衢州乌溪江国家湿地公园昆虫调查及区系分析

于2011年7-8月和2012年9月对衢州乌溪江国家湿地公园生物多样性和昆虫区系进行调查,共采集到昆虫样本16目138科454种,根据所采集昆虫标本,从昆虫组成、昆虫地理区系成分以及不同生境对昆虫区系构成的影响3个方面对乌溪江国家湿地公园内的昆虫种群进行了区系分析。结果表明:区内昆虫物种丰富,以鞘翅目鳞翅目为优势目,区内存在众多资源昆虫及保护种;选取鳞翅目作地理区划分析,其中以东洋种和广布种为主体,分别占50%和45.6%,古北成分只占5.6%;选取不同生境间的昆虫种群构成进行分析后,得出山地植被与湿地植被间昆虫组成存在差异,且有明显的垂直分布特征。     

高速公路昆虫群落多样性和稳定性的研究

对石安高速公路内边坡区、护坡道区、边沟区和边界防护林区4种生境类型进行了昆虫群落的调查,结果表明：不同的生境类型昆虫群落的种类和个体数量存在着差异;4种生境类型的昆虫群落相比较,以边坡区多样性指数最大,稳定性最强,其次是护坡道区、边界防护林区,边沟区多样性指数最小,稳定性最差.     

贵州德江楠杆保护区昆虫种类及区系分析

为掌握德江楠杆自然保护区的昆虫种类及区系特点,2016年4-11月,采用样线踏查法、网捕法、灯诱法对楠杆自然保护区内昆虫进行了三次采集,对其进行室内鉴定,结合相关文献,对该保护区内昆虫种类进行统计与分析。结果表明:楠杆自然保护区昆虫种类有464种,属15目;在世界动物地理区划中具有典型东洋界特征,与古北界关系最紧密,与新热带界关系最疏远;在中国动物地理区划中具有典型的华中区特征,与西南区关系最密切,与青藏区关系最疏远;结论符合该保护区的地理位置特征。可针对昆虫种类及区系分布的特点对昆虫进行高效保护,提高对昆虫资源的利用,提高保护区的可持续性发展。     

新疆园林害虫持续控制初探

新疆昆虫区系属于古北界蒙新区,其中以中亚区系为主,其次是欧洲、西伯利亚区系。由于受地理、地貌、气候、土壤、植被及灌溉等自然条件的限制,新疆与内地省区相比有着病虫害种类少,种群数量大,易爆发成灾等特点。新疆昆虫为适应严寒、干旱、荒漠的生境,在形态上一般个体     

东川播卡金矿周边地区昆虫资源调查分析

对东川播卡金矿周边地区昆虫资源调查的结果表明,在鉴定类群中,以鞘翅目(COLEOPTER)种类最多,有19科84种;物种数量占所有昆虫种总数的39.1%;鳞翅目(LEPIDOPTERA)次之,有17科55种,物种数量占25.6%。昆虫种类及分布与其生境和植被类型有关,在海拔1 000~2 500m的中山地带昆虫种类最为丰富。东川播卡周边地区是我国特有种三尾褐凤蝶Sinonitis thaidina tongchuanensisLee的主要分布区。三尾褐凤蝶是国家II级保护物种,同时亦是珍稀蝶类,该地区开发建设时应注意保护。     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带昆虫考察初报

为摸清走廊带昆虫基本情况,从而为栖息地恢复提供建议和监测本底,于2005年7月对走廊带昆虫进行了调查采集。调查共采集昆虫标本817号,隶属于16目66科,共288种。以鳞翅目和鞘翅目种类和数量最多,为优势类群,其次是半翅目、直翅目和膜翅目,5目昆虫占种总数的91.2%,个体数量的90.12%。结果表明,走廊带昆虫种类丰富,具有较高的生物多样性。     

观音山自然保护区昆虫种类多样性垂直变化研究

首次对观音山自然保护区内的昆虫种类多样性进行了调查研究,发现森林中昆虫的种类数量随着海拔升高逐渐呈下降趋势。其中中鳞翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目昆虫种类数量随着海拔升高呈现不同的变化趋势:鳞翅目昆虫种类数量随海拔升高呈现显著下降趋势;鞘翅目昆虫种类数量随海拔升高而下降,但二者之间只有中度相关性;膜翅目昆虫种类数量变化与海拔存在较低的相关性。     

周至自然保护区鸟类多样性动态监测

2013—2014年采用野外人工样线调查结合红外相机图片资料记录的方法,确定陕西周至国家级自然保护区已知鸟类171种(亚种),隶属于13目43科95属,其中东洋界繁殖鸟占38.36%、古北界繁殖鸟占43.84%、广布型繁殖鸟17.81%;国家级保护鸟类共有17种;不同海拔区域分布的鸟种类和数量,表现为垂直分布生境带谱,且种类和数量随海拔升高而减少。     

甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区昆虫类群组成、区系分布及其与植被类型关系研究

为了查清甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区内昆虫种类组成及昆虫区系特征,采用实地踏查和样点调查相结合的方法,对样方内和踏查线路中出现的所有昆虫个体均采集标本并鉴定,统计昆虫种类,确定其目、科、属的区系地理成分。结果表明:分布于该保护区的昆虫有7目25科61属88种。保护区最多是鳞翅目、鞘翅目和直翅目昆虫,其科、属和种数分别占全部科、属和种数的28.00%、45.90%和44.31%,32.00%、21.31%和18.18%,12.00%、11.47%和19.32%,其他目的属数和种数占比都小于10%。     

低毒广谱杀虫剂对梨园昆虫群落物种多样性的影响

以承德市滦平县西沟乡山地梨园为研究区,采用网捕和陷阱等方法对节肢动物群落进行调查,分析冀北山区梨园节肢动物的物种组成、群落结构、生物多样性及季节动态变化,然后通过对喷洒低毒广谱杀虫剂梨树与未喷洒药剂梨树上昆虫的种类、数量进行对比分析,研究使用低毒广谱杀虫剂对节肢动物群落各参数的影响。结果表明:除5月份昆虫种类减退率为49%外,其他月份昆虫种类和个体数量上的减退率大都在70%~90%之间,说明喷洒农药可以明显降低林冠层昆虫的种类和个体数量,对害虫有一定的防治作用;在试验的4个月内,园内昆虫群落的相对稳定性值未降反升,由此推出,喷洒农药对梨园林冠层的昆虫群落多样性有一定的促进作用;在调查月份中,植食性昆虫种类数量减退率达36%~72%,而捕食性和寄生性昆虫所占群落的比例都有不同程度的上升,说明喷洒低毒广谱杀虫剂能够相对降低有害昆虫的比例,增加天敌昆虫的数量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.