丁香酚对黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

该研究在水温为(29.3±1.1)℃的自然海水条件下,测定了不同质量浓度丁香酚对体质量为(4.83±1.30)g的黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)的麻醉效果。结果显示,在30~80 mg·L^–1时,黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼的入麻时间随其浓度的升高而减少,复苏时间随其浓度的升高而增加。麻醉过程中,呼吸频率在浅麻时略微上升,深麻时快速下降,直至麻醉过度呼吸停止。研究发现,丁香酚质量浓度在30~100 mg·L^–1时,黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼均能在3 min内进入4期麻醉,4 min内完全复苏,成活率100%。入麻后在空气中暴露时间少于8 min时,复苏时间随暴露时间的增加而减少,大于8 min时,复苏时间随暴露时间的增加而延长,且复苏率逐渐下降。结果表明,丁香酚对黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼具有入麻快、复苏时间短、复苏率高等优点,是其理想的麻醉剂;建议生产上使用的质量浓度为30 mg·L^–1,且入麻后人工操作不宜超过6 min,若追求更快麻醉,丁香酚质量浓度也不宜超过80 mg·L^–1。     

MS-222对长鳍吻[HT2,4”XBS]魚[KG-3]句幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

为研究MS-222对长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)幼鱼的麻醉效果,在14~15 ℃的水温条件下,进行了不同MS-222浓度、不同空气暴露时间和连续浸浴对幼鱼复苏时间、复苏率和存活率影响的试验。结果表明:(1)MS-222的浓度不仅与长鳍吻鮈幼鱼的麻醉程度有极大关系,还与鱼体的入麻时间呈正相关,与复苏时间呈负相关,MS-222对幼鱼的有效浓度为80~140 mg/L。(2)幼鱼的呼吸频率在低度麻醉阶段显著上升,深度麻醉时急剧下降,最后呼吸停止,进入死亡阶段。(3)进入M4期后的长鳍吻鮈幼鱼,当空气暴露时间在6 min之内时,复苏时间随暴露时间的延长而减少;当暴露时间在6~12 min时(不包括12 min),复苏时间随暴露时间的延长而增加。当暴露时间≤8 min时,复苏率均为100 %;当暴露时间达到10 min时,复苏率降为66.7 %;暴露时间达到12 min时,复苏率为0。(4)进入M4期的幼鱼在10~20 mg/L的MS-222溶液中可全部复苏至正常状态,而在30~50 mg/L的MS-222溶液中只复苏至F3期,在相应浓度(10~50 mg/L)的MS-222溶液中持续浸浴12 h后,存活率均为100 %,但在60 mg/L的MS-222溶液中只能复苏至F1期,并在2 min左右死亡。     

MS-222和丁香酚对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼麻醉效果的比较研究

为研究MS-222和丁香酚对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)幼鱼的麻醉效果,选择体质量为(71.37±3.24)g的幼鱼进行实验。根据暗纹东方鲀幼鱼麻醉和复苏时的主要行为特征,将麻醉过程分为6期,复苏过程分为4期。结果显示:随着两种麻醉剂浓度的升高,幼鱼的麻醉时间逐渐缩短,复苏时间逐渐延长;MS-222和丁香酚分别在浓度60 mg·L~(-1)和30 mg·L~(-1)时,幼鱼的最终麻醉程度达到麻醉6期(延髓麻醉期);MS-222浓度在120～140 mg·L~(-1)、丁香酚浓度在60～70 mg·L~(-1)时,幼鱼均可在3 min内麻醉、5 min内复苏;随着水温的上升,幼鱼的麻醉时间和复苏时间均呈现缩短的趋势。幼鱼进入麻醉6期后,随着暴露在空气中时间的增加,MS-222处理组幼鱼的复苏时间先缩短后延长,暴露25 min时复苏时间已超过对照组(未暴露),此后复苏时间明显增加,幼鱼成活率为100%;丁香酚处理组幼鱼复苏时间随暴露时间延长持续上升,暴露6 min后复苏时间上升趋势加快,暴露15 min之前幼鱼成活率为100%,暴露20 min时幼鱼成活率降低到80%。研究表明,120～140 mg·L~(-1)的MS-222和60～70 mg·L~(-1)的丁香酚均对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼有良好的麻醉效果,具有麻醉时间短、复苏快的特点,两者均可作为暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的理想麻醉剂。     

MS-222对岩原鲤幼鱼的麻醉效果

在23~24℃水温条件下,观察研究了MS-222对体长(7.58±0.13)cm,体质量(5.59±0.29)g的岩原鲤幼鱼的麻醉效果。根据麻醉和复苏过程中岩原鲤幼鱼的行为特征变化,将其麻醉过程分为5个时期,复苏过程分为4个时期。结果表明:(1)试验条件下MS-222麻醉岩原鲤幼鱼的有效质量浓度为120~220 mg/L,入麻时间和复苏时间均与麻醉剂浓度呈负相关;(2)麻醉过程中,岩原鲤幼鱼的呼吸频率在M_1、M_2期先急剧升高,M_3期缓慢下降,进入M_4期后呼吸频率急剧下降;(3)空气暴露时间与复苏时间呈正相关(F=31.049,P0.01),暴露240 s和300 s两个试验组幼鱼的复苏时间均超过130 s,与其它组存在显著性差异(P0.05);暴露时间在120 s内,复苏率为100%,超过180 s时,只有部分鱼可以复苏,当暴露时间达到300 s时,复苏率仅为50%。     

丁香酚对罗非鱼麻醉效果的初步研究

为研究丁香酚对罗非鱼的麻醉效果,用体长(27.00±0.05)cm的罗非鱼进行了麻醉试验。结果显示,在水温25~27℃条件下,当丁香酚浓度在20~200 mg/L时,麻醉所需的时间与麻醉剂浓度呈负相关,而复苏时间与麻醉剂浓度呈正相关;在丁香酚浓度为50 mg/L的药液中药浴20 min,罗非鱼复苏所需的时间为3~4 min,在理想的复苏时间范围内;但随着药浴时间的延长,以及在空气中暴露时间的延长,深度麻醉的罗非鱼复苏所需的时间增加,且复苏率降低。试验结果表明,丁香酚是安全、有效的罗非鱼麻醉剂,其浓度在50~100 mg/L时,麻醉效果最佳,罗非鱼1~2 min即进入麻醉状态,麻醉后的罗非鱼3~4min复苏,可满足常规实验操作的需要。     

丁香酚对鲫鱼麻醉效果的研究

采用丁香酚对鲫鱼(130±10 g)进行了麻醉效果的研究.结果显示:水温28℃下,丁香酚浓度在37～80 mg/L时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉,且随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,但复苏时间延长;丁香酚浓度为40 mg/L,水温在20.6～35℃时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉;水温28℃,丁香酚浓度在40 mg/L时,麻醉时间为7 min,复苏率为100%,空气暴露时间15 min,复苏率为100%.丁香酚可以被用作鲫鱼的一种安全有效的麻醉剂.     

丁香酚对倒刺鲃幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

使用人工繁育的鱼种开展丁香酚对倒刺鲃麻醉效果的试验,结果表明:水温25±0.5℃时,5 mg/L浓度的丁香酚对倒刺鲃鱼种没有麻醉作用,10 mg/L浓度的丁香酚只能起轻度镇静作用;浓度12～30 mg/L时,浓度与麻醉所需时间和复苏所需时间呈负相关关系,丁香酚对倒刺鲃鱼种的理想麻醉浓度约20 mg/L.经30 mg/L的丁香酚深度麻醉,在空气中暴露15 min后,鱼体复苏所需的平均时间为2.6 min,复苏率达100%;将被深度麻醉的鱼种立即转入10 mg/L的丁香酚中继续浸泡10 h后,复苏率和48 h内成活率均为100%.水温23～29℃时,在相同浓度条件下,温度越高,麻醉所需时间越短,复苏所需时间越长.     

丁香酚对“优鲈3号”幼鱼运输水质及其血液、肌肉生理指标的影响

为探索适合“优鲈3号”幼鱼的麻醉运输方法，开展了丁香酚对“优鲈3号”幼鱼的静水麻醉试验和模拟麻醉运输试验，监测了麻醉运输试验中的水质变化和幼鱼血液、肌肉生理指标的变化。结果表明：随着麻醉剂浓度的升高，幼鱼进入麻醉的时间缩短，复苏时间延长，静水麻醉使用丁香酚的最适质量浓度为12～18 mg/L。综合考虑运输需求、幼鱼存活率以及残留代谢，选择能达到轻度麻醉期的6 mg/L为模拟麻醉运输试验的麻醉剂浓度。以质量浓度为6 mg/L的丁香酚对幼鱼进行麻醉后进行10 h模拟运输，分析运输水质、幼鱼生理指标的变化发现：随着运输时间的延长，麻醉组和对照组水体的pH均显著降低，麻醉组的pH总体高于对照组；随着运输时间的延长，水体中氨氮质量浓度显著升高，麻醉组总体低于对照组。幼鱼血清中的皮质醇(COR)浓度随着运输时间的延长呈现先升高再下降的趋势，且麻醉组峰值出现的时间早于对照组。幼鱼血清中尿素氮(BUN)和乳酸(LD)含量以及谷草转氨酶(AST)活性也随着运输时间的延长而升高，麻醉组总体低于对照组。幼鱼肌肉中的乳酸与pH呈负相关关系，乳酸含量随着运输时间的延长而显著升高，pH则总体呈下降趋势。     

丁香酚麻醉半滑舌鳎成鱼的试验研究

研究了在20～21℃水温下丁香酚对半滑舌鳎成鱼的麻醉作用。根据鱼体在最终麻醉状态和复苏过程中的行为特征,把麻醉程度分为6个时期,复苏过程分为4个时期。鱼体最终麻醉程度不超过3期时,呼吸频率略微增加,到4期时呼吸频率才明显下降。丁香酚麻醉半滑舌鳎成鱼的有效浓度为40～80mg/L,在此范围内,丁香酚浓度越高鱼体达到4期的麻醉时间越短,但复苏时间没有明显差别。丁香酚浓度在40～60mg/L之间时,最长麻醉保活时间>20min;当丁香酚浓度≥80mg/L时,最长麻醉保活时间<8min,鱼体入麻时间与死亡时间的边界很窄,麻醉后应立即进行复苏,否则会导致鱼体死亡。     

2-苯氧乙醇和丁香酚对许氏平鲉幼鱼麻醉效果的实验研究

研究了2-苯氧乙醇、丁香酚麻醉两个规格许氏平鲉幼鱼的效果。幼鱼呼吸频率随麻醉剂浓度的上升而显著下降(P0.001),在高浓度液(2-苯氧乙醇:500、600、800μl/L;丁香酚:60、80μl/L)中可在短时间内降低为0(休克),在中浓度液(2-苯氧乙醇:400μl/L;丁香酚:30、40μl/L)中存在不同程度下降,而低浓度液(2-苯氧乙醇:200、300μl/L;丁香酚:10、20μl/L)对呼吸频率总体影响较小。同等浓度麻醉剂对小规格幼鱼呼吸频率的影响(P0.01)高于大规格幼鱼。2-苯氧乙醇中大规格幼鱼的入麻、休克和复苏时间均长于小规格幼鱼(P0.05)。大规格幼鱼对麻醉剂的耐受能力强于小规格幼鱼;复苏能力方面,丁香酚麻醉的大规格幼鱼复苏迟于小规格幼鱼,但2-苯氧乙醇麻醉的大、小规格幼鱼复苏时间无差异。综合考虑入麻、休克、复苏时间和死亡率,认为使用2-苯氧乙醇、丁香酚麻醉许氏平鲉幼鱼的理想浓度分别为300、20μl/L。     

Anaesthetic effect of eugenol at different concentrations and temperatures on black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The anaesthetic effects of eugenol on Penaeus monodon were investigated at the different eugenol concentrations (60, 110, 160 and 210 mg/L), water temperature (21, 26 and 31°C), air exposure time (3, 6, 9 and 12 min) and body weight (2.62 ± 0.27, 6.34 ± 0.36 and 11.43 ± 0.33 g). The anaesthesia and recovery time were recorded. The results showed that the anaesthesia time of the shrimp decreased with the increase in the eugenol concentration and water temperature, and the recovery time increased with the increase of the eugenol concentration and the decrease of water temperature. Under the same eugenol concentrations, the recovery time increased with the increase of air exposure time and body weight. Under the eugenol concentration range of 60–210 mg/L, the recovered rate was 100%. The results indicated that eugenol is a safe and efficient anaesthetic for P. monodon.     

Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on various size classes of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823)

Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol was investigated on Pterophyllum scalare. A total of 130 fish with average weights of 1.0 ± 0.5, 5.0 ± 1.0 and 10.0 ± 1.0 g were subjected to 1.25, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0 mg/L eugenol, and behavioural responses were observed. Induction and recovery times were significantly affected by the interactive effect of eugenol concentration and fish weight (p < .05). Generally, 49.9–128 s after exposure to 1.25–7 mg/L eugenol, fish reached stage 3. Fish entered stage 4 over 55–135 s post exposure to such concentrations. Recovery time was 393.5–597.7 s in all sizes. Any increase in eugenol concentration led to a significant decrease in the induction time with a subsequent increment of the recovery time. Concentrations of eugenol and fish size along with their interactive effects have significantly contributed to the regression models, with concentration recording the highest beta values for stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 (?0.903, ?0.898, ?0.976 and ?0.864 respectively) and the product of size and anaesthetic concentration for full recovery in smaller fish (0.647) and eugenol concentration in larger ones (0.967). Recovery time was fitted to induction time to stage 4 via quadratic and linear regression models in smaller and larger fish respectively. Results revealed the minimal eugenol concentration to induce anaesthesia in various size classes of angelfish in less than 3 min was 1.25 mg/L. Our results showed eugenol as an effective and safe anaesthetic; however, it is not advisable for live fish transportation.     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark,Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes

Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol was investigated on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus. Fish (2, 5, 10 and 20 g) subjected to 20–200 mg L^?1 eugenol and behavioural response as well as induction and recovery times were recorded. Induction and recovery times were significantly affected by eugenol concentration as well as fish weight (P < 0.05). Generally, 27–300 s after exposure to 20–200 mg L^?1 eugenol, iridescent sharks reached stage 3 anaesthesia (suitable for general handling). Fish entered stage 4 anaesthesia (suitable for surgery and blood sampling) over 54–710 s exposure to such concentrations. Recovery time was 109–600 s in all weight classes as well as eugenol concentrations. Mortality (44–100%) was only observed in 2 g fish when subjected to 110–170 mg L^?1 eugenol. This study, for the first time, showed behavioural response of iridescent shark to anaesthesia as well as effectiveness of eugenol as anaesthetic in this important aquaculture‐ornamental species. According to the models obtained in this study, minimum eugenol concentrations to induce anaesthesia over less than 3 min were 53.8–81.5 mg L^?1 in 2–20 g fish. Likewise, maximum eugenol concentrations in which fish recovered over less than 5 min were 65.9–105.8 mg L^?1 in 2–20 g fish.     

MS-222、丁香酚对多鳞四指马（鲅）幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

本文研究了MS-222和丁香酚两种麻醉剂在不同浓度下对多鳞四指马（鲅）幼鱼的麻醉效果,观测了其不同麻醉阶段的表现,探讨了麻醉时间和温度对其入麻和复苏的影响.结果表明 MS-222、丁香酚分别在55 mg/L、10 mg/L以上才对幼鱼有麻醉效果,最适麻醉剂浓度分别为20±5 mg/L和80±10 mg/L;随着浓度的上升,入麻时间缩短,复苏时间增加.随着温度的上升,入麻时间缩短,复苏时间增加.     

Change in blood stress and antioxidant markers and hydromineral balance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) anaesthetized with citronellal and linalool: Comparison with eugenol

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of anaesthesia with citronellal and linalool on stress, antioxidant and hydromineral responses of common carp. Eugenol was used as control anaesthetic, as it is a common anaesthetic in aquaculture. The fish (110 ± 5.65 g) were exposed to 406 mg/L citronellal, 982 mg/L linalool or 43 mg/L eugenol within 5 min (short‐term anaesthesia) or 10 and 20 mg/L of each anaesthetic for 3 hr (long‐term exposure), before blood sampling. The results showed that the short‐term anaesthesia had no significant effects on plasma lactate, sodium, chloride and phosphorus levels and blood catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities. The short‐term anaesthesia with linalool led to higher stress responses (increased cortisol and glucose levels) and oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde [MDA] level and decreased total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and glutathione peroxidase [GPx] activity) compared to the eugenol and citronellal. Citronellal group had significantly higher cortisol and lower TAC level and GPx activity compared to eugenol group. Under the long‐term exposure, increase in anaesthetic concentration led to significant increase in plasma cortisol, glucose and phosphorus levels. The linalool‐treated fish had significantly higher cortisol and MDA levels compared to the other groups. The eugenol group had significantly higher lactate and phosphorus and lower TAC levels compared to the other groups. Although citronellal causes slight increase in plasma cortisol level, it induces lower tissue damages compared to eugenol. Thus, citronellal might be an alternative anaesthetic for carp anaesthesia based on the present tested parameters.     

Induction and Recovery from Anesthesia in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fingerlings Exposed to Clove Oil

Abstract.— The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was examined. At 100 mg/L. clove oil induced anesthesia within 1 min following exposure. Fish recovered from a 10-min period of anesthesia in 100 mg/L clove oil within 4 min following removal from the anesthetic solution. At clove oil concentrations of 150 mg/L or greater, recovery times were prolonged, requiring longer than 10 min for recovery. At 300 mg/L, mortality was observed with half of the catfish fingerlings failing to recover from the 10-min exposure. Fish could be safely maintained in 100 mg/L clove oil for periods of up to 15 min; exposure for longer than 15 min produced both prolonged recovery times and mortality. At a concentration of 100 ma clove oil produced responses similar to those of the commonly used fish anesthetic MS-222. The low cost of clove oil relative to MS-222 and the extensive testing and use of clove oil in dentistry and as a food ingredient make clove oil an attractive candidate as a fish anesthetic.     

Rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) anesthesia with myrcene: efficacy and physiological responses in comparison with eugenol

The aim of the present study was to investigate anesthetic efficacy of myrcene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along with the fish biochemical response to anesthesia in comparison with eugenol. In the first experiment, 240 fish were stocked in 12 tanks and acclimatized to experimental conditions for 2 weeks. Then, the fish of each tank were subjected to one concentration of either eugenol (12, 20, 30, 50, 80, and 130 μL/L) or myrcene (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μL/L) concentrations. Induction time of and recovery time from anesthesia were recorded for each fish separately. Using these results, desired concentrations to induce anesthesia within 60, 180, 300, and 600 s were determined, being 81, 30, 19, and 10 μL/L eugenol and 531, 251, 177, and 111 μL/L myrcene. In the second experiment, 96 fish were stocked in 8 tanks. Six fish were netted from each tank and exposed to the calculated eugenol or myrcene concentrations. Blood samples were taken after the fish reached anesthesia. The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum lactate, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Increase in the induction time of anesthesia resulted in increased serum glucose with no significant difference between the anesthetics. Increase in induction time of anesthesia led to increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in the eugenol-anesthetized fish and aspartate transaminase activity in myrcene-anesthetized fish. In conclusion, myrcene is capable to anesthetize rainbow trout, but at higher concentrations compared to eugenol. In addition, biochemical analysis showed that increase in induction time of anesthesia leads to hyperglycemia and increase in AST and LDH activities depending on anesthetic type.     

MS-222对牙鲆麻醉效果

以MS-222为麻醉剂,在13～14℃水温条件下,用浸浴麻醉方法测试了不同麻醉剂浓度和不同麻醉时间对牙鲆复苏时间、复苏率和24h存活率及长时间麻醉对复苏率的影响以及超有效浓度麻醉剂（60mg/L）麻醉后的抗露干能力。预备实验证明,本试验条件下麻醉剂的有效浓度为50mg/L。实验表明,将麻醉剂浓度从50mg/L提高到200mg/L,供试鱼被麻醉的时间由288s缩短至50s,复苏时间由94s延长至106s;用60、100和200mg/L的麻醉液持续麻醉后,可获得100%复苏率的最长麻醉时间分别为64、32和32min,牙鲆经MS-222麻醉后抗露干时间延长。牙鲆麻醉后复苏过程中存在较大的个体差异,但一旦复苏,牙鲆24h内的存活率可达100%。实验表明,MS-222的合理麻醉浓度为60mg/L,此浓度下最长麻醉时间为64min,麻醉露干时间应低于60min。     

Efficacy of Benzocaine as an Anesthetic in Juvenile Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum

Abstract.— The present study investigated the use of benzocaine as an anesthetic for juvenile Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). In the first experiment, fish were exposed to various doses of benzocaine for 10 min at 24 C. The second experiment examined the effects of duration of exposure to 100 mg/L of benzocaine. In the third experiment, fish were exposed to 100 mg/L at temperatures of 24, 27, and 30 C. Benzocaine concentrations of 100–150 mg/L were considered ideal for quickly inducing total immobilization and fast recovery. Fish exposed to 350 mg/L benzocaine exhibited 30% mortality. No changes in hemat-ocrit were recorded in fish exposed to different concentrations of benzocaine. Plasma glucose increased significantly when fish were exposed to benzocaine concentrations greater than 200 mg/L. Recovery time after a 30-min exposure to 100 mg/L benzocaine was significantly greater than after an exposure for 10 and 20 min. No mortality was observed 96 h after exposure to 100 mg/L benzocaine for 10, 20, and 30 min. Dosages in the 100–150 mg/L range were effective for periods of up to 20 min of anesthesia. There was no effect of temperature on the time required for fish to lose equilibrium. However, recovery was significantly faster for fish anesthetized at 30 C. Benzocaine is an effective anesthetic agent for tambaqui juveniles, providing rapid immobilization and rapid recovery. Benzocaine is also less expensive than other available anesthetic compounds.