Comparative study of the forest transition pathways of nine Asia-Pacific countries

Forest transition (FT) over the last three decades has attracted much academic attention. In this paper we present a comparative study of FT to assess regional variety in nine countries in Asia: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam, using data covering the years 1960–2010. This study's examination of changes in forest area demonstrates that Korea and Japan achieved FT before the 1980s, and that China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines achieved FT more recently, while Indonesia, Malaysia and Laos still experience forest cover decline. Economic development pathway and state forest policy pathway are most common in these nine countries. The globalization pathway is also found to contribute to FT, primarily in countries that are net importers of forest products. The land use intensification pathway is not identified in any of the nine countries. This study also observed that four countries (China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines) tend to achieve FT at relatively low income levels, which may point to the significance of state intervention in the region's countries via forest protection laws, national forest planning and afforestation programs.     

森林认证对森林转型的影响——来自发展中国家的经验证据

森林转型理论总结了长期以来各国实现森林恢复的影响因素与作用机制。20世纪90年代以来,森林认证作为促进森林可持续经营的市场机制在世界范围内逐渐展开。文中基于1990-2010年76个发展中国家的面板数据,运用分位数回归方法定量分析森林认证对森林转型的影响。研究结果表明,森林认证对森林面积和森林蓄积量都具有显著的正向影响,且在森林资源相对缺乏的发展中国家影响更大;研究还发现,人口密度和人均GDP对森林面积和森林蓄积量具有显著的负向影响,而造林面积、林产品进口额以及非初级产品出口比重等对森林面积和森林蓄积量都具有显著的正向影响。     

亚洲主要国家竹种资源与利用

亚洲是世界竹子的主要分布区，竹林培育和加工利用历史最为悠久，竹种资源、竹林面积和竹产业产值均位居全球首位。亚洲竹资源主要分布在东亚、东南亚和南亚国家，在中亚、西亚和北亚国家少有分布。以中国为代表的东亚国家竹种丰富，竹产业发达；以越南、马来西亚为代表的东南亚国家竹产业发展迅速；以印度为代表的南亚国家竹林面积最大，竹产业欠发达。文章分析了亚洲具有代表性的17个国家的竹资源及利用现状，以期为加强亚洲各国竹产业合作、推动区域竹产业高质量发展提供参考。     

The role of biodiversity in Asian forests

Biodiversity in Asia is reviewed here from both scientific and socio-economic perspectives. Biodiversity in Asia has been very high, for historical and climatic reasons; however, this situation has been changing rapidly, due to population growth and economic development. The forest biodiversity in this region has both global and local value, yet it is seriously threatened. As natural capital, biodiversity functions in a variety of ways: production and regulation functions have global value, while habitat and information functions have social and cultural value, as well as local importance. Sustainable forest management is dependent on the regulatory functions of the ecosystem and biodiversity. Sometimes the functions of forests or biodiversity make conflict. Moreover, biodiversity has an information function related to sustainability via local knowledge and culture. Levin’s (1999) proposals are helpful as a conceptual framework for developing sustainable management for Asian forests.     

森林覆盖变化遥感监测方法研究进展

森林是陆地上最大的生态系统,是地球表面一种重要的植被类型,它对维持全球生态平衡具有不可替代的作用。森林覆盖变化既包含森林与其它地物类型间的转化,又包括不同森林种类间转化的含义。及时准确获取森林覆盖变化信息,对于碳源估测、实现森林资源可持续经营管理等具有重要意义。本文通过对国内外利用遥感技术开展土地覆盖/利用、森林类型识别和制图方法的研究现状及发展趋势的综述,对森林覆盖变化遥感监测方法研究进展进行了概述,并分析了其研究发展趋势。     

世界热带林现状及发展战略(上)

森林资源的消长与社会经济发展密切相关,而林业的兴衰又直接关系到国民经济和社会的发展。当前,世界林业面临的"四大危机"大部分又是与热带林的破坏密切相关的。因此,研究热带林发展战略是研究当前世界林业的核心问题。本文根据国际组织和各国的大量文献,着重就世界热带林的现状、毁林速度、毁林模式、原因和后果等问题进行了论述。     

Analysis of the role of forest,biomass policy legislation and other factors that may affect the future of Kenya’s forests: Use of Japanese forestry as a model

Forests are one of the most important ecosystems on earth that require careful management, conservation, and sustainable exploitation. As countries have their own guideline systems, each may learn and borrow from one another’s experience. One of such countries is Japan, which has elaborate forest policies, and rich in forest cover (67%) with its forest history dating many years back. On the other hand, Kenya, with a forest cover of just 7% and its policies demonstrating notable weaknesses, has a lot to learn from Japan. Therefore, we have attempted to do a comparative analysis of forest policies, technologies, and management practices between Kenya and Japan. Results indicate that Kenya’s forest policies do not place adequate emphasis on silvicultural practices and the establishment of forest plantations, and rarely focus on sustainable biomass utilization—factors that contributed significantly to forest growth and development in Japan. Additionally, policy legislation, revision, and implementation have not been given the deserved priority in Kenya. We conclude that Kenyan forest policy would benefit from both revision and thorough implementation. We also discuss the role of indirect factors such as economic growth and availability of nonwood-based energy sources in the future of Kenya’s forests.     

亚洲部分国家林权制度改革实践与启示

我国集体林权制度改革对农村经济发展和社会公平正义影响巨大。文中回顾了自上世纪末出现的世界林权制度改革浪潮, 并对其驱动力进行了分析, 介绍了印度、印度尼西亚、尼泊尔、菲律宾和越南5个亚洲国家的林权制度改革实践与特点, 揭示了亚洲国家林权制度改革对我国集体林权制度改革的启示。     

Conditions of forest transition in Asian countries

This study identifies the important factors that contribute to or inhibit forest transitions in nine Asian countries: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam. A qualitative comparative analysis method was used to determine which conditions or combinations of conditions led to or prevented a forest transition. Under the condition of public ownership with no private forest tenure or ownership of forest land, there was no instance of forest transition among the nine countries studied. Under the condition of non-liberal timber trade policies, there was no instance of forest transition in the countries studied. The results of this analysis suggest that for a forest transition to occur, the country should liberalize timber import and provide forest tenure to the private sector. Based on these results, we argue that in order for a forest transition to take place or for REDD + to be effective, the state should allow for private sector to participate in forest management and create market conditions that meet the demand for timber via trade policy alignment.     

国外森林体验教育的实践及启示

当今,生态文明理念越来越受到重视,森林体验教育是践行生态文明建设的重要途径,也是实现森林多功能利用的有效方式。通过对德国、英国、日本、韩国的森林体验教育的开展形式、内容、立法等方面进行分析总结,提出了我国森林体验教育应采取的相关措施。     

拉美国家参与全球森林治理的3种模式

随着对全球变暖和气候变化的担忧和关注在国际政策辩论中占据越来越重要的地位,全球对森林治理问题的兴趣和关注也在日益增长。森林已被定位为具有全球价值的碳库,对碳封存和缓解气候变暖具有重要作用。在这种背景下,拉丁美洲的森林治理在应对气候变化方面被视为具有全球重要性。文中以REDD为分析视角,从分阶段的方式出发,将拉美国家参与全球森林治理的模式分为以巴西为代表的自信模式、以哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加为代表的包容模式和以玻利维亚为代表的抗拒模式3种;通过分析认为,拉美国家有最终实现减少森林砍伐和森林退化的巨大潜力以及利用其丰富的森林资源缓解气候变化的相应能力,但需要坚定森林治理和改革的决心并保证REDD政策实施的持续性。     

日本的林木育种事业

日本的林木育种事业开始于1957年,在过去的40多年里,日本的林木育种取得了很大的成果。介绍了日本的林木育种简要历程、林木育种机构、林木育种事业的三大内容（新品种培育、森林遗传资源保存和海外技术合作）、育种成果及对未来育种的期待。     

Differences in forest management practices in Primorsky Krai: Case study of certified and non-certified by Forest Stewardship Council forest concessions

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) aims to promote environmentally responsible forest management globally. However, quantifiable evidence of effects of FSC on forest management practices is lacking. FSC has been present in the Russian forestry arena for over 20 years. In this case study, we compare ecological indicators of forest management in FSC-certified and non-certified companies in Primorsky Krai of the Russian Far East. Those indicators include percent of forest cover loss and gain on forest concessions managed by three certified and three non-certified companies. We also interview a range of stakeholders involved with forest management or in forest policy planning in Russia to provide context for this case study. Results indicate no difference between certified and non-certified companies with regard to forest cover loss from 2008 to 2015 or forest cover gain from 2000 to 2012. Stakeholder interviews reveal that while forest certification is viewed positively and considered an efficient mechanism to improve forest management, the stakeholders doubt its ability to stimulate quantifiable changes in forest management practices in Russia and the Far East specifically. We focus on Primorsky Krai because of its unique geographic location, where its neighbors China and Japan significantly influence Primorsky Krai’s export market.     

国际社会消除区域性贫困的林业实践及启示

森林资源既是一项重要资产,也是发展生产的重要资本。林业实践是改善民生、消除贫困的主要措施之一也已成为广泛的国际共识。文中介绍非洲、东南亚和亚马孙雨林等地区长期以来依靠林业消除区域性贫困的具体实践,并对实践经验进行归纳总结,包括中央与地方权力的有效协调及合理分配以及非木质林产品的有效利用;指出林业消除区域性贫困的过程具有差异性、长期性和挑战性等突出特征,且仍面临着经济社会发展与生态保护的矛盾始终存在、收入与福利分配不均等现实挑战;提出对中国推进消除区域性贫困林业实践的启示,包括持续创新森林资源严格约束下的非木质林产品经营模式、持续探索生态文明建设背景下的民生林业实践模式以及持续探索和创新森林生态补偿实践模式。     

黑龙江林业的发展应该关注森林碳汇问题

森林生态系统在全球碳循环与平衡中具有极为重要的和不可替代的地位和作用,随着《京都议定书》正式生效,森林碳汇问题已经越来越受到世界各国的重视。黑龙江省森林资源丰富,是我国最主要的林区,巨大的“碳汇”既具有重要的生态功能,也蕴藏着潜在的巨大经济利益,因此,研究我省应对《京都议定书》生效、开展森林碳汇项目的对策研究是极为必要的。     

国外森林防火工作现状及展望

森林火灾是危害森林的一个重要的自然因子,尤其是近年来全球气候变暖,森林火灾更有增加的趋势。本文根据近年的林火统计资料分析了国外一些国家和地区的森林火灾次数与面积、火灾类型、火灾发生趋势和火灾损失情况,并介绍了这些国家的防火组织机构,对森林防火工作的未来做了展望。     

中亚五国林业发展及国际合作展望

目前中亚国家多数处于经济转型和管理方式转变的关键时期, 正积极推进林业向可持续管理方式转变, 但重要林业计划和活动实施效果欠佳, 森林退化严重, 盗伐盗猎现象普遍, 也正努力寻求改进和对外合作。文中介绍了包括哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦在内的中亚5国森林资源和管理现状、林业法律政策、林业发展面临的共同问题, 提出了我国与中亚5国开展林业合作的领域和方式, 以期为我国与中亚地区开展林业合作提供重要信息支撑。     

国外林区道路发展现状及启示

林区道路是林业和区域发展不可或缺的基础设施。德国、奥地利等较早实现工业化的欧洲国家林道建设起步早, 现已形成了与本国林业生产作业体系相适应的完善的林道路网体系。奥地利林道密度已达到89 m/hm2, 德国超过100 m/hm2, 英国、法国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家也具备了密集的林道路网体系, 而日本、印度、韩国和俄罗斯林道配置水平较低。文中概述了这些国家林区道路的发展现状和经验教训; 针对我国林区道路总量不足、等级低下等严重滞后问题, 提出合理提高林区道路密度和等级, 林道建设要科学规划合理配置、重视森林生态保护, 制定林道建设技术标准和规程, 减少对环境的负面影响等建议。     

日本森林体验的发展及启示

森林多功能利用是目前国内外研究与开发利用的热点.日本以其丰富的森林资源为平台, 以康体、教育体验为纽带, 开发利用森林体验, 取得了丰硕的成果, 为其他国家及地区提供了经验与启示.文中介绍了日本森林体验开发利用现状, 详细分析了其森林体验指导者培训与考核机制、森林体验基地建设、森林体验推广营销等策略, 提出了我国开展森林体验的相关建议, 可为我国的森林多功能利用提供借鉴.     

森林认证实施现状与趋势分析

森林认证自提出以来便在全球获得了快速发展, 其中以森林管理委员会的FSC体系和森林认证认可计划(PEFC)影响最大。文中在分析主要森林认证体系的基础上, 通过研究FSC和PEFC的实施情况, 指出目前森林认证在全球范围内的发展趋势:森林认证的实施集中在发达国家, 之后在向发展中国家转移过程中出现了减缓甚至停滞的趋势。