Preparation and Apllication of Carbon Foam

泡沫炭(CF)是具有炭特征的海绵状炭材料.泡沫炭以其低密度、耐高温、高机械强度等优异性能而在较多领域展示出巨大应用潜力.对泡沫炭的制备原料、制备方法进行了综述,讨论了制备过程中的影响因素和其结构性能的差异,归纳了泡沫炭的结构、性质和应用,并对泡沫炭未来的发展进行了展望.     

泡沫炭的制备及应用

泡沫炭(CF)是具有炭特征的海绵状炭材料。泡沫炭以其低密度、耐高温、高机械强度等优异性能而在较多领域展示出巨大应用潜力。对泡沫炭的制备原料、制备方法进行了综述,讨论了制备过程中的影响因素和其结构性能的差异,归纳了泡沫炭的结构、性质和应用,并对泡沫炭未来的发展进行了展望。     

生物质成型炭的制备及其性能研究

以生物质炭粉为原料制备成型炭燃料,考察了黏结剂种类、用量以及热处理温度对成型炭性能的影响.结果表明:羧甲基纤维素用作黏结剂制备得到的成型炭性能优于以淀粉为黏结剂制备的成型炭,并且得到最优的工艺条件为黏结剂添加量为6％,在200℃下热处理1h.测定了制备得到的成型炭的理化性能,其固定碳质量分数可达到88.95％,热值为30.6 kJ/g,强度为99.83％.     

桂花树干生物炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

通过桂花树干制备生物炭，利用硝酸和高锰酸钾对桂花树干生物炭进行修饰(活化)处理，研究了其对水溶液中染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附能力。研究了温度、pH值、吸附时间和初始浓度对生物炭染料吸附性能的影响。生物炭及改性生物炭准二级动力学拟合的判决系数均为0.999。准二级动力学模型模拟的平衡吸附量更符合实际值。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和紫外分析方法(UV-vis)对生物炭吸附剂改性前后进行了测试，研究表明：改性桂花树干生物炭可以作为合成染料的高效吸附剂。     

生物基炭材料在印染废水深度处理中的应用研究进展

首先总结了生物基炭材料的吸附机理，并根据作用机理去延伸分析生物基炭原料的选取，以及生物基炭的制备和表面改性方法。综合讨论了炭材料孔道结构、表面官能团等内在因素，以及初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值、温度等外在因素对吸附性能的影响，此外，对吸附热力学、吸附等温线和吸附动力学等吸附特性展开分析。最后，总结了生物基炭材料实际应用存在的问题以及未来多样化发展方向，以期对生物基炭材料在印染废水高效处理中的应用提供参考和借鉴。     

PET掺杂对新型木质素基泡沫炭合成的影响

泡沫炭具有低密度、高强度、高导电性、多孔骨架结构等诸多优点,是一种高端的整体性先进碳材料。在多种泡沫炭制备的原材料中,木质素因其可再生、低成本、高产量、高芳香性等特点而逐渐受到重视。基于木质素的热学性质复杂且特殊,近年来笔者开发了一种简单、高效的木质素基泡沫炭合成方法。为进一步实现泡沫炭结构与性能的调控,本研究主要通过使用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)对木质素进行掺杂,考察PET可能对木质素转化过程中产生的影响,以及转化产物(新型泡沫炭)的材料结构与性能,从而提出PET掺杂对木质素基泡沫炭合成的影响。研究结果表明,PET的掺杂对于木质素的发泡过程有调节作用,其与木质素较好的相容性可以成功制备出木质素-PET基泡沫炭。PET的含量对泡沫炭的体密度、真密度、微观孔泡结构、机械强度等均有较为显著的影响。相比之下,X射线衍射和拉曼光谱结果表明PET掺杂对于泡沫炭的微观碳结构几乎没有影响。当PET掺杂量提升为20%时,泡沫炭的性能略有下降,可能与PET与木质素的均匀混合难度提升相关。本研究提出了通过掺杂高分子以改变新合成方法下泡沫炭结构与性能的思路,对泡沫炭的合成和调控具有指导意义。     

活化剂用量对竹基活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响

以毛竹为炭前驱体,KOH作活化剂,通过调节KOH用量在相同活化条件下制备了具有不同孔隙结构的竹基活性炭材料,通过扫描电镜、BET氮气吸附、直流充放电、交流阻抗和循环伏安等结构与电化学性能分析方法,考察了碱炭比对竹基活性炭材料结构和性能的影响.研究结果表明:随着碱炭比增大,活性炭材料的比表面积与总孔容、中孔孔客、微孔孔客...     

丁烷吸附用颗粒活性炭的制备研究

以木屑为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备了丁烷吸附用颗粒活性炭,其性能优于进口丁烷颗粒炭,丁烷工作容量达到了12.0 g/100 mL,强度达到96.95 %.就制备过程中的磷酸浓度、磷木比、干燥硬化工艺等因素对丁烷颗粒炭的性能和强度的影响进行了考察,并通过增加成型时和成型后的特殊处理工艺,使得丁烷颗粒炭的性能得到了大大的提高.最后,探讨了丁烷吸附的机理和丁烷颗粒炭必须具备的条件,孔径在1.8～5 nm之间高孔容积的活性炭,其丁烷工作容量高.     

糠醛渣多孔炭的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

随着经济的发展和社会的进步,人们对具有长的循环寿命、高的功率密度和绿色廉价的能源设备的需求逐渐增加,基于生物质活性炭的超级电容器近年来备受关注。然而,生物质基活性炭的电化学性能仍然缺少竞争力,此外,对其微观结构的控制也是较大难题。笔者以糠醛渣为原料,KOH为活化剂,在氩气氛围下通过两步炭化的方法制备三维多孔炭材料,并将制备的多孔炭用做超级电容的电极材料。通过SEM、TEM、Raman、XPS、XRD等手段系统分析表征了所获多孔炭材料的形貌、结构、组成,并探讨活化剂的比例对糠醛渣多孔炭结构性能的影响。研究结果表明:当KOH和糠醛渣的质量比为3∶1时,所制备的多孔炭材料比表面积为2 164.3 m~2/g,具有良好的电容性能(当电流密度1 A/g时,比电容为235.6 F/g)、倍率性能和循环稳定性(当循环充放电10 000次后,比电容仍能保留96%以上)。本研究从生物精炼废弃物中制备了性能优异的超级电容器用活性炭,为降低高性能超级电容器成本,实现生物质的高值化应用提供新思路。     

木炭粉胶合制成型燃料炭的研究

研究了用木炭粉胶合制作成型燃料炭的工艺方法。通过考察12种胶粘剂对炭块的强度和燃烧性质的影响，优选出适用的粘结剂，并对生产工艺与配方进行了优化。文章指出，炭的粒度越小越有利于成品强度的提高和减少胶的用量；当粘结剂A：淀粉胶：二次纤维配比为3．2：0．8：0．1时，可以制备出性能良好的成型燃料炭，成型加工成本只需395元／t。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。