38种杀菌剂对桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌效果

采用抑菌圈法测定38种杀菌剂对桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌效果,结果表明,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍、3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂600倍、50%福美双可湿性粉剂400倍、50%乙蒜素乳油3 000倍和0.3%四霉素水剂800倍具有显著抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径分别为1.00 cm、0.98 cm、0.78 cm、0.77 cm和0.77 cm。四霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素、福美双和代森锰锌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.2344 mg/L、8.355 mg/L、12.5 mg/L、156.25 mg/L和200 mg/L。     

几种植物精油对冬枣病原菌的抑菌试验

以冬枣为试材,从发病的冬枣上提取出病原菌,并进行分离纯化和鉴定,明确导致冬枣发病的病原菌主要为酵母菌和根霉菌。使用滤纸片法测定5种植物精油(罗勒精油、松红梅精油、薰衣草精油、红百里香精油、迷迭香精油)对酵母菌和根霉菌的抑菌活性,结果表明:红百里香精油对酵母菌和根霉菌都具有很强的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径为(22.43±0.06)mm和(23.48±0.06)mm。另外,采用试管浓度稀释法对5种植物精油的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)进行了测定,得知红百里香精油对酵母菌的MIC值是0.625μL/mL,MBC值是1.25μL/mL;对根霉菌的MIC是0.625μL/mL,MBC值是2.5μL/mL。     

蓝萼香茶菜水提醇沉液对蔬菜作物真菌的抑制活性

采用抑菌圈法测定了蓝萼香茶菜水提醇沉液对茄子黄萎病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用。结果表明蓝萼香茶菜提取液对这3种真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1/128、1/8和1/128;活性物质的最佳水提醇沉法提取条件是将晾干的蓝萼香茶菜在水中浸泡12h,80%的乙醇进行醇沉。     

拮抗菌A02代谢产物对几种果树病害的活性

以北京市农林科学院植物保护保环境保护研究所自主分离筛选的利迪链霉菌A02为供试菌株,采用离体生物测定法评价了其对葡萄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、桃褐腐病菌(Monilinia ructicola)和枣青霉病菌(Penicillium sp.)3种果树病原真菌的室内毒力,通过小区试验测定了其对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效.结果表明:A02活性产物对葡萄灰霉病菌、桃褐腐病菌和枣青霉病菌均具有强毒力,对其菌丝生长的抑制中浓度分别为1.3696、8.1115和7.4989mg/L,最低抑菌浓度均在30 ng/L以下;对葡萄霜霉病的田间小区防效达95.7％,显著高于对照生物农药10％宝丽安可湿性粉剂和1％多抗霉素水剂.     

三十七种生物农药对西瓜细菌性果斑病菌的室内抑菌效果测定

以37种生物药剂和西瓜细菌性果斑病菌为试材,采用抑菌圈法研究37种生物药剂对西瓜细菌性果斑病菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:80%乙蒜素EC(消菌剑魔)、80%乙蒜素EC(汉翔)、3 000亿个/g荧光假单胞杆菌DP、0.15%四霉素AS 4种药剂对西瓜细菌性果斑病菌室内抑菌效果较好。该研究筛选出了对西瓜细菌性果斑病具有一定防效的生防药剂,对西瓜细菌性果斑病的科学防治具有指导意义。     

瑞香狼毒地上部分抑菌活性研究

为探究瑞香狼毒地上部分的抑菌活性，采用溶剂提取法提取茎叶中的抑菌活性成分，测定提取物对17种植物病菌的生物活性，筛选出活性成分部位与生物农药复配，测定对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制活性。结果表明，石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂提取物均表现出不同程度的抑菌活性，其中乙酸乙酯提取物抑菌种类最多，其次为石油醚提取物。乙酸乙酯提取物主要对水稻纹枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、桃褐腐病菌、稻瘟病菌、马铃薯晚疫病菌有明显抑制效果，EC₅₀分别是95.06、586.99、12.64、202.97、139.49mg/L；石油醚提取物对桃褐腐病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的EC₅₀分别是10.28、311.95mg/L;95%小檗碱硫酸盐与乙酸乙酯提取物不同比例复配对水稻纹枯病菌的EC₅₀为137.86～176.60mg/L，除1︰3、1︰5质量配比对水稻纹枯病菌的作用效果呈相加作用，其余配比均呈增效作用。研究表明，瑞香狼毒地上部分具有抑菌活性，具备开发为植物源农药的潜力。     

精制山杏壳木醋液对甜瓜细菌性果腐病的防治效果

以精制山杏壳木醋液为试材,采用抑菌圈法与盆栽验证法,测定了不同浓度精制山杏壳木醋液对甜瓜细菌性果腐病菌的防治效果。结果表明:5.0%精制山杏壳木醋液不仅可以有效抑制甜瓜细菌性果腐病病原菌,而且可促进甜瓜幼苗的生长;10.0%的精制山杏壳木醋液与硫酸链霉素0.33mg·mL~(-1)对甜瓜种子萌发和杀菌效果相当,而高浓度精制山杏壳木醋液浸种会产生药害。     

诃子水提物抑菌活性成分稳定性

以番茄晚疫病原菌为供试菌,研究了诃子水提物活性成分的稳定性,为防治番茄病害、提高产量提供一定的帮助,同时为开发新型植物源农药提供理论支持。结果表明:诃子水提物具有很好的抑菌作用,其最小抑菌浓度为3.9 mg·mL-1。诃子水提物经过酸、碱处理后其在酸性条件下抑菌圈直径较大,抑菌活性较好,经过碱处理后水提物的抑菌圈直径明显减小,抑菌活性显著下降;水提物对温度、紫外照射具有良好的稳定性;蔗糖浓度为2%时,抑菌圈直径最大,抑菌效果最好,之后随着蔗糖浓度的增高,抑菌圈直径减小,抑菌活性降低;当水提物中加入Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+3种金属离子时抑菌圈直径增大,抗菌能力显著提高。     

细辛精油对六种苹果病害的离体抑菌活性

细辛是一种重要的中草药,活性物质主要是挥发油.研究采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了细辛精油对引起苹果病害的6种病原菌(灰斑病菌、褐斑病菌、斑点落叶病病菌、炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和干腐病菌)的菌丝生长和4种病原菌(灰斑病菌、褐斑病菌、斑点落叶病病菌、炭疽病菌)的孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,细辛精油对两者均有一定的抑制作用:对褐斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,EC90仅为397.37mg/L;对炭疽病菌孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,EC90仅为276.77mg/L.对于同一种病原菌来说,细辛精油对其孢子萌发的抑制效果好于对其菌丝生长的抑制效果.     

龙安柚果皮精油水蒸气蒸馏法提取工艺及抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

取市售龙安柚鲜果的外层果皮,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,通过单因素试验及正交试验考察料液比、提取液浓度(NaCl溶液质量分数)和提取(蒸馏)时间对精油得率的影响,对提取工艺进行优化,并测定精油抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,当蒸馏时间为60 min、NaCl溶液质量分数为2%、料液比为1∶1.5时,精油得率(以外层果皮鲜重计)最高,平均为1.37%;龙安柚果皮精油具有较强的还原能力和清除DPPH自由基的作用,对DPPH的半抑制浓度为3.22 mg/mL;龙安柚果皮精油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,且随着精油浓度增加,抑菌效果增强。     

薄荷精油对不同基因型马铃薯原原种的抑芽效果

发芽是造成马铃薯贮藏损失的主要原因之一。为探讨薄荷精油对贮藏马铃薯原原种的抑芽效果,设置0(CK)、20、50、80μL·L~(-1)等4个薄荷精油浓度梯度,处理云薯603、云薯401和紫云1号3个马铃薯品种的原原种,分别于贮藏后0、13、41、48、66、91d观察测量马铃薯块茎的发芽率和芽长。结果表明:与对照相比,经过薄荷精油处理室温贮藏3个月后,3个马铃薯品种的发芽率和芽长大都显著降低,当薄荷精油浓度达到80μL·L~(-1)时,3个马铃薯品种的发芽率和芽长均低于其他处理,基本呈现薄荷精油浓度越高对马铃薯抑芽效果越明显的规律;但云薯401在20μL·L~(-1)和80μL·L~(-1)两个浓度下的抑芽效果较50μL·L~(-1)处理要好,说明薄荷精油对马铃薯抑芽效果除了与精油浓度有关以外,与品种也有关系。     

Biological activities of essential oil,aqueous and organic extracts of Pituranthos tortuosus (Coss.) Maire

Aqueous and organic extracts, essential oil as well as the powder of Pituranthos tortuosus (Coss.) Maire were tested on the growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) to assess its allelopathic potentialities. Besides, biological potentialities of its essential oil were evaluated by estimating its insecticidal (on Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Culex pipiens) and antifungal (on Fusaruim graminearum and Alternaria sp.) activities. Significant growth inhibition of target species was recorded in the presence of the aqueous and acetone extracts, more than 50% in certain cases. P. tortuosus essential oil also induced growth reduction which was almost total in the presence of a concentration of 4000 ppm. In addition, essential oil caused, for C. ferrugineus, a respective mortality of 50% and of 90% at concentrations of 205.68 and 300.37 μl/l air. Otherwise, 50 ppm was sufficient to induce 100% of mortality of C. pipiens larvae, whereas LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were 15.46 ppm and 23.62 ppm, respectively. A concentration of 4 μl/ml of P. tortuosus essential oil caused a complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of F. graminearum and Alternaria sp. Results show that essential oil as well as organic extracts could be used for the production of natural bio-pesticides which could reduce our dependence on chemical pesticides.     

万寿菊精油杀菌素对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌作用及对西瓜幼苗的影响

采用田间试验和生物测定方法,研究了人工合成的万寿菊精油杀菌素对西瓜枯萎病菌和西瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:0.5μg/mL万寿菊精油杀菌素24、48、72、144 h的抑制率分别为100%、76.7%、59.9%、56.8%;当浓度大于1.5μg/mL时抑制率达100%;10μg/mL万寿菊精油杀菌素处理西瓜幼苗的致萎指数得到显著降低,差异达显著水平(P<0.05);20μg/mL万寿菊精油杀菌素处理的西瓜枯萎病菌,大分子量的蛋白含量增多,小分子量的蛋白含量减少,但过氧化物酶的条带数没有变化;50μg/mL万寿菊精油杀菌素处理的西瓜苗叶片中3d后MDA含量减少差异显著(P<0.05),4d后过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高差异达显著水平(P<0.05),5d后差异极显著(P<0.01)。含药培养基上生长的西瓜枯萎病菌的果胶酶活性降低,呼吸强度明显提高,细胞膜通透性增大,几丁质酶活性稍高于对照。此杀菌素可用以预防和控制西瓜枯萎病,为西瓜枯萎病的综合防治提供一种新的方法和途径。     

Influence of leaf blight on yields in geranium Pelargonium graveolens

Summary

Experiments were conducted during 1993 and 1994 at Bangalore, India, to estimate the reductions in yield of essential oil caused by leaf blight (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.) on three geranium (Pelargonium graveolens (L.) Herit) clones. Leaf blight resulted in smaller reductions in oil yield in an Algerian-type (Kd) clone than a Reunion-type (Lo) and an Egyptian-type (Eg) clone. The results indicate that even expensive disease management practices can be recommended for management of leaf blight on the Lo and Eg clones in regions where leaf blight is prevalent, because increases in severity of leaf blight may cause considerable economic loss. Such measures, however, may not be economically viable for the Kd clone.     

16种精油对豇豆蓟马的趋避作用

为了驱赶隐蔽的豇豆蓟马,辅助化学药剂防治,采用Y型嗅觉仪测试了16种精油对豇豆蓟马的趋避活性,并观察了其田间趋避作用。结果表明,柑橘精油趋避活性最高,趋避率为86.67%,其次是肉豆蔻精油、香茅精油、大蒜精油、香樟精油等;香樟精油虫口减退率最高,达到45.36%,其次为香茅精油、柠檬精油、桉叶油、姜黄精油、石菖蒲精油。综合选取香樟精油和香茅精油分别组合乙基多杀菌素进行豇豆蓟马田间防效试验,精油与药剂组合比单一施用药剂的防效显著。利用精油的趋避作用和药剂的杀灭组合能显著提高药效,可达到防治豇豆蓟马的目的。     

Growth,yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to investigate the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates (0, 100 or 300 kg ha⁻¹) on the number of branchings and leaves per plant, plant height, yield of above-ground fresh biomass, total leaf area, dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, leaf essential oil content and the essential oil quality at commercial harvest (full bloom) of the three cultivars of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): (i) “Mostruoso mammouth” (MM); (ii) “Genovese profumatissimo” (GP); (iii) “Napoletano a foglia di lattuga” (NFL). Nitrogen fertilization up to 300 kg ha⁻¹ increased yield of above-ground and leaf fresh biomass, leaf essential oil yield, but it did not affect leaf-to-stem ratio, plant height and the number of branchings per plant. The increase in essential oil yield induced by N fertilization depended on an increase in both leaf essential oil concentration and leaf biomass. The increase in LAI with increasing N fertilization was due to an increase in leaf number per plant rather than in individual leaf expansion. The cultivar GP was different in morphology from MM and NFL, since it had greater leaf number and plant height, but lower leaf-to-stem ratio and LAI. The physiological efficiency of N use (PE) in producing above-ground biomass was not related to N application whereas PE in producing essential oil (PE-oil) tended to increase with increasing levels of N applied. With regard to the effect of the cultivar, GP was less efficient in N use for oil production than MM and NFL since PE-oil of GP was lower while leaf N and PE-biomass were higher than the other cultivars. NFL was the richest in methyl chavicol but the lowest in linalool, whereas MM and GP contained linalool and eugenol.     

脐橙精油氧化还原性对油胞下陷病害的影响

【目的】为了探索脐橙果皮精油氧化还原性与柑橘果实油胞下陷病害的关系,【方法】以奉节脐橙为试材,对奉节脐橙正常和油胞下陷病发生较严重的果实在病变过程中果皮精油的pH、维生素C含量、活性氧产生速率及抗氧化活性的变化情况进行了分析。【结果】结果表明,在整个贮藏过程中,奉节脐橙果皮油胞下陷病发生率和果皮精油pH随贮藏时间的增加而上升,外皮组织中溢出的精油的氧化性使病变率显著增加;正常果的果皮精油产生活性氧速率低于症状果,但抗氧化活性和维生素C含量高于症状果。【结论】说明奉节脐橙精油氧化还原性是果皮油胞下陷病害的影响因素。     

Antibacterial activity of French tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus Linn.) essential oil and its constituents during ontogeny

Summary

Steam distillation of the essential oil from French tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L) yields a mixture of almost fifty different components. A set of ten bacterial species was exposed to the whole oil and several of its constituents, and the level of bacterial inhibition determined. Among the bacteria tested were several of public health significance, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Yersinia enterocolitica. The most inhibitory compounds present in French tarragon essential oil were anisaldehyde, paracymene, eugenol, limonene, linalool, menthol, cis-ocimene, alpha-phellandrene, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. The.antimicrobial activity of whole oil was also assessed at different stages during plant ontogeny.     

原油污染土壤对萝卜种子发芽和幼苗生长的定量分析

在实验室人工控制条件下,研究了不同浓度原油污染土壤对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:随着原油处理浓度的增高,种子发芽率和幼苗生长受到的抑制增强.在浓度30 000 mg/kg的土壤原油处理组,萝卜种子的相对发芽率大于50%,萝卜种子对原油的敏感程度较强.不同浓度的原油污染对萝卜种子发芽率和幼苗各项生长指标的相对抑制率都符合根系长度＞幼苗总鲜重＞幼苗高度＞种子发芽率的规律.     

柠檬桉精油对小菜蛾幼虫生物活性的研究

研究柠檬桉精油对小菜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性，结果表明：柠檬桉精油对小菜蛾幼虫具有很强的拒食活性，浓度为20mg／ml时，拒食率达到91．11％；而胃毒活性和触杀活性则相对弱一些，浓度为20mg／ml的处理，小菜蛾幼虫由胃毒作用引起的死亡率为69．89％，由触杀作用引起的死亡率为62．22％。