奶牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病误诊病例

牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病又称牛双芽焦虫病。它是通过蜱作为传播者将病原散布而引起的。蜱的种类和分布有其地区性，蜱的活动也有其季节性，因而病的发生和流行均具有其地区性和季节性。双芽巴贝斯焦虫在牛细胞内以“成对出芽”生长繁殖，已证明在蜱体内是经虫卯传递的。     

牛双芽巴贝斯虫病的诊治

牛双芽巴贝斯虫病是双芽巴贝斯虫寄生在牛的红细胞内 ,由蜱通过吸血传播 ,呈急性发作的牛血液原虫病 ,临床上主要表现发热、贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿等。1　发病情况台州市黄岩区上洋乡前岸村蔡某和下方村袁某 ,2 0 0 0年从河南调入放牧母牛 1 5头、犊牛及后备牛 1 2头 ,2 0 0 1     

牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病的诊治

双芽巴贝斯焦虫(B.bigemina)是对牛危害较大的一种血液寄生虫,虫体经微小牛蜱、镰形煽头蜱和二棘雪蜱等中间宿主传播。当蜱叮咬牛体时,虫体随蜱的唾液进入牛体,随即由血液进入红细胞,在红细胞内以成对出芽的方式进行繁殖。在我国,牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病主要分布于南方各省,由于我省多山地灌丛,气候温暖潮湿,适宜传播媒介一蜱的生长发育。因     

杀灭菊酯驱杀水牛镰形扇头蜱试验

流行病学调查与实验感染证明,镰形扇头蜱为水牛巴贝斯焦虫病的传播者(刘钟灵等,1986)。因此,杀灭牛体上该蜱是防制水牛巴贝斯焦虫病重要措施之一。关于灭蜱药物,国内以往曾采用有机氯(六六六或滴滴涕)及有机磷(敌百虫或敌敌畏、蝇毒磷等)     

牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病的诊断及分析

牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫(Babesia bigemina)病是对牛危害较大的一种血液寄生虫病. 虫体经微小牛蜱、镰形煽头蜱和二棘血蜱等中间宿主传播给牛体,当蜱盯咬牛时,虫体随蜱 的唾液进入牛体,随即由血液进入红细胞,在红细胞内以"成对出芽"方式进行繁殖.     

牛巴贝斯焦虫病的诊断与防治措施

家畜的焦虫病又称血孢子虫病,病原体是多种无色素血孢子虫——焦虫,通常寄生在红细胞内,引起各种家畜的焦虫病。牛焦虫病包括牛巴贝斯焦虫病、牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病、牛环形泰勒焦虫病。牛焦虫病通过适宜的蜱传播引起,又称蜱热,临床上常出现血红蛋白尿,故又称红尿热。     

奶牛梨形虫病的诊治

奶牛梨形虫病,也称焦虫病,主要由牛双芽巴贝斯虫、牛巴贝斯虫和牛环形泰勒梨形虫引起的寄生虫疾病。牛双芽巴贝斯虫寄生在红细胞内,而牛环形泰勒梨形虫则寄生在红细胞和网状系统内。     

用药物帮助引进易感牛群建立对焦虫病的免疫力

小哨牧场位于昆明东郊,属于牛蜱的高度污染区。全年均能在牛体上找到寄生的微小牛蜱,在6～9月份还有二棘血蜱的出现。据我们1992年对小哨示范牧场进行的蜱传染性血液原虫病的调查,发现有4种病原即:牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫(B.bigemina)、牛巴贝斯焦虫(B.bovis)、牛瑟氏泰勒焦虫(T.serg     

克拉玛依地区牛焦虫病蜱媒鉴定

克拉玛依地区有牛5000多头,近年来连续暴发牛焦虫病,发病率在20％左右,尽管每年给牛打牛焦虫疫苗,对发病牛进行治疗,死亡率仍高达1％。牛焦病病原有3种,分别为牛环形泰勒焦虫、牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫和牛巴贝斯焦虫;其传播媒介分别为璃眼蜱、牛蜱和硬蜱,3个属的虫体发育史不同,在防治方面采取的措施也有所不同,为了查明克拉玛依地区牛焦虫的传播媒介,     

牛焦虫病的防治

正牛焦虫病主要有牛双芽焦虫病和牛巴氏贝斯焦虫病。牛双芽焦虫病又称牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病,在热带、亚热带地区普遍存在。在我国,主要发生于南方各省。本病是一种急性发作的季节性疾病,以高热、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为主要特征。牛巴贝斯焦虫病也是一种世界性的血液原虫病,以急性型为多见,也有高热和血尿的临床症状,其致病机制和症状与牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病相似。1病原体1.1双芽巴贝斯焦虫属于巴贝斯科巴贝斯     

新疆牛双芽巴贝斯虫病的流行病学调查

本研究使用牛双芽巴贝斯虫HSP20（exon）-iELISA检测方法,对2006-2008年新疆14个地州市的牛双芽巴贝斯虫病流行病学进行了调查。结果显示：（1）新疆存在着牛双芽巴贝斯虫病,且比牛巴贝斯虫病严重。在2006年采集的278份牛血清样品中,阳性血清11份,感染率为5.40%。2007年的532份牛血清样品中检出阳性血清25份,感染率为4.70%。在2008年的530份牛血清中检出阳性血清53份,感染率为7.17%;（2）2008年,发病疫区内牛双芽巴贝斯虫感染率高达30%;（3）牛双芽巴贝斯虫感染的地州市由2006年的8个扩大到2008年的13个;（4）新疆牛双芽巴贝斯虫病的感染率逐年上升,疫区面积不断扩大,流行区内感染率激增。这是新疆首次利用血清学方法对全疆范围内牛双芽巴贝斯虫病进行大规模的流行病学调查。     

Comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in Nigeria

The incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. With the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma brucei, Anaplasma centrale, Eperythrozoon and Theileria species as well as Trypanosoma congolense. The incidence of A. marginale infection was at its peak during the rainy season while B. bigemina was most prevalent during the dry season. There were mixed infections of Anaplasma and Babesia (1.42%); Babesia and trypanosomes (1.00%); Babesia and Eperythrozoon (0.75%) and Babesia and Theileria (0.75%). Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, 93, 55 and 68% of cattle sera examined were found to be positive for B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale, respectively. Forty-nine percent of the positive sera of B. bigemina had highest titres. The importance of using serological means for determining the endemic levels of tick-borne diseases in cattle in Nigeria is discussed.     

Transmission of Babesia spp by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina by Boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. DESIGN: Naive Bos taurus calves were treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of either ivermectin or moxidectin and then exposed to larvae of B microplus infected with B bovis or larvae or adults of B microplus infected with B bigemina. One calf was used for each combination of haemoparasite, B microplus life stage, drug and application route. PROCEDURE: Groups of calves were treated with the test drugs in either pour-on or injectable formulation and then infested with B microplus larvae infected with B bovis or B bigemina. B bigemina infected adult male ticks grown on an untreated calf were later transferred to a fourth group of animals. Infections were monitored via peripheral blood smears to determine haemoparasite transmission. RESULTS: Cattle treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin became infected with B bovis after infestation with infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with B bigemina survived to the nymphal stage to transmit the haemoparasite to animals treated with each drug preparation. Cattle treated with pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin then infested with adult male ticks infected with B bigemina did not become infected with B bigemina whereas those treated with the injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin did show a parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin do not prevent transmission of Babesia to cattle by B microplus. Use of these drugs can therefore not be recommended as a primary means of protecting susceptible cattle from the risk of Babesia infection.     

Progression towards endemic stability to bovine babesiosis in cattle introduced onto a game ranch

An opportunity to study progression toward endemic stability to Babesia bigemina arose when cattle were reintroduced onto a game ranch in 1999 after an absence of three years. The study was conducted between August 2000 and June 2001. The unvaccinated breeding cows were sampled only once. Calves born during October 1999 were initially vaccinated against B. bigemina and Babesia bovis at the age of 4 months and were then bled at 10, 17 and 20 months of age. Calves born during 2000 were bled at 7 and 8 months of age. Sera were collected from all the cattle sampled and later tested for antibodies against B. bigemina and B. bovis using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Although endemic stability to B. bigemina had not been achieved at Nooitgedacht 2 years after resumption of cattle ranching, the high seroprevalence in the unvaccinated 8-month-old calves suggested that the situation was approaching stability and that calf vaccination against bovine babesiosis was not required. Tick control should therefore be restricted to prevent excessive tick worry. Only vaccinated cattle were positive to B. bovis and it was concluded that the parasite was absent from the ranch.     

Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu in the Free State Province

A seroepidemiological study was conducted on 151 cattle from the Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu areas in the central Free State Province of South Africa, two areas where small scale, peri-urban cattle farming is practised. An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to test for Babesia bigemina and B. bovis antibodies. To test for Anaplasma marginale antibodies a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used. There were no significant differences in serological test results between the cattle from Botshabelo and those from Thaba Nchu. The herd (two areas combined) had an average seroprevalence of 62.42% to B. bigemina, 19.47% to B. bovis and 98.60% to A. marginale. Based on the percentage of cattle that were seropositive to B. bigemina the immune status of cattle in the Botshabelo-Thaba Nchu area is approaching a situation of endemic stability. With reference to A. marginale, the high seroprevalence is indicative of a situation of endemic stability. The occurrence of B. bovis antibodies in the cattle is difficult to explain as Boophilus microplus ticks do not occur in the area in which the study was conducted.     

The Effect of Short-interval Deltamethrin Applications to Control Tsetse on the Seroprevalence of Babesiosis in Cattle

For the past decade, treatment of cattle with 0.00375% deltamethrin (Decatix, Coopers) at two-weekly intervals has been part of an integrated approach to counteract continuous invasion of Zimbabwe by tsetse from the Mozambique fly-belt. To determine the effect of these regular deltamethrin treatments on the epidemiology of babesiosis, a survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Babesia bigemina in adult communal cattle. The seroprevalence of antibodies against B. bigemina in adjacent areas, where cattle are treated with short-residual acaricides, was also determined for comparison. The prevalence of antibodies to B. bigemina was much higher in areas where dipping with a non-pyrethroid acaricide was conducted. This was attributed to the successful control of Boophilus spp. and hence a very low level of B. bigemina transmission in the 'deltamethrin treatment zone'. This low level of disease transmission was confirmed by the low prevalence of antibodies against B. bigemina in sentinel cattle that were introduced to the 'deltamethrin treatment zone'. The potential adverse effects of severely reducing the tick population should be taken into consideration at the onset of tsetse control operations in which cattle are to be treated with deltamethrin at short treatment intervals.     

Attainment of endemic stability to Babesia bigemina in cattle on a South African ranch where non-intensive tick control was applied

The seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis antibodies in non-vaccinated cattle was monitored on a South African ranch. The main objective was to assess the endemic stability to bovine babesiosis in cattle maintained under relaxed tick-control measures. Cattle were bled at the age of 7, 8, 10, 17, 20 and 30-120 months and the sera tested for the presence of antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. None of the animals were positive to B. bovis. Seroprevalence of B. bigemina antibodies was 46, 70, 90, 92, 54 and 82% in the various age classes, respectively. Endemic stability was therefore reached by the time the calves were 9 months old. The high seroprevalence of B. bigemina was probably due to the high vector tick population on the ranch, which would have encouraged frequent transmission of B. bigemina. An endemically stable situation to B. bigemina could therefore be achieved merely by adopting a tick-control method that allows a reasonable number of ticks on cattle rather than relying entirely on intensive tick control and vaccination.     

Serological survey of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle in South Africa

A total of 719 serum samples collected from clinically healthy cattle from eight provinces located in different districts of South Africa were examined by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the standard indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to determine the serological prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. The results showed that 35.3% and 39.7% of cattle were positive for B. bovis and 30% and 36.5% were positive for B. bigemina antibodies on ELISA and IFAT, respectively. Mixed infections were detected in 18.2% and 26.3% of the samples using ELISA and IFAT, respectively. Consequently, the ELISAs with recombinant B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (BbSBP-4) and B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein-1 (BbigRAP-1/CT) were proven to be highly reliable in the serological diagnoses of bovine babesiosis in South African cattle, as evidenced by the significant concordance rates when the results were compared to those of IFAT. Moreover, the serological prevalence was significantly different among the tested provinces, in which the ranges exhibited between 15% and 73% for B. bovis infection and between 13% and 54% for B. bigemina infection. High sero-positive rates were present in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, while the lowest rate was in the North West province. Our data provide important information regarding the current seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in South Africa, which might be beneficial in developing rational strategies for disease control and management.     

Performance of second-season grazing cattle following different levels of parasite control in their first grazing season

A 3-year grazing trial was performed during 2003-2005 on a commercial steer-producing farm in Sweden to study performance of second-season grazing (SSG) cattle following different levels of parasite exposure during their first grazing season. Initially, groups of 10 first-season grazing (FSG) cattle were each year assigned to four parasite control strategies: (1) turn-out onto pasture that during the previous year was grazed by SSG cattle, followed by a mid-July move to aftermath, (2) supplementation with concentrate and roughage for 4 weeks after turn-out, (3) no treatment, or (4) anthelmintic treatment (injectable doramectin) every fourth week. All animals were set stocked, except for those in group one. Next spring and following housing the cattle were turned out for their second grazing season onto approximately 25 ha communal pasturelands as a common mob. Weighing, faecal sampling and blood collection were performed at turn-out and then every 4 weeks for the 20-week grazing season. Faecal samples were also collected on day 10 after turn-out for detection of coccidian oocysts. Antibodies to Dictyocaulus viviparus were analysed at the time of their second housing period, and when elevated levels were recorded, stored serum samples from seropositive animals were analysed retrospectively. Results showed early-season weight losses of up to 47 kg in the SSG cattle. However, faecal egg counts were generally low and there was no correlation between SSG performance and treatment history as FSG cattle. Still, cumulative egg counts were significantly higher in animals that had been treated with anthelmintic as FSG cattle but serum pepsinogen concentrations showed no significant differences and the output of Eimeria alabamensis oocysts seldom exceeded 10,000 oocysts per gram faeces. Antibodies to D. viviparus were observed from July 2004 and from June 2005 but not in 2003. In 2004 and 2005, 64% and 83% of the animals, respectively, were seropositive for D. viviparus. It is concluded that weight gain penalties resulting from different levels of parasite infections the first grazing season remained during the second grazing season in 2004 and 2005 but no differences in weight gain could be identified in SSG cattle that had experienced different parasite control measures during their first grazing season. This was under conditions where the level of pasture infectivity was low to moderate during the second grazing period. However, D. viviparus was demonstrated in SSG animals during the two last years of the study and was an important confounding factor.     

Detection of bovine babesiosis in Mozambique by a novel seminested hot-start PCR method

Babesiosis is a tick borne disease (TBD) caused by parasites of the genus Babesia, with considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. Bovine babesiosis and other TBDs were considered responsible for 50% of the deaths of cattle that occurred in Mozambique in the first year after importation from neighbouring countries. Here, we present the detection of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in cattle from Mozambique using two distinct PCR methods. For this study, blood samples were collected in one farm located near Maputo city. The DNA samples were analyzed using a previously described nested PCR and a novel hot-start PCR method. Primers were selected for the hot-start PCR based on the putative gene of an undescribed aspartic protease named babesipsin, present in both B. bovis and B. bigemina. The combination of hot-start polymerase and long primers (29-31 bp) were in this study determinant for the successful amplification and detection in only one PCR. With a seminested approach the sensitivity was further increased. The babesipsin seminested hot-start PCR was in this study more sensitive than the nested PCR. A total of 117 field samples were tested by seminested hot-start PCR, and 104 were positive for B. bigemina (90%), 97 were positive for B. bovis (82%), 86 were mixed infections (52%) and only 2 were negative for both Babesia species (1.7%). The results confirm that this area of Mozambique is endemic for babesiosis, and that this TBD should be regarded as a threat for imported cattle.