Thermal tolerance of a thermally selected strain of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> and the pedigrees of its F1 and F2 generations indicated by their critical thermal maxima

A thermally selected strain of rainbow trout has been established by selective breeding since 1966 in Miyazaki, Japan. In the present study, we compared the critical thermal maxima (CTMs), the temperatures at which organisms reach a predefined sublethal endpoint and lose their equilibrium, between a thermally selected and two normal (Donaldson) strains of rainbow trout. The CTM of one normal strain from Nikko (Nikko strain) acclimated to 20 °C (29.7 °C) was significantly lower than those of the thermally selected strain (30.0 °C) and the other Donaldson strain from Aomori (29.9 °C) (P?<?0.05). The F1 generations, F1T and F1N, were produced by crossing thermally selected strain females with Nikko strain males and Nikko strain females with thermally selected strain males, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the CTM between F1T [30.1?±?0.15 °C (n?=?30)] and F1N [30.1?±?0.16 °C (n?=?30)] (P?>?0.05) for fish acclimated to 20 °C, suggesting that the F1 offspring inherited the thermal tolerance trait from one thermally selected strain parent irrespective of whether it was the male or female. F2 offspring of F1T or F1N also showed the thermal tolerance trait. The coefficients of variation for CTM were also compared among all the datasets obtained in the present study and their values for F1 hybrids were lower than those of the parental generation of the Nikko strain (P?<?0.05). In contrast, the coefficients of variation of F2s were the same as those of their parental generation. Furthermore, the thermally selected strain and Nikko strain as a reference family provide a F2 generation for segregating phenotypes, which is required for in-depth genetic analysis of the thermally selected rainbow trout strain.     

Differential expression of heat-shock proteins in F2 offspring from F1 hybrids produced between thermally selected and normal rainbow trout strains

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is a cold-water aquaculture species, and a thermally selected strain has been developed by multigenerational high-temperature breeding in Japan. We examined the expression of heat-shock proteins as candidates responsible for thermotolerance in rainbow trout using F2 offspring from F1 hybrids produced between thermally selected and normal strains. From F2 offspring, two groups were selected for western blot analysis, namely, low- and high-thermotolerance groups (times to loss of equilibrium were <30 and ??60?min, respectively). We demonstrated that the expression levels of Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp40 in tail fin tissues were significantly higher in the individuals with high thermotolerance than in those with low thermotolerance under non-heat-shock conditions. In particular, Hsp70 was expressed only in the individuals with high thermotolerance. These results suggest that Hsp70 is a major protein responsible for conferring thermotolerance in rainbow trout.     

Hsp60/10 and sHsp families of heat shock protein genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their expression under heat stress

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved proteins whose expression can be induced by high temperature and play an important role in a variety of biological processes. However, systematic identification of the Hsp60/10 and small Hsp (sHsp) gene family in rainbow trout has not yet been reported, and there is little available information about its roles in evolution in rainbow trout, a typical economical cold-water fish. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the rainbow trout Hsp60/10 and sHsp gene family and to investigate their expression profiles. A total of one Hsp60 gene, one Hsp10 gene, and ten sHsp genes were identified. According to RNA-seq analysis of rainbow trout liver and head kidney under heat stress, a total of six out of ten sHsp genes were significantly upregulated in liver and head kidney. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantitatively analyze the expression levels of these genes in different tissues of rainbow trout. Results showed that the expression of hspe1 and hspd1 was lowest in liver and gill, respectively, and highest in brain. In sHsp gene family, all genes are highly expressed in the liver and head kidney, but relatively low in the heart, spleen, brain, gills, and muscles. This systematic analysis provided valuable information about the diverse roles of Hsp60/10 and sHsp in the evolution of teleost fish, which will contribute to the functional characterization of Hsp60/10 and sHsp genes in further research.

     

Thermal tolerance of a rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> strain selected by high-temperature breeding

ABSTRACT:   Thermal tolerance was studied in a rainbow trout strain successively selected through high temperature breeding at 20–27°C since 1966 in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. The hatching rate and fry mortality at high temperatures were examined in the selected strain along with normal strains cultured at water temperature of 9–17°C. The hatching rate of embryos fertilized at either 10 or 14°C and subsequently subjected to high temperatures in the blastula or neurula stage of the selected strain, was marginally higher than that of the normal strain counterparts. The upper 50% lethal temperatures (LT₅₀) for embryos in the early segmentation, blastula and neurula stages of the selected strain were also higher than those of the normal strain counterparts. Death temperatures and LT₅₀ of fries acclimated to 20°C of the selected strain were significantly higher than those of the normal strains. However, no difference in the critical thermal maximum was detected between the different strains. These results suggest that the selected strain of rainbow trout established by selecting successively for many generations at high temperatures acquired a degree of thermal tolerance.     

虹鳟完全双列杂交试验生长性状遗传分析

通过来自渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威和美国加州的5个虹鳟(Onchorynchus mykiss)养殖群体的完全双列杂交试验,分别在第249天、397天、552天和771天4个时间点观测了体重和体长变化。多重比较分析发现,20个杂交组合与对应5个自繁系之间在体重或体长性状上存在显著差异(P0.05)。采用最小二乘分析法估算了不同时间点体重和体长的一般配合力、特殊配合力、反交效应、母体效应及自繁效应值。结果显示,只有少数的遗传效应是显著存在的,而且这些遗传效应在不同性状和不同时间点的表现不尽相同。整个观测过程中,渤海群体和道氏杂交组合的体重和体长生长速度都是最快的,并且在体长上与对应的自繁系比较差异显著(P0.05)。体重性状上,道氏群体的一般配合力在249日龄和397日龄时最大,且均显著存在(P0.05);母体效应在249日龄时显著存在(P0.05),其效应值仅次于丹麦群体。体长性状上,道氏群体的母体效应在249日龄和397日龄时最大,且均显著存在(P0.05)。在所有杂交组合中,渤海和道氏杂交组合最为高效,体重性状上,整个观测过程中其特殊配合力为最大;体长性状上,其特殊配合力均为正值(0.30,0.03,0.17,2.55),在771日龄时为最大,并显著存在(P0.05)。研究表明,以道氏群体作为亲本之一可有效提高虹鳟后代生长性能,渤海和道氏群体的杂交组合效果最好,可以作为选育的基础群体。     

Differences in self-feeding activity between thermally selected and normal strains of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at high temperatures

ABSTRACT:   Feeding activity was examined at high temperatures by using a demand feeder for thermally selected and normal rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss strains. When the water temperature was raised in experiment 1 from 17.5 to 25.7°C at 0.3°C/day in 21 days, the average daily food consumption rate in the thermally selected strain rose to 7.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the normal strain (4.1%, P  < 0.05). The corresponding rate was also significantly higher in the thermally selected (0.8%) than in the normal strain (0.2%, P  < 0.05) of fish in experiment 2 where water temperature was raised to 24.1°C in 0.5°C/day increments. When water temperature was raised rapidly in experiment 3 from 16.7 to 21.7°C in one day and gradually to 24.4°C in 28 days at 0.1°C/day, the average daily food consumption rates were 1.0 and 0.1% for the thermally selected and normal strains, respectively, with significant difference ( P  < 0.01). These results suggest that the thermally selected strain has acquired thermal tolerance as a result of artificial selection.     

Molecular characterization of PRR13 and its tissue-specific expression in rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)

The proline-rich protein 13 (PRR13) is reported to be a key regulator of the resistance to cytostatica by decreasing the copy number of the proapoptotic gene thrombospondin-1. We isolated and characterized the complete PRR13 gene sequence of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The gene comprises four exons and three introns, the latter of comparatively short lengths (100–811 bp). The full-length PRR13 cDNA consists of 1,101 nucleotides, including an open reading frame of 563 bp, which is predicted to encode a 187 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 18.8 kDa. A continuous stretch of ten serine residues at the C-terminus is highly conserved and characteristic for vertebrate PRR13, but not for other known proline-rich proteins. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a clear separation of teleostean PRR13 proteins and those from mammalian and reptilian species. Comparison of the tissue-specific PRR13 mRNA abundance in two strains of the rainbow trout coastal form (TCO Steelhead II-WA vs. BORN Steelhead II-Germany) revealed an increased expression in the BORN trout in nearly all examined tissues. The major expression differences were detected in gill (2.29-fold) and in liver tissue (2.16-fold). Hence, the increased PRR13 expression in BORN trout might cause improved protection from natural cytostatica and therefore support our assumption that PRR13 is a candidate gene possibly involved in the varying ability of the two rainbow trout strains to handle environmental stress under local conditions of the Southern Baltic.     

In vitro markers for virulence in Yersinia ruckeri

In this study, different traits that have been associated with bacterial virulence were studied in Yersinia ruckeri. Two isolates that had been shown to cause disease and mortality in experimentally infected rainbow trout were compared with five avirulent isolates. Both virulent isolates showed high adhesion to gill and intestinal mucus of rainbow trout, whereas the majority of non‐virulent strains demonstrated significantly lower adhesion. A decrease in adherence capability following bacterial treatment with sodium metaperiodate and proteolytic enzymes suggested the involvement of carbohydrates and proteins. All strains were able to adhere to and invade chinook salmon embryo cell line (CHSE‐214), fathead minnow epithelial cell line (FHM) and rainbow trout liver cell line (R1). One non‐virulent strain was highly adhesive and invasive in the three cell lines, whereas the virulent strains showed moderate adhesive and invasive capacity. The internalization of several isolates was inhibited by colchicine and cytochalasin‐D, suggesting that microtubules and microfilaments play a role. For all strains, intracellular survival assays showed a decrease of viable bacteria in the cells 6 h after inoculation, suggesting that Y. ruckeri is not able to multiply or survive inside cultured cells. Analysis of the susceptibility to the bactericidal effect of rainbow trout serum demonstrated that virulent Y. ruckeri strains were serum resistant, whereas non‐virulent strains were generally serum sensitive.     

Growth Rate, Maturation Level and Flesh Quality of Three Strains of Large Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Reared in Estonia

Three all-female strains of large rainbow trout imported to Estonia (Danish, Finnish and Donaldson strain) were evaluated in a communal rearing experiment in tanks. The fish had been reared on different fish farms before the experiment started and they had an initial weight of 400–500 g. There were no significant genetic differences between the investigated strains on the basis of three allozyme loci. The total weight gain of the strains during the trial was similar but differences were revealed between seasons. The growth rate of the Finnish trout was high during the first autumn but decreased during the second summer of the trial, probably due to infestation by eye fluke Diplostomum sp. The strains differed in the percentage of immature fish and in the level of gonad development at the age of 2.5–3 years. The Donaldson strain had the highest number of immature fish of the studied strains. Mature females of the Finnish strain had the smallest gonads but also the lowest percentage of immature fish. The level of maturation was the main factor determining the quality – slaughter yield and flesh color.     

Identification of histones as endogenous antibiotics in fish and quantification in rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) skin and gill

Antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs) are increasingly recognized as a critical component of innate host defense. Among the AMPPs, polypeptides related to histones have been identified from many animals. Using peptide mapping, we further confirm the identity of two histone-like proteins from fish as members of the H2B (sunshine bass) and H1 (rainbow trout) histone groups. We optimized the conditions for measuring rainbow trout HLP-1/H2B via sandwich ELISA. We used two antibodies, one to the amino terminus and one to the carboxyl terminus, of trout histone H2B, as the capture antibodies, and we used peroxidase-labeled antibody raised to calf histone H2B as the secondary antibody. Specificity of the detecting antibody was confirmed by specific reactivity with histone H2B in tissue extracts via western blotting. The test was reproducible and capable of detecting as little as 5 ng of histone H2B (0.05 μg/ml). Histone H2B levels expressed in gill tissue of juvenile, healthy rainbow trout were well within concentrations that are lethal to important fish pathogens. However, there was a significant, age (size)-dependent decline in histone H2B concentrations as fish matured, until levels became virtually undetectable in market-size fish. In contrast, levels in skin appeared to remain high and unchanged in small versus large fish. Antibacterial activity in skin and gill tissues was closely correlated with histone H2B concentration measured via ELISA, which supports our previous finding that histones are the major AMPPs in rainbow trout skin and gill.     

Multivariate Diallel Cross‐Analyses for Body Weight of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in China

Crossbreeding is a common technical approach for the development of new commercial fish strains characterized by high performance and a short generation time, for the Chinese market. Here, five strains – Bohai, Denmark, Donaldson, Norway, and California – of rainbow trout were used in a complete diallel cross, along with self‐breeding within each strain, to estimate general combining ability; specific combining ability (SCA); and linebred, maternal, and reciprocal effects. These strains were defined based on their location of origin; the Bohai strain was domesticated and has been maintained since 1959 by the Bohai cold‐water fish experimental station in China. Applying univariate and multivariate genetic analyses for body weight using the data set from this complete diallel cross experiment, we found that the cross combination with the Donaldson strain exhibited the most positive growth performance, whereas the Bohai ♀ × Donaldson ♂ cross was the highest performing cross combination in the experiment. Multiple significance tests showed that 40% (4 of 10) of the significant SCA based on univariate analyses (P < 0.05) were not significant based on multivariate analyses (P > 0.05). These results suggested that multivariate genetic analyses may provide more reliable reference guidelines for decision making by managers of breeding programs.     

虹鳟养殖品系个体繁殖力遗传进展的初步研究

自2004年至2009年历经两个世代研究了5个虹鳟(Oncorhynchous mykiss Walbaum)品系的相对繁殖力、绝对繁殖力与形态学指标的关系及其遗传进展。结果显示:美国加州、美国道氏、挪威品系的繁殖力指标好于丹麦和渤海品系。各品系绝对繁殖力与体长呈幂函数关系,即F=7.2071L1.6099(R2=0.6479,P<0.01),绝对繁殖力与体重呈线性关系,F=2243.1+1235.3W(R2=0.7371,P<0.01)。绝对繁殖力随着卵径的增加而呈增加趋势,但卵径达到(0.4±0.1)cm时这一规律不明显。5个品系子一代优势选育系(G1优势选育系)与基础种群相比较,绝对繁殖力的平均遗传进度为24.06%。     

Characterization of differentially expressed genes in liver in response to the rearing temperature of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and their heritable differences

To characterize thermal-responsive genes in fish, firstly, juvenile rainbow trout were reared in four different temperature conditions (average temperatures were 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C, respectively) and differentially expressed genes were identified. Gene expression in the liver was analyzed by the differential display method, followed by validation using real-time PCR. Subsequently, to examine whether the identified genes show heritable differences, the gene expression levels were compared among juveniles of three genetically distinct lines of rainbow trout (a strain and two closed colonies) by rearing at two different temperature conditions (average 14 and 22 °C). By rearing at 22 °C, growth retardation was observed compared with fish reared at 14 and 18 °C, and six genes were identified as differentially expressed genes in response to the rearing temperature in the gene expression analyses. With the increase in rearing temperature, gene expressions of a complement C1q and two ribosomal proteins were significantly up-regulated. On the other hand, three metabolic genes (betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphatase) were down-regulated, indicating a metabolic depression due to high temperature. In the subsequent analyses, in response to the rearing temperature (14 and 22 °C), there was a trend that the complement C1q and glucose-6-phosphatase genes showed different expression patterns among the three rainbow trout lines, suggesting heritable differences in these genes. Our study provides information on thermal-responsive genes in fish, and we anticipate it will facilitate further investigation in the thermal biology of fish.     

Recovery of Bacillus mycoides,B. pseudomycoides and Aeromonas hydrophila from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with gill disease

During a 3‐month period from June to the end of August 2016, ~5% mortalities were observed in a farm with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and one farm of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Bulgaria. The disease was manifested by gill ulcers/rot, asphyxiation and bloody ascites. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of all the diseased fish. Bacillus mycoides or B. pseudomycoides were recovered from the gill lesions on diseased carp and rainbow trout, respectively, with identification achieved by conventional phenotyping and by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In vivo experiments confirmed that all three organisms were pathogenic to rainbow trout.     

虹鳟pmela基因的克隆及其在不同发育阶段和组织中的表达分析

前黑素小体蛋白a (premelanosome protein,pmela)基因是黑色素合成通路中的关键基因之一,对动物的体色有着重要影响。为探讨pmela基因在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)体色变异中的作用,本研究利用cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术对pmela基因cDNA全长进行克隆并运用生物信息学方法分析该基因的序列特征,同时采用qRT-PCR比较pmela在野生型虹鳟(虹鳟)、黄色突变型虹鳟(金鳟)和杂交F₁代受精期至孵化后3个月不同发育时期及成鱼不同组织中的相对表达量。研究获得pmela基因cDNA全长序列3 476 bp,包含2 532 bp开放阅读框,编码843个氨基酸。序列分析发现,Pmela为疏水性蛋白且存在PKD功能结构域。同源性比对发现,虹鳟Pemla氨基酸序列与红鲑(Oncorhynchus nerka)的同源性高达97.75%;进化分析结果显示,虹鳟与红鲑的亲缘关系最近,与人类(Homo sapiens)和小鼠(Mus musculus)的亲缘关系最远。...     

Cloning,sequence analysis,and expression of tyrp1a and tyrp2 genes related to body colour in different developmental stages and tissues of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (tyrp1) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (tyrp2) genes are important downstream regulatory factors for body colour formation in animals. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between tyrp1a and tyrp2 expression and body colour variation between wild-type (WT) and yellow mutant (YM) rainbow trout. The full-length cDNA sequences of trout tyrp1a and tyrp2 were obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and the bioinformatic analysis was performed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate the different expression levels of tyrp1a and tyrp2 in different developmental stages and tissues. The full-length cDNAs of tyrp1a and tyrp2 were 2409 bp and 2219 bp encoding predicted proteins of 522 and 529 amino acid residues, respectively. Both proteins possess six conserved domains, including a signal peptide, an EGF-motif, a Pfam tyrosinase motif, a transmembrane structure, and two copper binding sites (CuA and CuB). Amino acid sequence comparisons showed higher conservation of Tyrp1a and Tyrp2 proteins amongst fishes than amongst other vertebrates, which was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that tyrp1a and tyrp2 expression levels in WT rainbow trout, and tyrpla in YM rainbow trout, were detected from the fertilised stage to 12 months post hatching (12 M), while tyrp1a did not expressed until the blastula in YM rainbow trout. In addition, the expression levels of both of the genes post hatching were significantly higher than those in the embryonic stages, which showed extremely low expression levels. Additionally, there were extremely significant differences (P < 0.01) in expression at the same stages between WT and YM rainbow trout, e.g., at the blastula, gastrula, 7 days post hatching (7 dph), 10 dph, 2 M, 3 M, 6 M, and 12 M stages for tyrp1a; and at the 4-cell, 16-cell, multicell, blastula, somites, heartbeating, 1 dph, 5 dph, 7 dph, 3 M, 6 M, and 12 M stages for tyrp2. Besides, variable expression levels of tyrp1a and tyrp2 were detected in all tissues; significantly high expression was detected in the dorsal skin and eye compared with that in the other tissues in WT and YM rainbow trout (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the expression level changes of tyrp1a and tyrp2 might be closely related to the variation of rainbow trout body colour, which will enrich our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of skin colour variation in rainbow trout and provide data for research into fish skin colour inheritance and improvement.

     

Serotyping of Vibrio anguillarum isolated from diseased freshwater fish in Japan

Abstract. During the period from 1965 to 1980, 263 Vibrio anguillarum strains from ayu, Plecoglossiis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel), two from rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and two from eel, Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel), were collected from fish suffering from vibriosis in various parts of Japan. On the basis of cross-agglutination and cross-absorption tests with thermostable (O) antigens, six distinct serotypes (A, B, C, D, E and F) were established among 12 selected strains of V. anguillarum . 241 strains isolated from ayu and two strains from rainbow trout belonged to serotype A, six strains from ayu and one strain from eel to serotype B, 12 strains from ayu to serotype C, three strains from ayu to serotype D, one strain from ayu to serotype E, and one strain from eel to serotype F. V. anguillarum strains belonging to serotypes D, E and F have not been detected from ayu, rainbow trout and eel since 1973; these serotypes appear to be minor types. V. anguillarum strain NCMB 6 and 1669 belong to our serotype A and V. anguillarum 813 to our serotype C.     

Temperature influences on California rainbow trout physiological performance

Although thermal influences on the physiology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been widely studied, there is little information about the responses of different genetic strains to temperatures. The effects of water temperature (10, 14, 19, 22, and 25 °C) on food consumption rate, growth rate, gross conversion efficiency, resting routine oxygen consumption rate, upper critical thermal tolerance and critical swimming velocity were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout of the Eagle Lake (O. m. aquilarum) subspecies and the Mt. Shasta strain. No strain-related differences in conversion efficiency, oxygen consumption rates, thermal tolerance or swimming performance were observed in 1995 (19, 22, and 25 °C) or 1996 (10, 14, and 19 °C), but Mt. Shasta strain trout grew faster at highest temperatures than did Eagle Lake trout. Food consumption rates, growth rates, conversion efficiency, and oxygen consumption rates declined at the extreme temperatures (10 and 25 °C) in both Eagle Lake and Mt. Shasta trout. Swimming performance was temperature-independent between 10 and 19 °C (overall mean: 5.43 body lengths s^–1).     

鲑降钙素对虹鳟鳞组织lncRNA表达的影响

为探明鲑降钙素(salmon calcitonin, sCT)对鱼类骨组织钙代谢过程的调节机制, 对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 幼鱼进行 sCT 腹腔注射, 并在注射后 24 h 采集鳞组织进行转录组测序, 分析其中长链非编码 RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)表达水平的变化。结果显示, 注射 sCT 后的虹鳟鳞组织中共鉴定出 847 个差异表达的 lncRNA, 其中 247 个表达上调, 600 个表达下调。GO 注释结果显示, 差异表达 lncRNA 靶基因主要被注释到转录调控、运输、信号转导、膜、细胞质、金属离子结合和核苷酸结合等功能中。KEGG 通路富集结果显示, 差异表达 lncRNA 靶基因在硫胺素代谢通路、炎症介质对 TRP 通道调节、血小板活化、谷氨酸能突触、神经营养因子通路、ARVC 通路和 NF-kappa B 信号通路等通路中显著富集。利用实时荧光定量 PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)对随机选取的 6 个差异表达 lncRNA 的表达量进行验证, 结果显示, qRT-PCR 与 RNA-Seq 结果一致。基于上述结果, 本研究筛选到 MSTRG.68909.2、MSTRG.39805.1、MSTRG.121429.1、MSTRG.9137.1 和 MSTRG.43721.1 共 5 个可能参与虹鳟钙代谢的关键 lncRNA, 这些关键基因的筛选鉴别可为探明硬骨鱼类骨代谢的调控机理提供新的切入点, 为虹鳟养殖生产实践提供参考。     

Maternal variation in juvenile survival and growth of triploid hybrids between female rainbow trout and male brown trout and brook charr

Related sib‐groups of rainbow trout × brown trout and rainbow trout × brook charr triploid hybrids and monospecific diploid and triploid rainbow trout controls were obtained from a common set of rainbow trout dams. On the basis of hybrid juvenile performances, 10 sib‐groups were selected and the corresponding diploid rainbow trouts were raised up to adult stage. Females from each group of rainbow trout were used to produce a second generation of hybrid progeny, the performances of which were analysed for grandmaternal variation and relation with first‐generation relatives. Results showed that hybrid traits (alevin yield and weight, survival and growth of fingerlings) were strongly influenced by maternal origin, and could be correlated to those of rainbow trout controls, but that maternal abilities had a low rate of inheritance. It was concluded that little improvement can be expected through selective breeding within parental populations.