Rice Grain Damage by Combination and Sequence Infestations by the Rice Leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the White-Backed Rice Planthopper,Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The rice leaffolder (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the white-backed rice planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), are major insect pests in China and several other Asian countries. These two pests commonly occur simultaneously or in a temporal sequence. Thus, the investigation of the effect of complex infestations or temporal sequence infestations by these pests on rice yield has a practical significance for the control of these pests. The present study comprised experiments with the following four different variables in potted rice at the tillering stage: single pest species infestation, complex infestation, complete combination infestation and temporal sequence infestation (C. medinalis infestation prior to S. furcifera and S. furcifera infestation prior to C. medinalis). The results showed that the four infestations resulted in a significant decrease in 1000-grain weight (1000GW) and rate of yield loss (RYL) but an increase in blighted grain rate (BGR), with a significant positive correlation with the infestation density. However, the influences of the complex infestation, complete combination infestation or sequence infestation on the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were greater than those of the single pest species infestations but did not have addition effects, i.e., the effects of the complex infestation and combination infestation or sequence infestation on the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were less than the additive effects of the two single pest species infestations at the same densities. In the condition of the same total infestation pressure, no significant differences in the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were found between C. medinalis infestation prior to S. furcifera and S. furcifera infestation prior to C. medinalis as well as between the sequence infestation and the complex infestation.     

气味受体基因Orco在中华蜜蜂雄蜂触角中的表达及定位分析

【目的】昆虫气味受体（odorant receptors, Ors）在其发挥嗅觉识别过程中采用的是配体门控离子通道信号传导机制,这一离子通道是由一个特定的共受体与一个普通气味受体结合为异源二聚体而形成的。其中,气味共受体（odorant receptor coreceptor, Orco）是一个十分独特的家族,在不同种类昆虫中高度保守,并在调控昆虫的嗅觉行为方面发挥关键作用。论文在对中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂）工蜂Orco研究基础之上,进一步探讨雄蜂Orco的表达特性。【方法】采集中蜂1日龄雄蜂的触角、头（去除触角）、胸、腹、足5部分组织,以及不同发育阶段的幼虫、蛹及成蜂触角。提取各样本的总RNA,利用real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR）技术鉴定Orco在雄蜂不同组织及不同发育时期的表达谱;采集1日龄雄蜂触角制备冰冻切片,合成地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针,利用原位杂交技术对Orco在雄蜂触角中的表达进行细胞定位分析。【结果】qPCR分析结果表明,Orco转录本在不同组织中的表达量表现为触角>头>足>腹>胸,其中触角表达量约为头部的100倍;Orco在雄蜂不同发育阶段均有表达,其中幼虫期和蛹期表达量较低,羽化后开始逐渐升高,性成熟后维持在一个较高的水平。此外,结合前期工蜂荧光定量试验数据,分析得到Orco在雄蜂触角中的表达量极显著高于工蜂触角表达量（P＜0.01）。原位杂交结果显示,Orco阳性杂交信号大量表达于雄蜂触角的板型感器和毛型感器的神经元细胞中。【结论】气味受体基因Orco在中蜂雄蜂的触角中大量表达,且在性成熟后表达量达到高峰。结合前期研究结果,推测Orco在中蜂中是偏雄性表达的。     

Expression profiles and functional prediction of ionotropic receptors in Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Genes involved in chemosensation are essential for odorant-mediated insect behaviors. Odorant receptors (ORs) bind and respond to pheromones and plant volatiles, regulating insect behaviors such as mating and host-plant selection, while ionotropic receptors (IRs), which are present at lower levels in insects than ORs, influence ion channels, especially in agricultural pests. Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is the main pest of maize that causes huge economic losses in Asia. Twenty-one OfurIRs have been identified, but none has been characterized. In this study, tissue-specific expression profiling, phylogenetic analysis, and electroantennography (EAG) analysis were applied to characterize the evolution, expression, and the potential function of OfurIRs. It was found that 20 OfurIRs were highly expressed in the antennae, except for OfurIR75p3, whereas 10 and nine OfurIRs were highly expressed in the proboscis and genitalia, respectively, indicating that these OfurIRs were functionally associated with feeding and oviposition. EAG results showed that seven acids elicited responses in the antennae of O. furnacalis and that 2-oxopentanoic acid displayed a significant female-biased response. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis, 10 OfurIRs in clade 4 were roughly predicted to be candidate receptors for 2-oxopentanoic acid and other tested acids. These results provide basic information about OfurIRs and may help advance the knolwedge on the olfactory system of O. furnacalis.     

兰州熊蜂气味受体家族鉴定及分析

【目的】了解兰州熊蜂(Bombus lantschouensis)基因组中气味受体基因(odorant receptors,Ors)情况,为进一步分析气味受体功能提供信息,从而为研究该基因家族在熊蜂觅食、交尾、通讯等行为中的重要功能打下基础。【方法】提取兰州熊蜂胸部基因组DNA,进行Illumina高通量测序,对测序所得原始序列进行质控并拼接获得基因组序列,然后使用本地blast 2.2.28+对构建兰州熊蜂基因组本地数据库,使用已知的地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)的气味受体蛋白序列作为种子序列搜索数据库获得兰州熊蜂的气味受体序列;使用EMBOSS1.5对气味受体蛋白序列进行基本理化分析,利用GSDS2.0对家族序列的内含子与外显子位置进行分析,然后使用MEME 4.11.2对氨基酸序列进行保守基序分析,最后利用Clusta W 2.1、Trim Al 1.2、Phy ML3.0对兰州熊蜂、地熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂气味受体家族序列进行系统进化分析。【结果】共获得165个兰州熊蜂气味受体基因,包括1个非典型气味受体(olfactory receptor co-receptor,Orco)、5个假基因和159个气味受体。基因结构分析发现,气味受体家族外显子数目从4个到9个不等。其中Or 47—57的序列中外显子数量最少,为4个;Or 128—161中外显子的数量最多,为9个。根据基因结构的不同,将气味受体分为10大类型,每个类型中的序列都有相似的外显子长度与数量。Or 1—38、Or 69—85、Or 128—164这3大类所包含成员数较多(分别为38、17、37),其他7类包含成员个数都约10个,且每个类型中序列在染色体上都呈串联排布,其中Or 1—38中都包含一个较长的第一外显子。保守基序分析发现,在检索的10个保守基序中,除基序5为未知基序外,其他9个基序均包含在其保守结构域(7tm_6 domain)中。Or1—38与Or 39—46多数成员包含全部10个保守基序,基序2、3、4、9广泛存在于该家族成员序列中,这4个基序可能为该家族关键的功能区域。系统发育分析将Ors分为5个亚家族(I—V),其中亚家族II包含2种基因结构类型序列(Bl Or 97—100与Bl Or 69—85),亚家族V包含4种(Bl Or 1—46、47—57、86—95和101—107)。Bl Or 150—155与Am Or 122—139分别聚为两个分支,Bl Or 47—57与Am Or 63—65也发现类似的聚类,这表明在进化中,蜜蜂与熊蜂的Ors出现了特异性的扩张与缺失。在进化树中发现Or 115较早与其他成员分离,位于树的基部,推测该序列可能更接近气味受体家族的祖先序列。【结论】探明了兰州熊蜂的Or基因数量、基因结构及其进化关系;该基因家族在进化过程中部分成员保守基序丢失,这些结果为进一步了解Or基因功能打下了基础。     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps rice (G6H1) with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory results showed that no significant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline (XS110). However, the development duration of nymphs was significantly shorter and female longevity significantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr field trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not significantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and field, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to confirm the present conclusions in future.     

Mutagenesis of odorant coreceptor Orco reveals the distinct role of olfaction between sexes in Spodoptera frugiperda

Odorant receptor (OR) is crucial for insects to detect and recognize external chemical cues closely related to their survival. The insect OR forms a heteromeric complex composed of a ligand-specific receptor and a ubiquitously odorant receptor coreceptor (Orco). This study used the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to knock out (KO) Orco and reveal its essential role in acting on OR-meditated olfactory behavior in a critical invasive agricultural pest, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Electroantennogram (EAG) results suggested that the Orco mutants of both male and female moths severely reduced their electrophysiological responses to the eight tested plant volatiles and two sex pheromones. However, the Orco gene played distinct roles in mating behavior between sexes: the mating behavior was fully disrupted in mutated males but not in mutated females. The oviposition result indicated that the Orco KO females displayed reduced egg laying by 24.1% compared with the mated wild type (WT) females. Overall, these results strongly suggest that Orco is an excellent target for disrupting FAW’s normal behavior and provides a feasible pest control approach.     

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon(Si)amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO_2 ha~(–1) in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO_2 ha~(–1).The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO_2 ha~(–1) than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%(604 kg ha~(–1))was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO_2 ha~(–1) over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO_(2 )ha~(–1) can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.     

Population genetic variation and historical dynamics of the natural enemy insect Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in China

Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a natural enemy insect with a wide range of predation in Chinese mainland and is commonly used in pest management. However, its genetic pattern (i.e., genetic variation, genetic structure, and historical population dynamics) is still unclear, impeding the development of biological control of insect pests. Population genetic research has the potential to optimize strategies at different stages of the biological control processes. This study used 23 nuclear microsatellite sites and mitochondrial COI genes to investigate the population genetics of Propylea japonica based on 462 specimens collected from 30 sampling sites in China. The microsatellite dataset showed a moderate level of genetic diversity, but the mitochondrial genes showed a high level of genetic diversity. Populations from the Yellow River basin were more genetically diverse than those in the Yangtze River basin. Propylea japonica has not yet formed a significant genealogical structure in China, but there was a population structure signal to some extent, which may be caused by frequent gene flow between populations. The species has experienced population expansion after a bottleneck, potentially thanks to the tri-trophic plant–insect–natural enemy relationship. Knowledge of population genetics is of importance in using predators to control pests. Our study complements existing knowledge of an important natural predator in agroecosystems through estimating its genetic diversity and population differentiation and speculating about historical dynamics.     

水稻病虫草害本体的构建研究

立足于水稻病虫草害领域信息知识的特点,基于本体理论方法,在水稻专家的参与下,形成水稻病虫草害领域知识概念体系,并以病害为例,构建了基于本体的比较完善的水稻病害领域知识组织体系,探索并揭示水稻领域本体的关键性问题,为其他领域本体的构建提供有章可循的方法和技术路线.     

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Gene Family of the Pea Aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors （nAchRs） are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels by ifve subunits in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The insect nAChR is the molecular target of a class of insecticides, neonicotinoids. Here, we identiifed and cloned 11 candidate nAChR subunit genes in Acyrthosiphon pisum using genome-based bioinformatics combined modern molecular techniques. Most A. pisum nAChRs including α1, α2, α3, α4, α6, α8, and β1 show highly sequence identities with the counterparts of other insects examined. Expression proifles analysis showed that all subunit genes were expressed in adult head. At least two subunits have alternative splicing that obviously increase A. pisum nicotinic receptor diversity. This study will be invaluable for exploring the molecular mechanisms of neonicotinoid-like insecticides in sucking pests, and for ultimately establishing the screening platform of novel insecticides.     

2016年水稻病虫害发生特点和绿色防控技术应用

为有效防控盐城市水稻主要病虫害,从发生危害规律入手,提出水稻病虫害绿色防控技术体系,明确水稻播前、苗期、分蘖拔节期、孕穗破口期需防控的主要病虫害。根据2016 年水稻病虫害发生特点,分析气候条件特殊是主要影响因素,指出扎实开展水稻病虫害应用研究的迫切性,应用研究工作到位可大幅减少农药的使用。2016 年开展水稻病虫害绿色防控技术应用示范,进行总结疏理,其效果十分优良,大幅减少了田间用药量。     

植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治条件与防效的研究

为了探索植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治条件和防治效果,研究了植保无人机飞行高度、飞行速度、飞防助剂等条件对农药雾滴特性的影响,同时研究了两种不同施药方式对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、螟虫防效的影响。结果表明,在植保无人机飞行高度距离水稻冠层2 m、飞行速度3 m·s^-1时,雾滴沉降密度（22.3个·cm^-2）最大,雾滴在水稻冠层不同部位的沉降密度存在差异：上部＞中部＞下部;添加飞防助剂药液湿润面积增加764%,雾滴中直径、覆盖率由未添加助剂前 256.3 μm、5.56%增加至327.5 μm、9.82%,雾滴密度由未添加助剂前20.3个·cm^-2降低至16.4个·cm^-2。在水稻孕穗期,相同药剂配方条件下,植保无人机喷施化学药剂和生物药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果分别为86.20%、83.20%,显著优于传统人工电动喷雾器喷洒防治效果;而对稻曲病的防治效果分别为86.51%、84.01%,对螟虫的防治效果分别为89.32%、81.47%,两种喷药方式的防治效果无显著差异。研究结果表明,植保无人机在最适飞行高度、飞行速度和添加飞防助剂等条件下,对水稻病虫害防治效果显著,具有大面积推广应用价值。     

扬州市近年来水稻病虫发生特点及原因分析

文章简要总结了扬州市近年来水稻灰飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、褐飞虱、螟虫、条纹叶枯病、黑条矮缩病、水稻纹枯病等病虫的发生概况及特点,从水稻品种布局、栽培制度、气候条件等方面分析了重发病虫的原因。提出加强病虫测报,掌握病虫发生动态,适时指导防治;坚持合理防治、综合防治策略;开展专业化防治,提高防治效果和防治质量等水稻重发病虫防控对策。     

广东西南部水稻主要病虫发生气象规律及预测研究概述

水稻病虫害的生存、发育和繁殖甚至大暴发流行都与气象条件密切相关。本文系统总结了近20年来广东省化州市水稻重大病虫害发生流行与气象条件关系及其预测模型的研究成果,分析该项目创新与突破,并与国内同类技术进行了比较,旨在为未来水稻病虫害的研究和防控工作提供重要的参考。     

遥感技术在水稻病虫害监测中的应用

本文主要介绍了高光谱遥感技术在水稻病虫害监测中应用一般原理、方法和研究的技术路线,描述了湖南省水稻病虫害概况,探讨了选用MOD IS数据来监测水稻病虫害,建立业务化服务预报系统,为及时、准确监测预报作物病虫害提供参考。     

Identification and functional characterization of ApisOr23 in pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a serious pest of many different leguminous plants, and it mainly relies on its odorant receptors (Ors) to discriminate among host species. However, less is known about the role that Ors play in the host plant location. In this study, we identified a novel conserved odorant receptor clade by phylogenetic analysis, and conducted the functional analysis of ApisOr23 in A. pisum. The results showed that the homologous Ors from A. pisum, Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii share 94.28% identity in amino acid sequences. Moreover, conserved motifs were analyzed using the annotated homologous Or23 from eight aphid species, providing further proof of the high conservation level of the Or23 clade. According to the tissue expression pattern analysis, ApisOr23 was mainly expressed in the antennae. Further functional study using a heterologous Xenopus expression system revealed that ApisOr23 was tuned to five plant volatiles, namely trans-2-hexen-1-al, cis-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-heptanol, 4´-ethylacetophenone, and hexyl acetate. Among them, trans-2-hexen-1-al, which is one of the main volatile organic compounds released from legume plants, activated the highest response of ApisOr23. Our findings suggest that the conserved Or23 clade in most aphid species might play an important role in host plant detection.     

基于多尺度特征提取深度残差网络的水稻害虫识别

【目的】在水稻生产过程中,针对不同虫害需要采用不同的防治方案,水稻害虫的准确识别分类是制定针对性防治方案的前提。【方法】采用深度学习结合机器视觉的方法,基于Res2Net结构提出了一种多尺度特征提取的深度残差网络,通过准确地提取害虫特征实现复杂自然背景下的水稻害虫识别;采用改进的残差结构,使用等级制的类残差连接取代了原本的3×3卷积核,增加了每个网络层的感受野,可以更细粒度地提取多尺度特征。【结果】本网络训练的模型能够有效地识别自然背景下的水稻害虫,在自建的包含22类常见水稻害虫的图像数据集上,平均识别准确率达到了92.023%,优于传统的ResNet、VGG等网络。【结论】本文提出的模型可应用于水稻虫情自动监测系统,为实现水稻害虫虫情的机器视觉监测提供参考。     

40%福戈WG与其它药剂防治水稻主要病虫药效试验

为探讨防治水稻病虫新的药剂方案,2011年晚造进行了40%福戈水分散粒剂与其它药剂防治水稻病虫的田间试验,结果表明：40%福戈水分散粒剂与32.5%阿米妙收悬浮剂合理使用,对水稻主要病虫有良好的防效,是防治水稻病虫害的优良药剂,建议进一步在水稻区示范和推广应用。