长吻鮠不同时期脑垂体的超微结构

采用组织学方法和透射电镜技术对性周期内不同阶段和不同季节的雌性长吻鮠(Leiocassis longirostris)脑垂体的超微结构进行较详细的研究，结果表明：长吻鮠脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体两个部分，腺垂体组织中有6种分泌细胞，即促性腺激素(GTH)分泌细胞、生长激素(STH)分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素(TSH)分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素(MSH)分泌细胞、催乳激素(PRL)分泌细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分泌细胞。神经垂体组织中存在A型(A1、T2)和B型神经分泌纤维，A型分泌纤维轴突中具有不同类型的分泌颗粒，B型分泌纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。产卵前GTH细胞胞质中充满了电子密度较高的大、小两种分泌颗粒；TSH细胞胞质中分泌颗粒排空，电子密度降低，出现大空泡；STH细胞处于活跃的合成和分泌状态；MSH细胞粗面内质网相当发达，成层围核分布，分泌颗粒极少；PRL细胞电子密度高，具圆球形被膜的分泌颗粒；ACTH细胞分泌物颗粒数量少。产卵后GTH细胞中的分泌颗粒排空；TSH细胞出现空泡；STH细胞中的粗面内质网围核环状排列；MSH细胞分泌颗粒多但比较小，粗面内质网呈扁状或网状；PRL细胞分泌颗粒极少，分布不均匀；ACTH细胞内质网近核分布。秋季GTH细胞中发现GTH1和GTH2两种细胞，GTH1细胞具有大量围核分布的分泌颗粒，GTH2细胞胞质中分泌颗粒数量较少；STH细胞胞质中粗面内质网极发达，围核分布，线粒体数量增加；TSH细胞内质网膨大成泡状；MSH细胞有明显的双核结构，其中一核具核仁，胞质内分泌颗粒较产后增多；PRL细胞具有呈不均匀分布的圆球形分泌颗粒；ACTH细胞线粒体与内质网围核分布，分泌颗粒较少，不均匀分布于细胞质中。冬季GTH细胞内有少量分泌颗粒散布在核周围；TSH细胞含有较多的小型分泌颗粒，胞核外周有大量长条形的粗面内质网；STH细胞中分泌颗粒数量较少，合成和分泌活动微弱；MSH细胞粗面内质网呈泡化状，绕核排列；PRL细胞、ACTH细胞和秋季时的超微结构无明显差异。神经垂体中的分泌纤维各阶段也有一定的变化，产前阶段具有较多球形的无被膜分泌颗粒，产后阶段分泌颗粒呈现排空，秋季部分可见到分泌颗粒，但数量相对较少，冬季变化不明显。     

青弹涂鱼消化系统形态学及组织学研究

采用解剖和光镜技术研究青弹涂鱼消化道的形态学和组织学。青弹涂鱼消化道包括具有发达颌齿的口咽腔,食道,胃,小肠和直肠。青弹涂鱼肝脏的比肝质量平均为6.4%,较一般硬骨鱼类高很多。肝组织小叶构造不明显,血管丰富,小叶间静脉、小叶间动脉和小叶间胆管分布相对独立;肝细胞呈多面体形,排列成团块状或索状。食道管腔大,褶皱平缓且宽;胃的外形为"I"型,无幽门盲囊,幽门部无胃腺;肠道短且粗,与大弹涂鱼有一定差异;直肠与小肠分界明显。消化道肌肉层均比较发达,肌层与黏膜下层之间常见血管,其中分布大量红血细胞。     

鲮鱼肝细胞超微结构研究

应用透射电镜对鲮鱼肝脏细胞进行了观察。结果表明, 正常状态下肝细胞具有典型的单核现象, 核仁、核膜、核孔等都清晰可见, 肝细胞含有线粒体、粗面内质网、溶酶体、糖原等细胞器和内容物, 胆小管主要为胞内胆小管。饥饿4周后, 鲮鱼肝细胞所含的细胞器总数目减少, 核周粗面内质网含量降低, 线粒体出现多种形状, 其间电子密度较低, 嵴更加稀疏, 溶解, 无全嵴, 其最大变化是肝细胞内的糖原几乎消失, 出现大量的溶酶体。再恢复投喂4周后, 鲮鱼肝细胞各种细胞器均恢复到正常水平, 鲮鱼的糖原大量出现, 占据细胞大量空间。表明鲮鱼肝细胞代谢与细胞器数目和内容物密切相关, 在一段时间的饥饿胁迫之后, 其肝脏能过量地贮存糖原作为能源物质。     

南方鲇胰腺组织结构及胰腺泡的超微结构

南方鲇 (Silurusmeridionalis)具有独立而发达的胰腺 ,为致密型。光镜观察可见 ,胰腺外被覆明显的被膜 ,厚度 5～ 2 2 μm ,发达的结缔组织纤维伸入胰腺内部 ,将腺体分隔成明显的小叶 ;胰腺组织包括外分泌部和内分泌部 ,其外分泌部是 1种管泡状腺 ,包括胰腺泡和排泄管 ;其内分泌部即胰岛 ,细胞中有甲细胞、乙细胞和丁细胞 ,核径分别为 4 .2、5 .0和 5 .3μm ,胞质颗粒分别呈红色、桔黄色和淡蓝色。超微结构观察到 ,胰腺细胞呈锥形 ,细胞中具有大而明显的核仁 ,分布着异常发达的粗面内质网、线粒体和核糖体 ,有丰富的酶原颗粒 ,胰腺细胞排列紧密 ,细胞间界限明显 ,连接复合体、泡心细胞和成纤维细胞非常清晰     

鲮鱼肝细胞超微结构研究

应用透射电镜对鲮鱼肝脏细胞进行了观察.结果表明,正常状态下肝细胞具有典型的单核现象,核仁、核膜、核孔等都清晰可见,肝细胞含有线粒体、粗面内质网、溶酶体、糖原等细胞器和内容物,胆小管主要为胞内胆小管.饥饿4周后,鲮鱼肝细胞所含的细胞器总数目减少,核周粗面内质网含量降低,线粒体出现多种形状,其间电子密度较低,嵴更加稀疏,溶解,无全嵴,其最大变化是肝细胞内的糖原几乎消失,出现大量的溶酶体.再恢复投喂4周后,鲮鱼肝细胞各种细胞器均恢复到正常水平,鲮鱼的糖原大量出现,占据细胞大量空间.表明鲮鱼肝细胞代谢与细胞器数目和内容物密切相关,在一段时间的饥饿胁迫之后,其肝脏能过量地贮存糖原作为能源物质.     

嗜水气单胞菌源黄鳝出血病的组织病理学研究

应用组织学方法研究了分离自患出血病黄鳝(Monopterus albus)体内的嗜水气单胞菌(Aermonas hydrophila)人工感染健康黄鳝后引起的组织病理学变化。结果显示:健康黄鳝感染嗜水气单胞菌后发病呈急性过程,感染后15~33 h为发病死亡高峰期。黄鳝人工感染后出现的临床症状与自然发病病例相似,主要表现:体表出现出血斑、肛门红肿、腹腔充血以及各实质性器官出血、充血。人工感染黄鳝的肝脏、脾脏和肾脏的病理变化明显:肝脏出现广泛的充血、出血,肝细胞出现空泡变性、坏死;肾脏肾小管上皮的肿胀、结构的消失,肾小球出血、变性坏死;脾脏充血、出血;肠粘膜上皮脱落,基底膜排列紊乱,大量出血。结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌感染黄鳝后的病理变化主要表现为肝脏、肾脏等实质性器官充血、出血,及广泛的组织细胞变性和坏死。     

黄鳝人工感染温和气单胞菌的组织病理学研究

对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)人工感染温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)的临床症状和病理变化进行了观察。结果显示,感染后12~36h为死亡高峰期,其感染症状与自然发病的黄鳝相似。染病黄鳝的肝脏、肠道和肾脏的病理变化明显,肝细胞变性,肠绒毛脱落,肾小球结构消失并充满大量红细胞;感染后9~27h,肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝细胞肿大并空泡化;感染后3~30h,小肠绒毛脱落,固有层淋巴小结增生,粘膜下层、肌层、浆膜层红细胞增多;感染后3~21h,肾小管上皮细胞肿胀,严重颗粒变性,肾小球上皮细胞坏死;感染后21~30h,肌纤维细胞坏死,大量炎性细胞浸润。     

黄鳝人工感染温和气单胞菌的组织病理学研究

对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)人工感染温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)的临床症状和病理变化进行了观察。结果显示,感染后12~36h为死亡高峰期,其感染症状与自然发病的黄鳝相似。染病黄鳝的肝脏、肠道和肾脏的病理变化明显,肝细胞变性,肠绒毛脱落,肾小球结构消失并充满大量红细胞;感染后9~27h,肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝细胞肿大并空泡化;感染后3~30h,小肠绒毛脱落,固有层淋巴小结增生,粘膜下层、肌层、浆膜层红细胞增多;感染后3~21h,肾小管上皮细胞肿胀,严重颗粒变性,肾小球上皮细胞坏死;感染后21~30h,肌纤维细胞坏死,大量炎性细胞浸润。     

施氏鲟幼鱼肝性脑病组织病理学与细胞病理学研究

对患病和健康施氏鲟（Ａｃｉｐｅｎｓｅｒ ｓｃｈｒｅｎｃｋｉｉ Ｂｒａｎｄｔ）进行的比较解剖、组织病理学与细胞病理学、浒病不研究结果表明,患病施氏鲟无明显的外部症状,临床解剖所见肝脏病变严重：肝淤血、坏死、糜烂。肝组织脂肪变性、水样变性明显,肝细胞核浓缩或淡染、变形、核仁裂解,内质网扩张,线粒体嵴融解、崩解,胞浆内大量脂滴和液泡并将细胞器排挤成团。脑组织水样变性致液化性坏死,脑细胞胞浆呈液化泡状,核     

芳香化酶(P450arom)在黄鳝性腺、脑组织中的定位

为了揭示芳香化酶与黄鳝(Monopterus albus)性逆转之间的内在联系和作用机理,以不同性别黄鳝的性腺和脑组织为试验材料,采用免疫组化方法检测芳香化酶在不同性别黄鳝的性腺和脑组织上的定位及其变化趋势。免疫组化结果显示:在雌性黄鳝性腺中,芳香化酶主要分布在成熟卵母细胞的胞质上,卵膜、胞核和不成熟的卵母细胞呈阴性;在雌雄间性黄鳝性腺中,芳香化酶主要分布在的退化卵母细胞膜和纵隔上;在雄性黄鳝性腺中,芳香化酶主要分布在各级精母细胞上。芳香化酶在脑组织中均有分布,并且其染色程度随着黄鳝由雌性转换为雄性而趋于减弱。这意味着黄鳝性腺和脑组织中的芳香化酶可能参与黄鳝的性逆转过程,且与其性别转化密切相关。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).