MS-222对半滑舌鳎的麻醉效果及体内消除规律研究

在水温16℃±1℃条件下,研究了MS-222在不同浓度、不同麻醉时间对半滑舌鳎的复苏时间、复苏率及存活率的影响,同时探讨了半滑舌鳎在麻醉剂浓度为60 mg/L的海水中浸浴4 h后的药物消除规律。试验结果表明:MS-222浓度在60~120 mg/L时,试验鱼进入麻醉状态的时间随麻醉剂浓度的增加而缩短,变化较大,浓度由60 mg/L增加至120 mg/L,麻醉时间由280 s缩短至90 s;随着浓度进一步增加,麻醉时间的变化趋于平稳。试验鱼在浓度为60 mg/L的MS-222溶液中浸浴0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 h,其复苏率及24 h存活率均达100%;持续麻醉时间在3 h内,随着浸浴时间的延长,试验鱼的复苏时间由115 s延长至155 s,超过3 h后,复苏时间趋于稳定。试验条件下麻醉剂的有效浓度为60 mg/L。MS-222在半滑舌鳎体内的消除数据结果符合一级消除二室模型,消除半衰期t_(1/2β)为44.2 h,消除速率方程为C=7550.5e~(-0.205t)+791.8e~(-0.016t)-8342.3e-0.081e~(0.106t),相关系数为1.0。以水产品中麻醉剂定量限2.0μg/kg为残留限量,通过WT 1.4分析,以半滑舌鳎可食性肌肉组织作为残留检测靶组织,建议休药期不低于16 d。     

MS-222对长鳍吻[HT2,4”XBS]魚[KG-3]句幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

为研究MS-222对长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)幼鱼的麻醉效果,在14~15 ℃的水温条件下,进行了不同MS-222浓度、不同空气暴露时间和连续浸浴对幼鱼复苏时间、复苏率和存活率影响的试验。结果表明:(1)MS-222的浓度不仅与长鳍吻鮈幼鱼的麻醉程度有极大关系,还与鱼体的入麻时间呈正相关,与复苏时间呈负相关,MS-222对幼鱼的有效浓度为80~140 mg/L。(2)幼鱼的呼吸频率在低度麻醉阶段显著上升,深度麻醉时急剧下降,最后呼吸停止,进入死亡阶段。(3)进入M4期后的长鳍吻鮈幼鱼,当空气暴露时间在6 min之内时,复苏时间随暴露时间的延长而减少;当暴露时间在6~12 min时(不包括12 min),复苏时间随暴露时间的延长而增加。当暴露时间≤8 min时,复苏率均为100 %;当暴露时间达到10 min时,复苏率降为66.7 %;暴露时间达到12 min时,复苏率为0。(4)进入M4期的幼鱼在10~20 mg/L的MS-222溶液中可全部复苏至正常状态,而在30~50 mg/L的MS-222溶液中只复苏至F3期,在相应浓度(10~50 mg/L)的MS-222溶液中持续浸浴12 h后,存活率均为100 %,但在60 mg/L的MS-222溶液中只能复苏至F1期,并在2 min左右死亡。     

MS-222对半滑舌鳎成鱼的麻醉效果研究

在(23±0.2)℃海水温度下,测定了MS-222对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)成鱼的麻醉效果.实验用半滑舌鳎成鱼体长25～40 cm,体质量300～1500 g.实验设计的MS-222质量浓度范围分别为10～120 mg/L和90～240 mg/L.结果显示,鱼体在最终麻醉程度不超过3期时呼吸频率增加,最终麻醉程度达到4期以上呼吸频率开始下降.MS-222麻醉半滑舌鳎的有效质量浓度为120～210 mg/L.在此浓度范围内,鱼体能够在3 min之内达到4期麻醉状态,5min之内苏醒恢复,且在MS-222溶液中浸浴15min后成活率为100%.鱼体在180mg/L的MS-222溶液中麻醉5 min,在空气中进行暴露0～21 min内,复苏时间相差不大,为100 s左右.5尾半滑舌鳎在180 mg/L的MS-222溶液中麻醉5 min,然后在空气中暴露3 min,连续麻醉6次,每次间隔24 h,复苏时间差异不显著.实验证明,MS-222麻醉半滑舌鳎效果好,鱼体入麻时间短、复苏快,安全边界宽,反复麻醉没有明显的耐受性,是一种理想的水产用麻醉剂.文中还对MS-222用于半滑舌鳎麻醉运输及人工授精等进行了探讨.     

MS-222对日本对虾麻醉效果的研究

在水温为20℃条件下研究了麻醉剂MS-222对日本对虾的麻醉效果,探索了日本对虾在安全浓度下麻醉后离水操作的可行性。结果表明,随着MS-222浓度的逐渐升高,日本对虾表现出达到麻醉状态所需要的时间逐渐缩短,而复苏时间逐渐增加的趋势。MS-222的理想麻醉浓度为6 g/L,到达轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和复苏所需要的时间分别为69.0、104.8、159.6和221.6 s,复苏后24 h内的存活率均达到100%,对日本对虾的麻醉效果较好。经理想浓度6 g/L深度麻醉后,适宜的离水操作时间应小于4 min。综上所述,MS-222是日本对虾有效、安全的麻醉剂。     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

MS-222不同处理方式对史氏鲟和中华鲟麻醉效果的影响

MS-222的药液浸浴和药液鳃部喷洒可作为史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)和中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的麻醉方式。在水温16～18℃的条件下,史氏鲟的浸浴有效浓度为90～110 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过30 min;中华鲟的浸浴有效浓度为80～100 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过15 min。史氏鲟药液鳃部喷洒有效浓度为1 500 mg/L,最低有效操作时间为30 s,持续操作时间不超过60 s;药液鳃部喷洒有效浓度为4 000 mg/L,有效操作时间不大于5 s。20～40 mg/L MS-222麻醉液浸浴方式可以作为史氏鲟4 h内的短途运输。史氏鲟在90～150 mg/L的MS-222的药液中超过240 min,试验鱼无法复苏,即生物学死亡。MS-222对中华鲟一般麻醉浓度为80～100 mg/L,其在80 mg/L的MS-222中连续浸浴15 min是安全的。     

12种麻醉剂对长蛸的麻醉效果

本研究旨在探讨硫酸镁、乙醇、氯化镁、丁香酚、MS-222、氯化锰、利多卡因、盐酸普鲁卡因、乙二醇苯醚、薄荷醇、苯佐卡因和三氯叔丁醇对长蛸（Octopus minor）成体的麻醉效果。结果表明，在实验浓度下硫酸镁、丁香酚、MS-222、氯化锰、利多卡因、盐酸普鲁卡因、乙二醇苯醚、薄荷醇、苯佐卡因和三氯叔丁醇对长蛸无麻醉作用。在0.2~0.6 mL/L乙二醇苯醚、0.05 g/L和0.06 g/L薄荷醇、0.5 g/L苯佐卡因、40 μL/L丁香酚和50~500 mg/L MS-222浓度的溶液中，长蛸出现中毒现象。2 mL/L乙醇和2 g/L氯化镁溶液对长蛸无麻醉作用；6~40 mL/L的乙醇和6~35 g/L的氯化镁溶液中长蛸出现麻醉现象。根据长蛸在4~40 mL/L乙醇和4~40 g/L氯化镁溶液中的麻醉和复苏过程将麻醉程度分为5个时期，复苏过程分为4个时期。长蛸在15~35 g/L氯化镁和10~40 mL/L乙醇中能够达到第4期麻醉，此时期适于观察和操作。在4~35 mL/L乙醇溶液中，随着浓度的增加麻醉时间逐渐缩短，复苏时间逐渐增加，在40 mL/L时长蛸产生应激反应麻醉时间变长。3~35 g/L氯化镁溶液中，随着浓度的增加麻醉时间逐渐缩短，复苏时间逐渐增加。10 mL/L乙醇和20 g/L氯化镁对长蛸的麻醉和复苏总时间最短，分别为26 min和40 min。实验证明，乙醇和氯化镁均可作为长蛸的麻醉剂，在麻醉效率方面乙醇好于氯化镁。     

稀有鮈鲫麻醉方法研究

在室养条件下观察了MS-222、苯佐卡因和乌拉坦对稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）的麻醉效果。结果表明,乌拉坦不宜作为稀有鮈鲫的麻醉剂,而一定浓度的MS-222或苯佐卡因可导致稀有鮈鲫的快速麻醉;不同麻醉剂浓度、不同的作用时间下,稀有鮈鲫在行为上呈现不同的反应,据此可分为轻度镇静、深度镇静、轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和髓质麻醉阶段;根据反应时间、恢复时间、维持时间和存活率等,建议使用60mg/L的苯佐卡因或100～110mg/L的MS-222作为深度麻醉剂量。     

稀有鮈鲫麻醉方法的研究

在室养条件下观察了MS-222、苯佐卡因和乌拉坦对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的麻醉效果。结果表明,乌拉坦不宜作为稀有鮈鲫的麻醉剂,而一定浓度的MS-222或苯佐卡因可导致稀有鮈鲫的快速麻醉;不同麻醉剂浓度、不同的作用时间下,稀有鮈鲫在行为上呈现不同的反应,据此可分为轻度镇静、深度镇静、轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和髓质麻醉阶段;根据反应时间、恢复时间、维持时间和存活率等,建议使用60mg/L的苯佐卡因或100～110mg/L的MS-222作为深度麻醉剂量。     

MS-222对黄颡鱼麻醉效果的研究

为研究MS-222质量浓度和药浴时间对黄颡鱼麻醉效果的影响,采用静水式生物测试法进行了黄颡鱼麻醉效果试验。在水温(10±0. 5)℃下,研究了黄颡鱼在短时间(30 min)麻醉药浴和长时间(24 h)镇静药浴下各麻醉阶段的行为特征、诱导时间和呼吸频率,以及在复苏阶段的行为特征、复苏时间和复苏后存活率等指标。结果显示,在短时间麻醉药浴试验中,MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L的处理组,黄颡鱼5 min 30 s即可进入麻醉期,在空气中暴露10 min依然保持麻醉状态,放入清水中4 min 5 s即可复苏。这一处理方法适用于黄颡鱼的短时间转运等操作。MS-222质量浓度为20 mg/L的处理组,黄颡鱼可长时间(24 h)处于镇静状态,停止游动,鱼体保持平衡,且触觉丧失,存活率达到100%。这种处理方法适用于黄颡鱼的长时间运输。     

MS-222不同处理方式对史氏鲟和中华鲟麻醉效果的影响

MS-222的药液浸浴和药液鳃部喷洒可作为史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）的麻醉方式。在水温16～18℃的条件下,史氏鲟的浸浴有效浓度为90～110 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过30 min;中华鲟的浸浴有效浓度为80～100 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超...     

Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) — Effect of pre-anaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, temperature and stress

The efficacy of the anaesthetic agents benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222), metomidate and 2-phenoxyethanol was studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with average body weights of 10 ± 4 g, 99 ± 33 g and 1022 ± 274 g at water temperatures of 8 °C and 16 °C. The agents were tested individually and as combination anaesthesia comprising pre-anaesthetic sedation with a low dosage of metomidate or 2-phenoxyethanol followed by anaesthesia with benzocaine or MS-222. All agents were administered through bath immersion with an exposure time of 5 min. The different treatments resulted in average induction and recovery times ranging from 52 ± 6 s to 182 ± 16 s and 77 ± 26 s to 659 ± 46 s respectively. Induction and recovery times varied in relation to water temperature and were generally shorter at 16 °C for all weight groups and treatments compared to 8 °C. For benzocaine and MS-222 induction and recovery times were found to increase with increasing body weight. For metomidate the recovery time increased with increasing weight whereas there were no weight related differences in induction time. No differences in either induction or recovery times associated to body weight were found for 2-phenoxyethanol. Acute stress prior to anaesthesia with MS-222 resulted in significantly shorter induction time and prolonged recovery time, as well as deeper anaesthetised fish. The dosage of MS-222 had to be reduced in order to avoid mortality in fish subjected to acute stress. Combination anaesthesia allowed a reduction of the dosages used for inducing anaesthesia and produced markedly reduced recovery times compared to agents administered individually.     

Determining the tranquilization dose and residue of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) in sea bass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lates calcarifer</Emphasis> tissue

Although tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is often used to tranquilize fish, the guidelines for its use in sea bass, a brackish species, have not been established. The aim of the study reported here was to establish the tranquilizing concentration of MS-222, based on the time required for MS-222 residue elimination and withdrawal. Thirty-six fish (6/group) were immersed in different concentrations of MS-222 (0, 30, 50, 60, 70 and 90 mg/l) to evaluate the fish physiological behavior. After 200 fish were anesthetized at 90 mg/l, the fish achieved a healthy recovery within 72 h after the administration of saline. The 10 fish in the control group were subject to the same treatment without anesthesia, 3 out of 10 died. After 108 fish (54/group) were immersed in 30 or 60 mg/l of MS-222, the sedated fish were healthy during and after the 8 h of transport. However, all the 10 fish in the control group died within 3 days. By high-performance liquid chromatography, the residue of MS-222 was assessed. In the skinned muscle and liver, the elimination half-life was 5.54 and 5.27 h (30 mg/l) and 8.72 and 7.15 (60 mg/l), respectively, and the withdrawal time was at least 4.5 days at 30 mg/l and 7.5 days at 60 mg/l.     

MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟的麻醉试验

以20~100 mg/L的MS-222(Tricaine M ethanesu lphonate)在水温15~25℃条件下对中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)和施氏鲟(A.schrenckii)的麻醉效果进行试验,中华鲟或施氏鲟分别达到不同程度的麻醉状态甚至出现死亡。30~40 mg/L的MS-222具有较好的麻醉效果,鱼的活动量明显下降,可保持镇静并维持身体平衡和正常体位,麻醉48 h后,在清水中数分钟内可恢复正常游动状态,适合于长途运输。50~100 mg/L的MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟具有较强的麻醉作用,适合于进行短时间的操作,如捉拿、称重、测量、外科手术、体外标记等。中华鲟和施氏鲟在高剂量MS-222的作用下,在进入生物学死亡阶段前,存在一个临床死亡阶段,这个阶段长达1h左右,在这个阶段,对它们进行“人工呼吸”是行之有效的。     

丁香酚对花鲈幼鱼的麻醉效果

为研究丁香酚对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼的麻醉效果。采用静水方法在水温(27±1)℃下研究不同质量浓度丁香酚(20、25、30、40、50、60、80 mg/L和100 mg/L)对规格为(21.6±2.75)cm长和(110.3±30.67)g重的花鲈麻醉效果和呼吸频率的影响。25~100 mg/L质量浓度的丁香酚均能使花鲈进入深度麻醉期,且麻醉浓度与平均入麻时间呈负相关,与平均复苏时间成正相关;丁香酚质量浓度为50 mg/L时,麻醉效果较好。低浓度丁香酚20 mg/L对花鲈呼吸频率影响不明显。在质量浓度达到40~100 mg/L时,鱼体由麻醉期(A3)进入深度麻醉期(A4),呼吸频率迅速降低。以50 mg/L丁香酚将花鲈麻醉后再在空气中进行暴露,暴露时间与复苏时间呈正相关。暴露时间在2~30 min范围内的复苏率为100%。当时间增加至35、40和45 min时,复苏率降低至66%,33%和0。且暴露时间大于20 min花鲈只能进入恢复期3期(R3)。因此,50 mg/L的丁香酚麻醉液是花鲈幼鱼的理想麻醉浓度。     

Induction and Recovery from Anesthesia in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fingerlings Exposed to Clove Oil

Abstract.— The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was examined. At 100 mg/L. clove oil induced anesthesia within 1 min following exposure. Fish recovered from a 10-min period of anesthesia in 100 mg/L clove oil within 4 min following removal from the anesthetic solution. At clove oil concentrations of 150 mg/L or greater, recovery times were prolonged, requiring longer than 10 min for recovery. At 300 mg/L, mortality was observed with half of the catfish fingerlings failing to recover from the 10-min exposure. Fish could be safely maintained in 100 mg/L clove oil for periods of up to 15 min; exposure for longer than 15 min produced both prolonged recovery times and mortality. At a concentration of 100 ma clove oil produced responses similar to those of the commonly used fish anesthetic MS-222. The low cost of clove oil relative to MS-222 and the extensive testing and use of clove oil in dentistry and as a food ingredient make clove oil an attractive candidate as a fish anesthetic.     

Minimally invasive evaluation of the anaesthetic efficacy of MS‐222 for ornamental discus fish using skin mucus biomarkers

Skin mucus has been demonstrated to provide stress biomarkers for evaluating the physiological status, providing new convenient and non‐invasive methods to detect stress response in fish. Here, we investigated the anaesthetic efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222; 75–115 mg/L) for discus Symphysodon aequifasciata (34.27 ± 4.46 g; 8.10 ± 0.59 cm) using skin mucus stress biomarkers. The induction time, recovery time and respiratory frequency were also determined. According to the criteria for anaesthesia and recovery, discus fish to reach stage A3 (deep anaesthesia) within 3 min and to reach stage R4 (full recovery of normal behaviour) within 5 min were observed at 95–105 mg/L MS‐222. Respiratory frequency increased first and then decreased during MS‐222 exposure and increased after recovery. At 10 min after deep anaesthesia, a lower mucus glucose was only observed at 115 mg/L MS‐222. No change in mucus cortisol and increased lactate were observed in all treatments. Increased mucus protein was observed at 75, 85 and 95 mg/L MS‐222. At 10 min after recovery, increased mucus glucose and decreased mucus protein were observed at 85, 95 and 115 mg/L MS‐222, but increased mucus cortisol only at 115 mg/L and lactate only at 75 and 105 mg/L MS‐222. At 24 hr after recovery, mucus glucose returned to the initial level only at 75, 95 and 105 mg/L MS‐222, while cortisol at 75 and 85 mg/L and protein and lactate at 75 mg/L respectively. Overall, the effective dose of MS‐222 for discus fish has been suggested to be 95–105 mg/L.