加味丹参饮抑制p38MAPK表达保护缺氧/复氧乳鼠心肌细胞损伤的实验研究

目的 观察加味丹参饮含药血清对缺氧/复氧（hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R）乳鼠心肌细胞p38 MAPK蛋白表达的影响,以探讨其保护心肌的作用机制。方法 将20只SD乳鼠的心肌细胞进行原代培养,建立H/R模型并随机分为H/R组、SB203580（p38MAPK阻断剂组）、加味丹参饮含药血清组,正常心肌细胞组作为对照组。采用T淋巴细胞化学染色法鉴定心肌细胞,罗丹明B（Rhodamine B）染色法观察细胞形态,MTT比色法检测含药血清对乳鼠心肌细胞的毒性,Western-blot法检测MKK3（促分裂原活化蛋白激酶-激酶3）、MKK6（促分裂原活化蛋白激酶-激酶6）、p38MAPK、phospho-p38MAPK蛋白表达。结果 与正常血清对照组比较,H/R组MKK3、MKK6的蛋白表达增多,p38MAPK通路阻断剂SB203580和加味丹参饮均不能减少其表达;p38MAPK、phospho-p38MAPK在H/R时表达均增加（P<0.01）,而SB203580和加味丹参饮含药血清均能减少其表达（P<0.01）。结论 加味丹参饮含药血清预处理可通过抑制缺氧,复氧心肌细胞p38MAPK信号通路发挥保护作用,抑制p38MAPK表达及其磷酸化,减轻心肌细胞损伤,起到保护心肌细胞的作用。     

受乙烯诱导表达的蜻蜓凤梨MAPKK基因的克隆与序列分析

利用抑制性差减杂交文库筛选到的1个被乙烯诱导并与已知植物促丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase,MAPKK;MKK）同源的cDNA片段,通过RACE技术得到该基因的全长cDNA序列。生物信息学分析表明,该基因属于植物MAPKK的A亚族,具有植物MAPKK的磷...     

抗苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1B毒蛋白质单链抗体的筛选与鉴定

利用人源化噬菌体抗体库筛选抗Bt Cry1B毒蛋白质的单链抗体(Single-chain antibodies,scFv)。将扩增后的噬菌体抗体库与固相化包被的Cry1B毒蛋白质特异性结合,经4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"后,富集特异性识别Cry1B毒蛋白质的噬菌体单链抗体。从最后一轮筛选中随机挑取单菌落进行单克隆ELISA鉴定,对阳性克隆进行PCR扩增、DNA电泳鉴定及测序,成功筛选获得8个阳性噬菌体scFvs,经鉴定均有完整外源基因片段插入。挑取阳性值最高的scFv(1E2)建立了基于单链抗体的Cry1B毒蛋白质间接竞争ELISA检测方法。结果表明,Cry1B毒蛋白质对噬菌体scFv(1E2)的抑制中浓度(IC50)为1.075μg/ml,最低检测限(IC10)为0.013 4μg/ml,线性检测范围在0.5μg/ml至4.0μg/ml之间。     

Erratum

In the report by N. Yamamoto et al., "Transformation of human leukocytes by cocultivation with an adult T cell leukemia virus producer cell line" (20 Aug., p. 737), the column headings in Table 1, on page 738, under "Cells with markers (%)," should have read: Leu 1, Leu 2a, Leu 3a, Leu 4, and Ia (not immunoglobulin A).     

Production of hemadsorption-negative areas by serums containing Australia antigen

Exposure of human Wi-38 cells to human serums containing Australia antigen, and presumably serum hepatitis virus, renders the cells refractory to infection by Newcastle disease virus as detected by the hemadsorption-negative plaque test for intrinsic interference. Induction of the Newcastle disease virus refractory state could be passed in cell culture with up to a 1 : 100,000 dilution of material obtained from cells "infected" with serums containing Australia antigen after filtration (0.45-microm pores) and heating to 60 degrees C for 1 hour. Human antiserums to the Australia antigen prevented induction of the Newcastle disease virus refractory state.     

The atomic structure of Mengo virus at 3.0 A resolution

The structure of Mengo virus, a representative member of the cardio picornaviruses, is substantially different from the structures of rhino- and polioviruses. The structure of Mengo virus was solved with the use of human rhinovirus 14 as an 8 A resolution structural approximation. Phase information was then extended to 3 A resolution by use of the icosahedral symmetry. This procedure gives promise that many other virus structures also can be determined without the use of the isomorphous replacement technique. Although the organization of the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 of Mengo virus is essentially the same as in rhino- and polioviruses, large insertions and deletions, mostly in VP1, radically alter the surface features. In particular, the putative receptor binding "canyon" of human rhinovirus 14 becomes a deep "pit" in Mengo virus because of polypeptide insertions in VP1 that fill part of the canyon. The minor capsid peptide, VP4, is completely internal in Mengo virus, but its association with the other capsid proteins is substantially different from that in rhino- or poliovirus. However, its carboxyl terminus is located at a position similar to that in human rhinovirus 14 and poliovirus, suggesting the same autocatalytic cleavage of VP0 to VP4 and VP2 takes place during assembly in all these picornaviruses.     

On gardening and human welfare,or, the role of attitudes and natural capital in sustainable welfare

This paper examines the ancient Judeo-Christian worldview to provide a link between individual and societal attitudes and sustainable human welfare. This moral ecology links the welfare of the entire created order to human justice, or right living. Environmental degradation, poverty, and oppression all stem from humans grasping for control. To examine how these attitudes may affect material human welfare the paper develops the concept of natural systems as natural multiproduct factories, showing how they interact with other productive resources to improve human material well-being. Maintaining or increasing such well-being depends upon creating a balance between these natural factories and human-derived inputs within a spatial context. Achieving balance, as well as overall human welfare, is shown ultimately to depend upon the attitudes of people toward one another and toward the rest of creation, indicating that the basic Hebrew perspective under girding western civilization has much to offer as a frame of analysis.Robert R. Gottfried is Associate Professor of Economics at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He has worked in Central America, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, and Appalachia. His special interests include the economics of sustainability, environment and development, and environmental theology.     

Type-restricted neutralization of molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus

In a study of the immunologic significance of the genetic diversity present within single isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the neutralization of viruses derived from molecular clones of the HIV-1 strain HTLV-IIIB by an extensive panel of sera was compared. Sera from HIV-1-infected patients and from goats immunized with polyacrylamide gel-purified HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120), native gp120, or gp120-derived recombinant peptides, showed marked heterogeneity in neutralizing activity against these closely related viruses. The change of a single amino acid residue in gp120 may account for such "clonal restriction" of neutralizing activity.     

Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate

The capacity to generate a limitless range of meaningful expressions from a finite set of elements differentiates human language from other animal communication systems. Rule systems capable of generating an infinite set of outputs ("grammars") vary in generative power. The weakest possess only local organizational principles, with regularities limited to neighboring units. We used a familiarization/discrimination paradigm to demonstrate that monkeys can spontaneously master such grammars. However, human language entails more sophisticated grammars, incorporating hierarchical structure. Monkeys tested with the same methods, syllables, and sequence lengths were unable to master a grammar at this higher, "phrase structure grammar" level.     

Molecular analyses of oral polio vaccine samples

It has been suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and thus the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) it causes, was inadvertently introduced to humans by the use of an oral polio vaccine (OPV) during a vaccination campaign launched by the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in the Belgian Congo in 1958 and 1959. The "OPV/AIDS hypothesis" suggests that the OPV used in this campaign was produced in chimpanzee kidney epithelial cell cultures rather than in monkey kidney cell cultures, as stated by H. Koprowski and co-workers, who produced the OPV. If chimpanzee cells were indeed used, this would lend support to the OPV/AIDS hypothesis, since chimpanzees harbor a simian immunodeficiency virus, widely accepted to be the origin of HIV-1. We analyzed several early OPV pools and found no evidence for the presence of chimpanzee DNA; by contrast, monkey DNA is present.     

Erratum

In the report "Antibodies to peptides detect new hepatitis B antigen: Serological correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma" by A. M. Moriarty, H. Alexander, G. B. Thornton, and R. A. Lerner (25 Jan., p. 429), the legend of table 1 should have begun, "Reactivity of human serum samples with peptide 99 and peptide 142," not "Reactivity of human liver samples...."     

Antibody domain exchange is an immunological solution to carbohydrate cluster recognition

Human antibody 2G12 neutralizes a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates by binding an unusually dense cluster of carbohydrate moieties on the "silent" face of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Crystal structures of Fab 2G12 and its complexes with the disaccharide Manalpha1-2Man and with the oligosaccharide Man9GlcNAc2 revealed that two Fabs assemble into an interlocked VH domain-swapped dimer. Further biochemical, biophysical, and mutagenesis data strongly support a Fab-dimerized antibody as the prevalent form that recognizes gp120. The extraordinary configuration of this antibody provides an extended surface, with newly described binding sites, for multivalent interaction with a conserved cluster of oligomannose type sugars on the surface of gp120. The unique interdigitation of Fab domains within an antibody uncovers a previously unappreciated mechanism for high-affinity recognition of carbohydrate or other repeating epitopes on cell or microbial surfaces.     

Correction

In the report "Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu, Zn super-oxide dismutase mutation" by M. E. Gurney et al. (17 June 1994, p. 1772)(1), a systematic, 10-fold error was made in calculating the dilutions of brain extract used for determinations of total brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity shown in column 6 of table 1 (p. 1774). Each value reported should have been reduced by that factor, for example, the total SOD activity reported for the G1 line should have been 4.26 +/- 0.2 SOD (U)/total protein (microg), not 42.6 +/- 2.1 U/microg, and so forth.     

猪流感研究进展

猪流感是由猪流感病毒引起的一种呼吸道传染病。近期出现了严重的A（H1N1）流感疫情,由于猪在人流感和禽流感之间发挥着＂混合器＂的作用,因此猪流感具有重要的公共卫生意义。该文介绍了猪流感新的流行病学资料、诊断和防制的新方法及其公共卫生上的重要意义,为更好的防制猪流感、人流感和禽流感提供参考。     

构建基于科技文献知识的人工智能引擎

[目的/意义]如何利用科技文献中的知识对深度学习算法模型进行训练改进,以获取知识、发现知识是情报研究的重要课题。为充分挖掘和利用科技文献中的知识,本文提出构建基于科技文献知识的人工智能引擎的目标。[方法/过程]本文以文献情报工作为出发点,立足科技文献是人类知识的最重要载体,探究人工智能取得飞速突破的本质所在,创新性提出了文献情报领域从“科技文献库”转变为“科技知识引擎”的建设思路。[结果/结论]本文论述了中国科学院文献情报中心在构建基于科技文献知识的人工智能(AI)引擎的建设实践,探讨了利用深度学习技术挖掘知识以服务情报研究的方法,以期为学界提供参考。     

病毒宁体外抗单纯疱疹病毒药效评价

采用细胞培养法评价中药制剂"病毒宁"对Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病病毒(HSV-Ⅰ)致细胞病变的影响。结果显示:"病毒宁"最大无毒浓度(TD_0)为1.5 g/L,无环鸟苷最大无毒浓度(TD_0)为62.5 mg/L,二者都能抑制单纯疱疹病毒的复制和增殖,且"病毒宁"优于无环鸟苷。二者对100半数感染剂量(TCID_(50))HSV-Ⅰ与10 TCID_(50) HSV-Ⅰ致细胞病变作用有显著差异(P<0.05),对1000 TCID_(50)HSV-Ⅰ抑制作用不明显(P>0.05)。"病毒宁"MIC为0.08 g/L,无环鸟苷MIC为9.2;无环鸟苷TI为8.0,"病毒宁"TI为36.9,是无环鸟苷的4.6倍,表明"病毒宁"是一种细胞毒性小、治疗指数高的有效抗HSV-Ⅰ药物。     

Theology and agricultural ethics at state universities: A rejoinder

Michael Eldridge's critique of the author's earlier paper on the place of theology in agricultural ethics at state universities fails in at least three places: (1) Eldridge presents an inadequate picture of how basic assumptions function in human thinking and misuses terms like public, private, particular, empirical, and common experience; (2) he wrongly distinguishes between philosophers and theologians on the bais of their openness to new data, ideas, and public criticism; (3) he misunderstands the meaning of the First Amendment. Baer argues that whenever faculty at a state university deal with the Big Questions—who we are, how we should live, and what it all means—they must be seen, for First Amendment purposes, as operating within the realm of religion. Without such a functional definition of religion, the state will inevitably give unfair advantage to nontheistic, secular answers to the Big Questions. Eldridge is wrong to claim that Dewey escapes the liabilities of particularity and parochialism in a way that theologians do not. He also misunderstands the nature of the First Amendment when he argues that public schools may legitimately propagate Dewey's naturalistic variety of religion. Baer claims that when state universities address the Big Questions, the demands of public justice will be met only if theologians participate in the discussion and debate.Richard A. Baer, Jr. is professor of environmental ethics at Cornell University and a Fellow of the Center for Public Justice in Washington, D.C.     

An aneuploid mouse strain carrying human chromosome 21 with Down syndrome phenotypes

Aneuploidies are common chromosomal defects that result in growth and developmental deficits and high levels of lethality in humans. To gain insight into the biology of aneuploidies, we manipulated mouse embryonic stem cells and generated a trans-species aneuploid mouse line that stably transmits a freely segregating, almost complete human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). This "transchromosomic" mouse line, Tc1, is a model of trisomy 21, which manifests as Down syndrome (DS) in humans, and has phenotypic alterations in behavior, synaptic plasticity, cerebellar neuronal number, heart development, and mandible size that relate to human DS. Transchromosomic mouse lines such as Tc1 may represent useful genetic tools for dissecting other human aneuploidies.     

Conserved eukaryotic fusogens can fuse viral envelopes to cells

Caenorhabditis elegans proteins AFF-1 and EFF-1 [C. elegans fusion family (CeFF) proteins] are essential for developmental cell-to-cell fusion and can merge insect cells. To study the structure and function of AFF-1, we constructed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) displaying AFF-1 on the viral envelope, substituting the native fusogen VSV glycoprotein. Electron microscopy and tomography revealed that AFF-1 formed distinct supercomplexes resembling pentameric and hexameric "flowers" on pseudoviruses. Viruses carrying AFF-1 infected mammalian cells only when CeFFs were on the target cell surface. Furthermore, we identified fusion family (FF) proteins within and beyond nematodes, and divergent members from the human parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis and the chordate Branchiostoma floridae could also fuse mammalian cells. Thus, FF proteins are part of an ancient family of cellular fusogens that can promote fusion when expressed on a viral particle.