Conditions of forest transition in Asian countries

This study identifies the important factors that contribute to or inhibit forest transitions in nine Asian countries: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam. A qualitative comparative analysis method was used to determine which conditions or combinations of conditions led to or prevented a forest transition. Under the condition of public ownership with no private forest tenure or ownership of forest land, there was no instance of forest transition among the nine countries studied. Under the condition of non-liberal timber trade policies, there was no instance of forest transition in the countries studied. The results of this analysis suggest that for a forest transition to occur, the country should liberalize timber import and provide forest tenure to the private sector. Based on these results, we argue that in order for a forest transition to take place or for REDD + to be effective, the state should allow for private sector to participate in forest management and create market conditions that meet the demand for timber via trade policy alignment.     

亚洲部分国家林权制度改革实践与启示

我国集体林权制度改革对农村经济发展和社会公平正义影响巨大。文中回顾了自上世纪末出现的世界林权制度改革浪潮, 并对其驱动力进行了分析, 介绍了印度、印度尼西亚、尼泊尔、菲律宾和越南5个亚洲国家的林权制度改革实践与特点, 揭示了亚洲国家林权制度改革对我国集体林权制度改革的启示。     

Land and forests in the Anthropocene: Trends and outlooks in Asia

Forest cover change is one of the defining contemporary environmental changes that validate the proposition of the Anthropocene narrative. Forest transition is a well-recognized global phenomenon, which has been studied and explained in well elaborated forest transition theory. Forest transition has been observed in over 30 countries, and it has been a trend in multiple countries in Asia. Forest transition is most relevant for the Anthropocene narrative, as it suggests that forest cover decline may eventually be followed by a forest cover increase at the global scale. The paper reviews evidence of forest transition in eight Asian countries and juxtaposes this with global forest cover trends. In Asia countries like China, India, Japan, Philippines, South Korea, and Japan and Vietnam are among the countries that have experienced an increase in the area under some kind of tree cover. Complex interplays of forest cover, population growth, economic development, demand for forest goods and services and governance effectiveness are the driving forces of forest transition. While it is not possible to extrapolate Asia's forest transition to the global scale, the Asian experience makes it possible to make statements on possible global forest cover scenarios. Ultimately, forest transition theory in general, and the experience of forest transition in Asia also support the concept and related narrative of the Anthropocene.     

Potential effects of a Trans-Pacific Partnership on forest industries

This study explored the consequences for the forest sector of a trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Chile, Brunei Darussalam, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam (TPP12), and of an extension to include India, China and the Republic of Korea (TPP15). The forecasts used a partial equilibrium model to predict the effects of reduced trade costs due to tariff elimination and of forest product demand shifts resulting from the macroeconomic impacts of TPP12 and TPP15 predicted by Narayanan and Sharma (http://wtocentre.iift.ac.in/workingpaper/workingpaper14.pdf). The results showed the effects of the agreements on the consumption, production, and trade of roundwood, sawnwood and panels, and pulp and paper, for the countries directly involved in the agreements, the European Union, and the rest of the world (ROW). Under TPP12, the main total welfare gains of wood producers and forest product consumers were in the United States and Vietnam, and the greatest losses in China and Korea. Global welfare gains were considerably larger under TPP15, to the advantage of China, Japan and Korea, but to the detriment of the United States, the European Union and the ROW.     

短枝木麻黄种源试验与生长变异规律研究

对11年生短枝木麻黄41个种源的生长性状进行方差分析和相关分析,结果表明:各性状生长在种源间的差异极显著;这种变异与种源所在的地理位置关系不十分密切;仅分布在南半球的种源,其树高生长与纬度呈显著负相关;种源高生长在苗期与11年生的生长关系不紧密,而树高、胸径在其他各生长期间的相关性达极显著水平。性状间的相关分析表明,树高、胸径、单株材积之间呈高度正相关。采用综合权重分析法,初步筛选出8个优良种源:广东湛江、18154(菲律宾)、18014(印度)、18157(马来西亚)、18153(巴布亚新几内亚)、18158(马来西亚)、18298(泰国)、18118(越南),这些种源均好于本地种源,可在闽南地区推广应用,为生产提供良种。     

亚太地区主要国家林产品出口贸易利益及竞争力比较分析——基于增加值贸易核算法

文中从全球价值链视角出发,基于增加值贸易核算方法对亚太地区主要林产品贸易国的林产品贸易利益和竞争力进行测算,以此来测度并比较亚太地区各国在全球价值链下的真实获利情况,并为未来我国林产品对外贸易的发展决策提供借鉴。研究发现,加拿大、美国、印度尼西亚、俄罗斯4个国家在全球价值链中所处位置、竞争力和贸易利益高于中国和马来西亚,在全球价值链利益分配中居于有利地位。中国等发展中国家应该积极延长国内价值链,提升参与国际分工水平,增强对全球价值链参与度和控制力,由量的扩张转向质的提升。     

亚洲主要国家竹种资源与利用

亚洲是世界竹子的主要分布区，竹林培育和加工利用历史最为悠久，竹种资源、竹林面积和竹产业产值均位居全球首位。亚洲竹资源主要分布在东亚、东南亚和南亚国家，在中亚、西亚和北亚国家少有分布。以中国为代表的东亚国家竹种丰富，竹产业发达；以越南、马来西亚为代表的东南亚国家竹产业发展迅速；以印度为代表的南亚国家竹林面积最大，竹产业欠发达。文章分析了亚洲具有代表性的17个国家的竹资源及利用现状，以期为加强亚洲各国竹产业合作、推动区域竹产业高质量发展提供参考。     

Determinants of illegal logging in Indonesia: An empirical analysis for the period 1996–2010

Illegal logging is a significant problem in Indonesia, which is one of the few countries with a large forest area. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect harvesting and supply of illegal timber from Indonesia to China and Japan. Moreover, we investigate the factors that lead to the demand of Indonesian illegal timber from China and Japan. A simultaneous-equation econometric model of illegally logged timber demand and supply is developed and tested using the annual data over the period 1996–2010. We find that corruption and decentralization in Indonesia have significant and positive impacts on the illegally logged timber supply while excess demand in Japanese construction and furniture industries as well as Japan’s housing starts are the significant factors that affect the illegal logging in Indonesia. The law enforcement or policies aimed at reducing illegal harvesting in Indonesia are found to be more effective than the policies targeting the import of illegally logged timber into Japan and China.     

国际金融危机前后中美主要木质林产品出口变化分析

分析中关两国2005—2012年主要木质林产品和木质家具的出口变化情况。结果表明：中美两国在两个时期内（2005—2008年、2009—2012年）主要林产品出口额变化差距较大。2009～2012年与2005—2008年相比,美国出口的主要林产品有所增长,但增幅不大;相反,中国出口的主要林产品大幅增长。林产品出口区域方面,中国在纸浆、原木和锯材进口方面已经跃居为美国林产品第一大出口国,另外近年来美国主要林产品出口国涌现出新成员,如韩国、越南、印度等。受美国金融危机的影响,2009年美国各主要林产品的出口受到严重影响。纸和纸板、纸浆和纸制品的出口贸易额跌幅最为显著;从跌幅比例来看,刨花板、单板和胶合板下跌百分比较大,分别为45．58％、30．99％和26．17％。2009年中国主要林产品的出口较2008年下降10．25％,其中刨花板、单板和胶合板下降比例最大,分别达到29．49％、29．21和25．78％,对纸和纸板出口的影响最小,降幅为2．30％。     

关于发展竹材造纸业的思考

我国木材贫乏，而竹类富饶，因此许多人认为，以竹代木发展造纸业势在必行，作者认为，对发展竹材造纸业必须谨慎，理由：我国以竹为主的手工造纸业是在洋纸冲击下衰落的；近几十年，我国竹材机械造纸有过起飞机会，但发展非常缓慢；印度是世界竹材造纸业最发达的国家，而木材却有可能取代竹材的地位；６０－８０年代，东南亚不少国家曾发展竹材造纸，现在除个别国家外，都停止了。     

Community Forestry in Laos

This article examines the current state of community forestry in Laos. The rationale for community forestry in the Lao context is presented, followed by a discussion of the development of the Lao version of community forestry, called participatory sustainable forest management (PSFM). The history of a project supported by an international non-government organization that attempted to implement PSFM and that was subsequently discontinued by the Lao government is then presented, followed by an analysis of the reasons for government opposition to the project. Examples of more successful community forestry systems in two countries—Nepal and Mexico—are contrasted with Laos's state-centered PSFM model. Lessons from these countries suggest that fundamental institutional changes are necessary for community forestry to take hold in Laos.     

国外林区道路发展现状及启示

林区道路是林业和区域发展不可或缺的基础设施。德国、奥地利等较早实现工业化的欧洲国家林道建设起步早, 现已形成了与本国林业生产作业体系相适应的完善的林道路网体系。奥地利林道密度已达到89 m/hm2, 德国超过100 m/hm2, 英国、法国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家也具备了密集的林道路网体系, 而日本、印度、韩国和俄罗斯林道配置水平较低。文中概述了这些国家林区道路的发展现状和经验教训; 针对我国林区道路总量不足、等级低下等严重滞后问题, 提出合理提高林区道路密度和等级, 林道建设要科学规划合理配置、重视森林生态保护, 制定林道建设技术标准和规程, 减少对环境的负面影响等建议。     

世界森林经理的现状及发展趋势

文章介绍了苏联、美国、联邦德国、民主德国、日本、印度等国的森林经理现状,探讨了今后森林经理的发展趋势。文章就我国森林经理发展概况及存在问题提出了对策。     

2000年全球森林火灾评述

2000年受气候异常、高温、干旱的影响,世界范围内森林火灾频繁发生。美国、欧洲环地中海国家、俄罗斯、蒙古、南非、韩国、印度尼西亚等国家都发生了大的森林火灾,造成重大经济损失和环境破坏,严重威胁居民的生命和财产安全。其中美国西部、俄罗斯远东发生的森林火灾最为严重,引起世界各国的广泛关注。     

世界棕榈藤引种驯化进展

棕榈藤是热带和南亚热带地区重要的非木材产品,用途广泛,可编织、食用、作家具,特别是藤家具在国际市场上很受欢迎,但藤工业所需的原材料正面临着短缺的危险。至今藤家具工业的用藤主要来自于天然棕榈藤资源,由于过度采收和热带森林的破坏,天然棕榈藤资源日益锐减,使棕榈藤生物多样性受到严重侵蚀并威胁到棕榈藤家具工业。文中提出棕榈藤引种驯化对天然棕榈藤资源的保护和藤家具工业的发展具有重要意义,并分别介绍了印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、印度、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡和中国等主要产藤国和其它一些国家的棕榈藤引种驯化历史,最后阐述了棕榈藤引种驯化在保护棕榈藤资源和发展棕榈藤家具工业中的作用。     

日本、美国、瑞典森林法框架及启示

森林是“地球之肺”,森林资源的重要性不言而喻。日本、美国和瑞典3国不仅森林覆盖率高,而且森林法发展历史悠久,其成功经验值得借鉴。文中总结3国森林法基本架构,结合我国社会经济和林业发展现状,提出关于我国《森林法》修改的几点建议:明确可持续发展的立法精神、制定《国有林经营管理法》、构建森林计划体系、加强公众参与。     

银杏叶开发利用概况及建议

概述了日本、法国学者对银杏叶主要成份分析的研究成果，综合了我国台湾、上海、浙江、江苏等省市以及日本、韩国和欧洲一些国家对银杏叶的开发利用情况．自１９９４￣２０００年，浙江省林业厅规划在全省建成４０００ｈｍ２银杏经济林基地，基于这一形势，提出建立专业叶用银杏生产基地、研究叶用银杏丰产配套技术、研究银杏系列开发和深度加工技术三项建议．     

森林永续利用的原则不能动摇

地球人口负荷接近饱和条件下,一切可更新资源都必须实行永续利用,森林也不例外。中国印度等只有提高生产力,才可能实现森林永续利用。多数发展中国家的资源并不贫乏,为实现永续利用,必须解决一系列的科技、政治经济问题。发达国家高层次的森林永续利用,也仍把提高生产力放在核心地位。     

90年代世界林业科技发展趋势与我国的对策

作者从宏观上阐述了90年代世界林业科技的发展趋势,着重指出:世界林业科技竞争格局将向多极化方向发展;森林与环境的研究将提高到空前的高度;生物技术在林业上的应用将取得重大突破,并进入实用阶段。根据发展趋势,提出了我国应采取的对策,强调应确立具有我国特色的科技发展道路。     

国外森林资源资产证券化研究综述

森林资源资产证券化正逐步成为世界各国吸引社会投资进入林业领域的首选创新融资模式,而我国的森林资源资产证券化实践仍处于空白。为了促进我国林业投融资的发展,文中介绍国外森林资源资产证券化的理论与模式,并对美国、芬兰、智利、菲律宾4国发展森林资源资产证券化的背景与经验进行深入发掘分析,总结林业地产投资信托基金、林业基金证券化和林业债券这3种主要的森林资源资产证券化模式,认为林业基金证券化更符合我国现有的林业投资环境,可以成为我国森林资源资产证券化发展的优选模式。