劳动力变化,以全程、全年、全面机械化农艺农机融合为目标,结合近年的研究与实践,深入讨论旱地三熟改两熟、间套作改贴茬平作的"三全"机械化农作模式构建的可行性和科学性,分析配套建立玉米保墒培肥耕作、精量栽培、多抗高产新品种及农田基础设施建设标准的必要性。     

辽西地区垄作保护性耕作方式对玉米产量效应的影响研究

比较研究了不同垄作保护性耕作方式对玉米产量及其形成过程的影响。结果表明,垄作保护性耕作方式具有明显的增产效果,留茬免耕、留茬覆盖和灭茬免耕分别比传统耕作增产12.0%、13.6%和7.8%。垄作保护性耕作方式的干物质积累量和株高均表现为作物生长发育的前期低于传统耕作,在拔节期以后逐渐赶上并超过传统耕作,其单株干物重由大到小的顺序为:留茬覆盖>留茬免耕>灭茬免耕,平均株高整齐度由大到小的顺序为:灭茬免耕>传统耕作>留茬免耕>留茬覆盖。不同耕作方式玉米灌浆速率不同,其中保护性耕作方式玉米灌浆速率的优势表现在授粉15d以后。垄作保护性耕作方式的玉米穗行数、行粒数均优于传统耕作,其中又以留茬覆盖方式最佳,分别比传统耕作高出0.85和1.40个百分点。     

休闲期耕作对旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其相关酶活性的影响

为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论依据,通过大田试验研究了旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻、深松对0～300 cm土壤蓄水量、小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其与氮代谢相关酶活性关系的影响.结果表明,休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好.休闲期耕作均显著提高了小麦蛋白质产量.耕作时间对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因降雨年型不同而异,欠水年的休闲期耕作均显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量;丰水年在麦收后15d耕作显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,尤其显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,从而改善了品质.此外,丰水年麦收后45 d耕作可提高花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,降低花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性;籽粒蛋白质的累积在麦收后15d耕作条件下与籽粒GDH活性关系密切,而麦收后45 d耕作条件下与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性相关性较大.总之,旱地小麦休闲期耕作在不同降雨年型下均可起到良好的蓄水保墒作用,且欠水年效果较明显;耕作时间对土壤水分、小麦氮代谢酶活性、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量具有较大的调控效应,休闲期雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,且深翻效果较好.     

Tillage and vegetative barrier effects on soil conservation and short-term economic benefits in the Central Kenya highlands

Minimum tillage and vegetative barriers can conserve soil and water resources in the steep-sloping highlands of East Africa but there has been little adoption by smallholder farmers. Soil conservation efficiency and short-term economic benefits provided by tillage and vegetative barriers were assessed over four cropping seasons to understand performance under local farming conditions. Minimum tillage was compared with regular tillage and vegetative barriers (leucaena and Napier) with no barriers. Maize and soybean yields were greater with than without vegetative barriers, except with Napier barriers when minimum tillage was practiced where strong root competition occured. Cumulatively for the four cropping seasons, Napier barriers with regular tillage conserved most soil (72%) followed by Napier with minimum tillage (53%). The least soil (1%) was conserved for minimum tillage without barriers and leucaena barriers were intermediate in decreasing soil erosion. The highest positive marginal rate of returns (MRRs) were realized under leucaena barriers with regular tillage (2.09) followed by Napier with regular tillage (1.32). Minimum tillage without barriers had the lowest positive MRRs (0.08). Future increase in the price of key inputs would have greater depressive effect on the MRRs of Napier barriers with regular tillage than leucaena barriers with regular tillage. Minimum tillage without barriers was inefficient in soil conservation particularly when rainfall was intense and had poor MRRs. Leucaena barriers conserved less soil than Napier barriers but were more economically attractive, demonstrating a clear trade-off between soil erosion that is likely to impact crop yields in the long-term and short-term economic benefits. Napier barriers with regular tillage present a win-win scenario due to efficient soil conservation and attractive economic returns provided future prices of labour and Napier cuttings remain stable.     

Root diseases, weeds, and nematodes with poultry litter and conservation tillage in a sweet corn–snap bean double crop

The effect of continuous applications of poultry litter on root diseases, nematodes, and weeds with different tillage practices in vegetable production in Georgia was investigated. Litter treatments (noncomposted and composted broiler or breeder litter) applied 3–5 weeks before planting were compared with no litter. In sweet corn and snap bean there were differences among years, and tillage and litter treatments had a variable effect on yield, post-emergence damping-off and plant stand. Crown and brace root rot in corn induced by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 increased after 3 years conservation tillage, but there were no differences among litter treatments. Population densities of R. solani AG-4 were increased by conservation tillage before planting snap bean the first year but not in later years, while litter treatments had no effect. After 3 years, populations of Pythium spp., Fusarium solani, and Fusarium spp. did not differ among treatments, but noncomposted broiler litter increased populations of saprophytic fungi in soil compared with no litter. Population densities of stylet-bearing nematodes were low and usually not different among treatments. After 3 years of sweet corn populations of Meloidogyne incognita increased with conventional tillage compared with conservation tillage, populations of Paratrichodorus christiei were reduced by litter treatments and populations of Helicotylenchus dihystera were reduced by noncomposted broiler litter compared with no litter. Weed infestation increased in both tillage systems with time, but in snap bean there was a greater infestation in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage. Litter treatments had little effect on weed infestation.     

Effect of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) as a Cover Crop on Weed Control,Growth and Yield of Wheat under Different Tillage Systems

Abstract

Reduced tillage systems are gaining popularity but weed control is often a limiting factor in the adoption of such systems. Cover crops have become a viable option for sustainable agriculture because of its contribution to soil fertility and improved crop performance. However, the contribution of cover crops to weed management is not clearly defined. We compared minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) with conventional tillage (CT) for their effects on wheat growth in an original paddy land clay soil in the presence of Chinese milk vetch as a cover crop. Cover crop biomass, weed emergence, main crop growth and yield and soil penetration resistance were examined. Chinese milk vetch was successfully established under MT and CT but not under NT, which retarded its growth resulting in a significantly large biomass of all weed species. Weed suppression was more effective when the cover crop was broadcasted than row seeded. The presence of milk vetch as a cover crop significantly suppressed weed growth under MT especially at the late stage of growth and resulted in a comparable grain yield to that under CT. Although soil penetration resistance under MT remained high throughout the period of wheat growth, milk vetch could be effectively utilized as a cover crop under MT and wheat grain yield under MT was comparable to that under CT without mulch treatment.     

耕作方式与玉米根系功能及其保护酶活性关系研究

采用根箱模拟方法,研究3种耕作方式(苗带耕作、行间耕作和全层耕作)和两种耕作深度(10 cm、30 cm)对玉米根系空间分布和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,耕作方式显著影响玉米根系空间分布状况,深耕可延长行间耕作和全层耕作的根系功能期。根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在耕作方式间表现为全层耕作行间耕作苗带耕作,深耕可增加玉米生育后期(乳熟期)深层土壤中根系SOD活性。行间耕作和全层深耕均延长玉米深层根系功能期和保护酶活性,实现增产(无显著差异)。因此,从节约成本和提高经济效益考虑,行间深耕是一种更适宜推广的玉米耕作栽培方式。