鲮鱼肝细胞超微结构研究

应用透射电镜对鲮鱼肝脏细胞进行了观察.结果表明,正常状态下肝细胞具有典型的单核现象,核仁、核膜、核孔等都清晰可见,肝细胞含有线粒体、粗面内质网、溶酶体、糖原等细胞器和内容物,胆小管主要为胞内胆小管.饥饿4周后,鲮鱼肝细胞所含的细胞器总数目减少,核周粗面内质网含量降低,线粒体出现多种形状,其间电子密度较低,嵴更加稀疏,溶解,无全嵴,其最大变化是肝细胞内的糖原几乎消失,出现大量的溶酶体.再恢复投喂4周后,鲮鱼肝细胞各种细胞器均恢复到正常水平,鲮鱼的糖原大量出现,占据细胞大量空间.表明鲮鱼肝细胞代谢与细胞器数目和内容物密切相关,在一段时间的饥饿胁迫之后,其肝脏能过量地贮存糖原作为能源物质.     

黄鳝肝脏的显微和超微结构

为了了解黄鳝(Monopterus albus)肝脏结构与功能的关系,应用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对黄鳝肝脏的显微和超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:黄鳝肝脏肝小叶不明显;肝细胞以中央静脉为中心呈不规则放射状分布,肝血窦交织成网状;肝细胞核大,核中位或偏位,偶见双核。肝细胞核大而圆,核仁显著,核孔明显且数目多;胞质内粗面内质网发达,呈区域化的层层排列,线粒体非常丰富且成群分布,紧密排列在核周围或与粗面内质网紧密接触;糖原颗粒丰富;可见溶酶体和脂滴。     

驼背鲈肝脏结构的光镜和透射电镜观察

采用HE、Mallory氏三色法、Heidenhain氏Azan染色,PAS反应,组织块银浸染方法,对组织切片染色处理,应用光学显微镜和透射电镜对驼背鲈肝脏的显微和超微结构进行了观察,结果表明驼背鲈肝组织中肝细胞界限不明显,不存在双核现象,有暗细胞和亮细胞之分,胞质中细胞器丰富,有大量的线粒体、内质网和溶酶体,高尔基体很难观察到,仅在胆小管和狄氏间隙的附近发现。此外,在肝血窦的附近观察到成纤维细胞、枯否氏细胞和贮脂细胞。肝组织中胆管数量众多包括肝叶中央胆管、支胆管、小叶间胆管和小叶内胆管,并且在中央静脉附近偶见辐射状排列的肝细胞索。     

文蛤卵母细胞卵黄发生的超微结构

取不同发育阶段文蛤 (MeretrixmeretrixLinnaeus)活体解剖取出生殖腺 ,常规方法制成切片 ,以透射电镜(TEM )观察其卵母细胞的卵黄发生过程。结果表明 ,文蛤的卵母细胞卵黄发生期间 ,线粒体、内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、微吞饮泡等细胞器均参与了卵黄粒的形成。卵黄合成早期的卵母细胞质膜伸出大量的微绒毛 ,并出现卵黄膜 ,胞质中有大量膜性小泡 ,溶酶体、线粒体、高尔基复合体和粗面内质网发达 ,卵黄前体物质逐渐增多。在卵黄合成中期 ,胞质内线粒体和内质网活动活跃 ,卵母细胞大量合成和积累卵黄物质 ,细胞质膜外凸 ,与外界进行物质交换。卵黄合成后期 ,卵质内贮存了大量的卵黄粒 ,细胞器不发达。此外 ,还对卵母细胞发育过程卵黄颗粒的细胞内、外原料来源进行了讨论     

微囊藻毒素对小白鼠肝脏的毒理效应

以微囊藻体内提取的微囊藻毒素(MC)试液对ICR小白鼠进行腹腔注射实验，小白鼠肝脏充血、肿胀，出现死亡。通过电子显微镜对肝细胞超微结构观察，实验表明，MC试液使小白鼠肝细胞超微结构出现较大异常变化，内质网破碎，发生核糖体的脱粒现象；线粒体内部结构尤其是嵴发生变形、碎裂，出现溶解。解体的部分内质网碎片包绕在线粒体周围，细胞内容物稀疏，细胞质结构分布比较随机，规律性降低。研究结果表明，MC—LR的腹腔注射剂量为0．06mg／kg时，会使ICR小白鼠肝细胞超微结构有显著变化并出现小白鼠死亡现象。     

苏氏(鱼)鲶肝脏的超微结构

以透射电镜观察 4月龄、体长 12～ 16cm、体重 16～ 2 5 g的苏氏鲶 (Pangasiussutchi)的肝脏组织。结果表明 ,苏氏鲶肝细胞存在双态现象。根据胞质内电子密度不同 ,鲶肝细胞可以区分“淡”细胞和“暗”细胞 2种类型 ,越冬前“淡”细胞占优势 ,越冬后“暗”细胞数量增加。鲶肝细胞与周边细胞之间存在有 3种不同的联系状态 :①相邻肝细胞间以桥粒结构连接 ;②与血窦的间接连接 ;③与胆小管邻接 ,显示了肝脏具有内分泌腺和外分泌腺功能的特点。本文还比较了越冬前后肝细胞中细胞器和内含物种类和数量变化特点及生物学意义 ,认为鲶越冬前贮备足够的糖原对于顺利越冬有积极意义     

铜对鲤鱼损害的电镜X射线显微分析

用电镜X射线显微分析法,研究铜在鲤（Cyprinus carpio）肝细胞和肾细胞中的分布和相对含量,从细胞水平探讨鲤的铜中毒机理。结果表明,铜进入鲤体内后,在肝细胞、肾细胞的溶酶体中分布最多,溶酶体旁、细胞核次之,细胞质内最少,中毒组与正常组差异显著。鲤中毒后肝细胞核膜扩张、线粒体呈空泡状,溶酶体数量增多、体积增大;肾小管上皮细胞核膜扩张,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂。     

苏氏Mang鲶肝脏的超微结构

以透射电镜观察4月龄、体长12-16cm、体重16-25g的苏氏Mang鲶（Pangasius sutchi）的肝脏组织。结果表明，苏氏Mang鲶肝细胞存在双态现象。根据胞质内电子密度不同，Mang鲶肝细胞可以区分“淡”细胞和“暗”细胞2种类型，越冬前“淡“细胞占优势，越冬后“暗”细胞数量增加。Mang鲶肝细胞与周边细胞之间存在有3种不同的联系状态：①相邻肝细胞间以桥粒结构连接；②与血窦的间接连接；③与胆小管邻接，显示了肝脏具有内分泌腺和外分泌腺功能的特点。本文还比较了越冬前后肝细胞中细胞器和内含物种类和数量变化特点及生物学意义，认为Mang鲶越冬前贮备足够的糖原对于顺利越冬有积极意义。     

镉对弹涂鱼肝细胞超微结构影响的初步观察

研究了镉(Cd)的两种离子浓度(1 mg·L-1、0.1 mg·L-1)对弹涂鱼肝细胞超微结构的影响.采用体外暴露方法,将实验用弹涂鱼暴露于1 mg·L-1 Cd2+、0.1 mg·L-1 Cd2+中,暴露10 d后取肝脏制备电镜样品,应用透射电镜观察肝细胞超微结构.结果表明,与镉的对照组相比,在0.1 mg·L-1 Cd2+浓度暴露条件下,弹涂鱼肝脏细胞内的细胞器受到不同程度的损伤,线粒体扭曲变形,内质网膨胀,细胞核变形,核膜肿胀.在1 mg·L-1 Cd2+浓度组,几乎所有的细胞器都受到严重影响,细胞结构遭到严重破坏.肝细胞细胞质内容物大量泄露,胞浆空泡化,细胞器极少,残存细胞器的结构不完整.研究表明随着Cd2+暴露浓度的增高,肝细胞超微结构的受损程度逐渐加深,损伤不可逆转.分析认定Cd2+对肝细胞的损伤是由脂质过氧化造成.     

锯缘青蟹促雄腺进行全浆分泌的证据

采用透射电镜技术，对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)促雄腺细胞的分泌活动进行了观察。结果表明，腺细胞具有2种类型：A型细胞核内常染色质丰富，具有大量的扁平嵴的线粒体、粗面内质网与核糖体，A型细胞进行分泌时，细胞质大量排出，属于全浆分泌方式；B型细胞异染色质绕核内膜分布，仅见极少量的细胞器或细胞质完全消失。B型细胞为A型细胞完成分泌后的存在形式。本研究为甲壳动物促雄腺的全浆分泌活动提供了直接的证据。     

饥饿以及再充分投喂对鲻鱼血液生化指标的影响

在19～24℃条件下对鲻鱼(初始体重:204.42g±23.13g)进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长实验。实验设定2种投喂方式,对照组(饱食组)在实验期间一直投喂,饥饿组在限食期则不投喂食物,重喂期则恢复投喂。实验期为8个星期。取样分别在限食期的第0、1、2、4周和重喂期的1、2、4周,每次6条鱼。结果表明:饥饿状态下,鲻鱼血糖,血脂和血浆蛋白含量都显著降低;再充分投喂后,各血液生化指标均恢复到对照组水平,实验结果表明鲻鱼饥饿4个星期后,在4个星期的恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应。     

限食以及再充分投喂对鲻鱼血液生化指标的影响

2001年12月—2002年3月,水温为19~24℃,对鲻鱼[初始体重:(204.42±23.13)g]进行了不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长试验。试验设定2种投喂方式,对照组(饱食组)在试验期间正常投喂;限食组(半饱组)在限食期投喂量为饱食组的1/2,重喂期则恢复投喂。试验期为8周。分别在限食期的第0、1、2、4周和重喂期第1、2、4周取样,每次6条鱼。试验结果表明:限食状态下,鲻鱼半饱组血糖、血脂和血浆蛋白含量均显著降低;再充分投喂后,各血液生化指标均恢复到对照组水平。鲻鱼限食4周后,在4个星期的恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应。     

Effect of heat-treated feed and exogenous zymogen on survival and growth of grey mullet, Liza ramada (Risso), larvae in Egypt

A preliminary trial and two experiments were carried out to study the effect of heat-treated feed and exogenous zymogen on the survival and growth of grey mullet, Liza ramada (Risso), larvae. The fish were held in glass aquaria supplied with continuous aeration and salt water, which was changed daily. Two test diets (40% crude protein) formulated from commercial ingredients were used. In the preliminary trial, diet A was either heat treated in an autoclave using a maximum pressure of 1.2 kg cm^–2 for 15 min, or supplemented with exogenous zymogen at rates of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% or 8% of the diet. In experiments 2 and 3, four heat treatment times (0, 10, 20 or 30 min) using the previous pressure and three exogenous zymogen supplementation rates (0%, 2% or 4%) were evaluated in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement for effects on the survival and growth of grey mullet using diet B. Zymogen and vitamins were added to the diets after heat treatment. In addition to survival and growth, dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity were measured periodically through the study. The grey mullet larvae were introduced to the treatments 24 h after transportation to the laboratory in experiment 2 and after 3 weeks acclimatization in experiment 3. In the preliminary trial, significant differences in survival rates were observed after 7 days for larvae maintained at heat-treated diet A and diet A supplemented with 4% exogenous zymogen. In experiment 2, significant differences in weight gain corresponded to increasing dietary zymogen in diet B. Likewise, the percentage of survival rate increased significantly starting from week 2 as zymogen increased in diet B. Heat treatments in diet B had no significant effect on weight gain of grey mullet after 2 weeks. However, significant differences in survival rate corresponding to heat treatments were observed for grey mullet larvae after 4 weeks in experiment 2. Diet B heat-treated for 20 min with 4% zymogen gave the best results for larval survival rate and growth. Although the larvae were acclimatized for 3 weeks to salinity using the best diet of the second experiment before starting the third experiment, the same results were observed after 3 weeks. Further experiments must be performed to confirm the best conditions for acclimatization.     

中国对虾幼体中肠腺的结构和细胞化学研究

用组织学、细胞学以及细胞化学等手段对中国对虾中肠腺的结构发生和功能进行研究。结果表明，中肠腺始于Ｎ４－５期，为中肠前端先后向两侧突出的２对盲囊，第１对中肠腺盲惠至Ｍ３期退化消失，成体中肠腺由第２对中肠腺盲囊发育而成。中肠腺小管上 Ｚ２期细胞已有了分化，由４类细胞组成，即胚细胞（Ｅ细胞）、纤维细胞（Ｆ细胞）、泡状细胞（Ｂ细胞）和吸收细胞（Ｒ细胞）。电镜下，腺上皮细胞在发育的各个时期基本一致；Ｅ细胞的     

胆碱对高脂胁迫的团头鲂肝脏抗氧化、组织结构和免疫力的影响

以初始体质量(42.20±0.34)g团头鲂为研究对象,研究饲料中添加胆碱对高脂胁迫团头鲂肝脏抗氧化、组织结构和免疫力的影响。实验采用2×2因子设计方法,共配置2个脂肪水平(5%和15%)和2个胆碱水平(1200和2200 mg/kg)的等氮饲料4组。养殖实验在室内循环水系统中进行,养殖周期为8周。养殖实验结束后进行血液和肝脏生化指标、肝脏抗氧化指标和非特异性免疫指标等的检测分析,以及观察肝细胞的超微结构变化。结果显示,当饲料中添加1200 mg/kg胆碱时,随着脂肪水平的升高,团头鲂肝脏脂肪含量和甘油三酯浓度显著增加,而血浆中谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性则显著上升;肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(t-SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性等显著升高;血液中白细胞数、溶菌酶活性、总蛋白和球蛋白水平以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性显著降低;超微结构观察到肝细胞中存在大量脂滴,伴随着细胞核变性、核膜残缺、线粒体水肿等异常现象。这些结果表明高脂日粮不仅导致肝细胞的结构和功能的损伤,而且造成肝脏氧化应激和机体免疫力的下降。在高脂饲料(15%脂肪)中添加2200 mg/kg胆碱,可显著降低肝脏脂肪含量、血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性,显著降低肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并显著提高白细胞数和球蛋白水平以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性,同时肝细胞形态及细胞器结构也趋于正常。研究表明,添加适量胆碱能够减少肝脏脂肪沉积,维持肝脏结构和功能的正常,并增强团头鲂抗氧化能力和机体免疫力,继而保持鱼体的健康。     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

池养鲻的卵巢发育和卵子发生过程

通过卵巢切片的组织学分析揭示，幼鲻在土池养殖3个月后可见线状卵巢，大约5个月后卵原细胞进入第一次成熟分裂前期的双线期转变为早期初级卵母细胞。接着卵母细胞生发泡(核)和胞质体积增加，核质比从3．5：1减少至2：1。此后卵巢中卵母细胞停滞发育持续至养殖的第3年。在第3年卵巢切片看出卵母细胞进入脂肪泡时相，在第3年秋季进入卵黄发生时相。但在人工养殖条件下卵母细胞仅能发育到卵黄发生后期，即卵母细胞胞质充满卵黄颗粒，生发泡居中而不移位。这些结果对于用人工养殖鲻为亲鱼开展人工繁殖提供重要的科学依据。并讨论了卵子发生6个时相的生物学特点及其重要的细胞器在卵黄发生中可能的生理作用。     

Interacting effects of diet and environmental temperature on biochemical parameters in the liver ofLeuciscus idus melanotus (Cyprinidae: Teleostei)

One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNADNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.     

中华鳖淋巴心的组织学研究

采用解剖、石蜡切片和电镜制片方法，对中结鳖淋巴心的解剖部位、大小、显微结构和内容物的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明，中华鳖有３对淋巴心，位于肺部两侧的体腔外，通过结缔组织与背甲相连。测量和统计检验结果显示，其长径和短径均与背甲长呈直线正相关，性别间无显著差异。淋巴心呈椭球形，中央有１个腔，由淋巴心壁向内突出数条环形嵴状瓣膜。淋巴心壁的组织结构可分为４层，由内向外依次为主方上皮层、致密结缔组织层、横纹