农药雾滴在吊飞昆虫不同部位的沉积分布初探

飞翔的昆虫对农药雾滴不只是被动的接收靶体,它对不同粒径的雾滴有一定的选择捕获能力。作者在试验风洞中初步研究了粗雾滴、细雾滴两种喷雾方法在模拟昆虫靶标和吊飞活体粘虫靶标上沉积分布情况。结果表明:靶体形状对雾滴沉积有很大影响,雾滴在尖细靶标(触角、腿)上沉积量(μg/cm~2)远高于粗大靶标(体);农药雾滴在吊飞昆虫上的沉积量一半在翅上;雾滴粒径对其在靶标上沉积分布有很大影响,同样施药剂量下,吹雾法(43μm)药剂在吊飞粘虫上的沉积量是常规喷雾法(181μm)的1.49倍。     

助剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺药液理化性质及在玉米叶片上沉积分布的影响

为选择用于植保无人机作业的喷雾助剂，利用全自动张力仪和接触角测量仪测定添加4种不同喷雾助剂后0.5%氯虫苯甲酰胺药液的表面张力及在玉米叶片上的接触角，应用大疆T20型植保无人机进行田间喷雾，分析添加4种喷雾助剂对玉米冠层不同位置雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量的影响。结果显示，添加迈飞和Agrospred 910喷雾助剂后，药液的表面张力分别较未添加助剂时显著降低19.6%和30.1%；不同喷雾助剂对药液在玉米叶片上接触角的影响各不相同，添加Agrospred 910助剂后液滴接触叶片60 s后接触角降至11.92°；添加4种喷雾助剂能够有效提高玉米冠层的雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量，其中添加Agrospred 910助剂后雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及雾滴沉积量分别较对照增加了36.93%、35.92%和61.90%。表明在玉米田间使用植保无人机喷雾施药时，可以优选使用Agrospred 910喷雾助剂。     

植保无人机作业质量及其对玉米螟防效评价

通过应用无人机在3个飞行高度对玉米抽穗期的玉米螟的进行防治,测定了玉米植株上的雾滴覆盖密度、雾滴分布均匀度、雾滴粒径、雾滴谱宽度、喷雾沉积量、沉积量分布均匀度等作业质量指标,分析了雾滴在其植株顶部及中、下部的沉积效果,评估了雾滴在植株中的穿透性,研究了作业质量指标与防治效果之间的关系。结果表明,无人机飞行高度在距玉米植株顶部1.0 m时,雾滴粒径和喷雾沉积量最大,喷雾穿透性最好,虫口减退率达89.5%,对玉米螟防治效果达93.3%;喷雾防治效果随雾滴覆盖密度、喷雾沉积量和雾滴粒径等指标的增大而提升;通过调整飞行高度等作业技术参数可优化作业质量指标,提升无人机喷雾防治效果。     

核桃园植保无人机作业参数优选

为探究植保无人机在核桃园低空低容量喷雾最优作业参数,本文采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,研究了植保无人机喷雾后核桃树上雾滴沉积分布情况。结果表明:影响雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量的主要因素是飞行速度,其次是飞行高度和施药液量;在树高6～7 m的核桃园中植保无人机喷雾效果较优的作业参数是飞行速度2.2～3.0 m/s,飞行高度2.0～2.5 m,施药液量22.5～30.0 L/hm~2,其平均雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量分别为26.36～37.94个/cm~2、0.24～0.29μg/cm~2;不同冠层雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量分布为上层中层下层,外围内膛;喷头型号对雾滴覆盖密度和雾滴直径有显著影响;中等喷头(Teejet110015)处理的沉积量最大,但粗、中、细3种喷头处理间的沉积量无显著性差异;植保无人机和地面人工+机动喷杆喷雾的农药地面流失率分别为3.61%和23.69%,两处理间有显著性差异。本文对无人机在核桃园喷雾作业参数进行了优选,可为无人机对高冠果树的合理喷施、提高喷施效果提供参考和指导。     

植保无人机喷雾参数对黄山栾冠层雾滴沉积的影响

为探究植保无人机对园林植物黄山栾喷雾的最优作业参数,使用四旋翼植保无人机开展园区内喷雾试验,调查喷雾作业后黄山栾上的雾滴沉积分布情况。经比较得出,试验机型对黄山栾喷雾较优的作业参数为喷液量750mL/株、作业高度3.5 m、作业速度1 m/s。调查发现,黄山栾不同冠层的雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量多数呈现为上层>中层>下层。极差分析结果显示,影响飞防作业中雾滴覆盖密度与沉积量的主要因素是作业速度,其次是喷液量和作业高度。研究结果可为植保无人机在高冠乔木上的推广应用提供依据,并为园林病虫害统防统治提供技术参考。     

喷洒部件及喷雾助剂对担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用诱惑红为指示剂研究测定了喷洒部件以及喷雾助剂Silwet408对电动担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响,试验结果表明：采用喷枪大容量喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有35.2%的药液流失到地面,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为0.59和0.62;当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到125 L/667 m2时,药液在地面的流失率减少到21.2%,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为1.28和1.19,沉积分布均匀性明显提高。采用装配小喷片的组合喷头喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有28.4%的药液流失到地面,当在喷雾液添加0.1% 的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到185 L/667m2时,喷雾压力分别为0.25 Mpa和0.35 Mpa时,药液在地面的流失率分别减少到18.5%和8.6%。研究测定结果表明,通过更换喷洒部件、增加喷雾压力、减少施药液量、添加喷雾助剂等措施可以显著减少果园喷雾中的药液流失率、提高喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层的沉积分布均匀性。     

喷雾量及助剂对棉花苗期植保无人飞机作业效果的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行喷雾,探讨喷雾量及助剂对农药在棉花上的沉积分布及对棉蚜防治效果的影响。以5%啶虫脒乳油为试验药剂,在3个喷雾量 (15.0、22.5和30.0 L/hm2) 及添加2种飞防助剂 (YS09和倍达通) 条件下进行喷雾,以诱惑红为雾滴沉积和农药利用率测定的指示剂,采用Deposit-Scan软件分析雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率。结果表明:采用植保无人飞机施药,棉花叶片上的雾滴密度和覆盖率随着喷雾量的增加而提高,其中,喷雾量为30.0 L/hm2时叶片正面和背面的雾滴密度最高,分别为43.42 和58.04 个/cm2,雾滴覆盖率分别为6.44% 和6.34%。3个喷雾量下农药沉积率分别为3.53%、3.70%和4.00%,低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理,药后1~3 d对棉蚜的防效也低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理。喷雾量为22.5 L/hm2 时,添加助剂YS09和倍达通对叶片上雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及农药利用率无显著影响,但可提高对棉蚜的防效,药后1 d防效为86.24%和84.40%,分别比对照提高9.34%和7.48%,药后3 d防效达95.34%和94.73%,显著高于对照 (88.06%),达到背负式电动喷雾器喷雾水平 (94.36%)。表明采用植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行施药,提高喷雾量有助于药液在棉花叶片上的沉积,在啶虫脒乳油中添加助剂YS09和倍达通,可提高药液对棉蚜的防治效果。     

4种喷雾器在茶树上喷雾效果比较

［目的］ 筛选出适合茶树病虫害防治的新型喷雾器。［方法］ 对4种喷雾器进行额定喷雾压力下喷头流量、喷雾后雾滴在茶树有效沉积量以及地面流失量的比较试验。［结果］ 静电喷雾器3WBJ 16DZ在0.5 MPa喷雾压力喷雾时喷头流量最大,为1 290 mL/min;在不同高度及距施药者不同距离的雾滴沉积分布比较中,在小区内投放相同质量指示剂的情况下,静电喷雾器3WBJ 16DZ喷雾雾滴的沉积量约为其他3种供试喷雾器喷雾雾滴沉积量的2~3倍,而其地面流失率却小于对照背负式手动喷雾器。［结论］ 通过田间试验测定,静电喷雾器3WBJ 16DZ具有施药液量少、药液沉积量高等特点,适合在茶树上推广使用。     

喷雾助剂及施液量对植保无人机喷雾雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布的影响

为提高农药沉积率,利用黏度计、表面张力仪、药液润湿性测试卡、激光粒度仪测定不同喷雾助剂添加量对蒸馏水溶液性质的影响,并分析喷雾助剂及施液量对水稻冠层不同位置雾滴沉积密度、沉积量以及有效沉积率的影响。结果表明,添加喷雾助剂对蒸馏水溶液的性质有显著影响,与蒸馏水相比,当添加喷雾助剂为0.5%和1.0%时,雾滴体积中径变为108.9、98.7μm,表面张力降低64.7%、64.9%,黏度增加为2.3、2.3 m Pa·s,铺展系数为蒸馏水的74.5、58.5倍,能有效促进雾滴铺展并避免药液流失;植保无人机喷施试验结果显示,增加施液量可显著提高雾滴沉积密度,添加喷雾助剂可以显著提高雾滴沉积量以及有效沉积率,当施药量为13.5 L/hm~2且添加1.0%喷雾助剂时,雾滴在水稻冠层的有效沉积率最大,为48.9%。     

机动弥雾法施用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治小麦蚜虫的雾滴沉积密度与防效的关系

田间采用背负式机动弥雾机对70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂进行喷雾试验,证明若吡虫啉喷雾雾滴在小麦穗部形成一定的沉积密度即可有效防治麦蚜。当70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂用水稀释2 333倍(有效成分300 mg/L),雾滴密度在54,133和280个/cm2条件下,施药7 d后对麦蚜的防治效果分别为83.3% ,88.7%和93.7%;当药剂稀释1 167倍(有效成分600 mg/L),雾滴密度在75,142和291个/cm2条件下,7 d后对麦蚜的防治效果分别为88.1%,94.5%和96.5%。采用背负式机动弥雾机,采用常量150 L/hm2、低浓度(300 mg/L)喷雾时,小麦穗部、旗叶上的雾滴沉积密度分别为177±12,113±8个/cm2,沉积量分别为27.4±6.8,6.6±1.6 ng/cm2,地面流失率为12.8%,7 d后的防治效果为94.0%; 当采用低容量75 L/hm2、高浓度(600 mg/L)喷雾时,小麦穗部、旗叶上的雾滴沉积密度分别为127±13,91±7个/cm2,沉积量分别为29.8±1.2, 6.7±0.6 ng/cm2,地面流失率为10.6%,7 d后的防治效果为93.8%。生产中建议采用吡虫啉低容量75 L/hm2、高浓度600 mg/L喷雾,省工、省水、省时。     

水稻田几种常用喷雾法的药液沉积率测定

对稻区常用的几种喷雾方法所产生雾滴的沉积率进行了测定。手动喷雾器的大容量喷雾法的药液沉积率虽高,但药剂有效成份之沉积率较低。低容量喷雾法的药液沉积率较低,而药剂有效成份沉积率较高。对稻区流行的喷雨法和水唧简法的沉积率不稳定和偏低,进行了评价。湿润展布剂对于药液的沉积能力有显著影响,在有湿润展布剂时,药液沉积率显著提高。不合湿展剂时,增加喷雾量对于药液沉积率的提高作用较小。大容量喷撒法有大量农药散落到田水中,而在株冠层内的穿透和分布能力并不好。     

Spray deposit cover and fungicide distribution obtained by low and ultralow volume spraying of intensive apple trees

Spray deposit assessments were made on the leaf surfaces in the top, middle and base zones of intensively grown dessert apple trees sprayed by a conventional high volume automatic mast method applying 2250 litres/ha, an experimental low and ulfralow volume tractor mist blower, applying 225 litres/ha at normal dilution, 45 litres/ha at five times normal concentration or 22.5 litres/ha at ten times normal concentration, and a modified proprietary hand-directed fan-disc sprayer applying 225 or 22.5 litres/ha. Fluorescent tracer assessments showed that the high volume method gave heavy cover on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves in all zones, the tractor mist method gave lighter but uniform cover and the fan-disc sprayer gave sparse cover on the upper surfaces at the top and on the lower surfaces at the base zone. The hand-directed low and ultralow volume methods, applying one-tenth of the amounts of copper fungicide/ha, gave deposit levels 5–30 % of those of the high volume method and the tractor mist applications gave 0.8–5.2%. The corresponding captan deposits from 5–6 applications were 12–50% and 10–20%: residual deposits from the ultralow volume applications of the concentrated captan were greater than the low volume applications of the same quantities in dilute form. In general, the order of pest and disease control obtained by the three methods was high volume automatic, fan-disc and experimental mist, and this was related to the order of deposit levels: the order of control by the three volume rates was 2250, 225 and 22.5 litres/ha, and this could be related to the degree of spray cover.     

甘蓝田四种鳞翅目幼虫的生物学特性及其田间株内分布

作者研究了不同层次甘蓝叶片对四种鳞翅目幼虫(菜粉蝶、小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾)生长发育和取食特性的影响。随着叶片成熟度提高(内层→外层),四种幼虫的存活率和生物量积累均逐渐下降,发育历期和总取食量均逐渐增加,但在低、高龄幼虫之间存在一定差异。在田间,低龄幼虫株内分布通常与其卵的株内分布相一致,而高龄幼虫均集中分布在植株中部以内叶片上;甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫表现明显的趋边性,高龄幼虫却表现明显的趋中性。作者讨论了叶片营养状况、害虫自身的生物学特性和其它环境因素对四种幼虫田间株内分布的综合影响。     

Deposits of the mildew fungicide binapacryl on the leaves of apple trees of differing sizes after mist blower spraying

Trials in 1975 and 1976 showed that deposit levels of the fungicide binapacryl, on the leaves of bush trees of Cox's Orange Pippin (Cox) after mist blower spraying, varied inversely with tree spread. Deposit levels were measured on young mildew-susceptible leaves from a well-sprayed zone around the periphery of the tree canopy at a height of 1.5 m. Low deposit levels in large, dense trees were associated with poor mildew control. Leaves from the smallest trees had deposit levels considerably greater than those found for larger trees (in another nearby orchard) which had adequate mildew control. Fungicide deposit levels on leaves from up to five different zones of trees of three different sizes (the largest trees were of the variety Bramley's Seedling) were measured in 1977. The smallest trees had significantly higher deposit levels than the larger trees in the lower centre and lower outside zones of the trees, whereas both orchards of Cox had the same (commercially acceptable) level of mildew infection at the end of the season. Leaves from zones less accessible to spray had lowerdeposit levels than those nearer the sprayer.     

冠层推拨装置对喷杆喷雾机雾滴飘失与沉积特性的影响

喷杆喷雾机具有作业效率高、雾滴覆盖率高、沉积分布均匀、防治效果好等优点,是目前大田作物最主要的施药机具.但受作物冠层遮挡和侧风等气象条件的影响,导致喷杆喷雾机作业时雾滴难以穿透到植株中下部并伴随飘失.为改善喷杆喷雾机喷雾雾滴在作物冠层的穿透性并降低飘移量,本文优化设计了一种适用于大田作物的喷杆喷雾机冠层推拨装置.并分别...     

不同施药器械对环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量及其对灰霉病防治效果的影响

农药的沉积量是判定农药有效利用率的重要指标之一。采用3种不同的喷雾器喷施防治灰霉病的化学药剂——10%环酰菌胺可湿性粉剂于大棚种植的番茄上,并于2 h后采集番茄叶片,通过构建气相色谱法（带UECD检测器）,分析不同的施药器械对农药沉积量及防治效果的影响。结果表明:采用3WBD-16型背负式电动喷雾器和3WJD-18静电喷雾器施药,环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量分别为3.25和5.61 mg/kg,而采用TSP-60（S）热力烟雾器施药,环酰菌胺沉积量最高,达12.83 mg/kg;在防治番茄灰霉病方面,也以热力烟雾器的防治效果最好（对番茄叶片和果实上灰霉病的防治效果分别为86.53%和85.50%）,显著高于背负式电动喷雾器处理（叶防效73.88%,果防效74.03%）,与静电喷雾器处理的叶防效（77.45%）差异显著,而与果防效（79.85%）无显著差异。本研究结果表明,TSP-60（S）热力烟雾器和3WJD-18静电喷雾器均能提高环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量,并可提高对大棚番茄灰霉病的防治效果。     

Assessment of canopy and ground deposits of fenitrothion following aerial and ground application in a northern ontario forest

Spray deposit patterns on simulated and live foliage of balsam fir and white birch were determined at different heights and at periphery and interior locations of the tree crown, following aerial and ground applications of fenitrothion formulations over a boreal forest near Searchmont, Ontario. Droplet size spectra and AI deposits were assessed at ground level with ‘Kromekote’ card/glass plate units. Aerial application was made with a Cessna 188 aircraft fitted with ‘Micronair’ AU3000 atomizers. For ground application, a ‘Soloport’ 423 backpack mistblower fitted with an extension tube and a diffuser nozzle at the tip was used. Deposit data on the ground samplers indicated significantly larger droplets and greater deposits from the aerial spray trial than from the mistblower treatment. However, foliar deposits at tree canopy level were only slightly higher in the former trial than in the latter. Analysis of spray deposits on simulated and live fir foliage showed definite gradients in deposit levels, decreasing from top to bottom crown, and from periphery to inner tree crown. In the birch tree crown, such gradients were not observed. The simulated leaves generally acted as better collectors of spray droplets than the natural leaves. The overall mean deposit values, expressed in ng cm^?2, showed a wide variation, although there was generally a close relationship between the deposits on the simulated and natural surfaces.     

The influence of molasses on the physical properties and sprayability of two pesticide formulations

The effects of molasses on some of the physicochemical properties and on the sprayability of a carbaryl wettable powder (w.p.) and triazophos emulsifiable concentrate (e.c.) were studied in the laboratory and the field. When sprayed in the laboratory on bean leaves, the deposit obtained from either formulation decreased as the percentage of molasses was increased. In an aerial application field trial on cotton, 10% molasses gave a smaller deposit of active ingredient than obtained in the absence of additive, while 20% molasses gave a greater deposit, with either formulation. Molasses had an adverse effect on some properties of the spray mixtures, which resulted in lower deposits when spraying was done at high humidity in the laboratory. This effect was offset when spraying was done at lower humidity in the field, because molasses improved the impaction of droplets by increasing their density and by preventing the complete evaporation of small droplets.