植物病毒基因沉默抑制因子研究进展

RNAi是近年来发现的一种重要的基因沉默现象,可以介入植物的整体防御体系,在植物细胞中产生一种不确定的流动信号,使远距离组织的特异RNA序列得到降解。为利于病毒的侵染,植物、动物和昆虫的病毒同时也编码一种蛋白来对抗RNAi,这类蛋白可以抑制RNA沉默的各个步骤,称为RNAi抑制因子,本文对几个研究较清楚的植物病毒抑制因子,从其发现到主要特点、作用机制等方面进行了阐述,并且依据其特点及前景进行归类与展望。     

南方根结线虫促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)基因的RNAi效应分析

 促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在线虫的生长发育等方面具有重要作用,本研究探索利用RNAi技术沉默南方根结线虫mapk-1基因来抑制线虫的生长发育。根据mapk-1基因的cDNA序列设计引物,通过体外转录合成约550bp的dsRNA对南方根结线虫的卵进行RNAi以沉默mapk-1基因。试验结果表明,将南方根结线虫的卵块浸泡在含有2mg/mL dsRNA的M9缓冲溶液中,24h后卵块孵化出的2龄幼虫数量明显多于对照组(无dsRNA),但孵化出的幼虫死亡率高达90%,而对照组的死亡率低于5%,说明mapk-1基因的沉默抑制了卵块的孵化和线虫的生长,同时将孵化的幼虫接种番茄,14d后番茄根部无根结产生,35d后无卵块产生;而浸泡72h后卵块孵化出的2龄幼虫几乎全部死亡,并且孵化的线虫数量明显少于对照。提取导入dsRNA的卵块的RNA进行半定量PCR分析,结果表明mapk-1基因的mRNA被降解。     

植物抗线虫基因工程新途径及其在分子育种中的应用

 植物寄生线虫种类繁多、危害严重,给世界农业生产造成巨大经济损失。目前防治线虫通常采用轮作、杀线虫药剂、生物防治和应用抗性品种等措施,但存在一定局限性。随着植物与寄生线虫之间相互作用机制的深入研究以及分子遗传操作技术的逐渐成熟,利用基因工程技术构建环保、方便、有效的线虫防治策略逐渐成为研究热点。本文从植物抗线虫基因、抑制线虫的外源活性蛋白、特异表达启动子,以及RNAi介导的抗线虫基因工程策略等方面,简要概述了国内外近年来植物抗线虫基因工程新途径研究进展以及在分子抗病育种中的应用。     

Molecular mechanisms influencing efficiency of RNA interference in insects

RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous, sequence‐specific gene‐silencing mechanism elicited by small RNA molecules. RNAi is a powerful reverse genetic tool, and is currently being utilized for managing insects and viruses. Widespread implementation of RNAi‐based pest management strategies is currently hindered by inefficient and highly variable results when different insect species, strains, developmental stages, tissues, and genes are targeted. Mechanistic studies have shown that double‐stranded ribonucleases (dsRNases), endosomal entrapment, deficient function of the core machinery, and inadequate immune stimulation contribute to limited RNAi efficiency. However, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms limiting RNAi efficiency remains elusive. Recent advances in dsRNA stability in physiological tissues, dsRNA internalization into cells, the composition and function of the core RNAi machinery, as well as small‐interfering RNA/double‐stranded RNA amplification and spreading mechanisms are reviewed to establish a global understanding of the obstacles impeding wider understanding of RNAi mechanisms in insects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improved insect‐proofing: expressing double‐stranded RNA in chloroplasts

RNA interference (RNAi) was discovered almost 20 years ago and has been exploited worldwide to silence genes in plants and animals. A decade later, it was found that transforming plants with an RNAi construct targeting an insect gene could protect the plant against feeding by that insect. Production of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a plant to affect the viability of a herbivorous animal is termed trans‐kingdom RNAi (TK‐RNAi). Since this pioneering work, there have been many further examples of successful TK‐RNAi, but also reports of failed attempts and unrepeatable experiments. Recently, three laboratories have shown that producing dsRNA in a plant's chloroplast, rather than in its cellular cytoplasm, is a very effective way of delivering TK‐RNAi. Our review examines this potentially game‐changing approach and compares it with other transgenic insect‐proofing schemes. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

RNAi as a management tool for the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is the most important pest of corn in the US Corn Belt. Economic estimates indicate that costs of control and yield loss associated with WCR damage exceed $US 1 billion annually. Historically, corn rootworm management has been extremely difficult because of its ability to evolve resistance to both chemical insecticides and cultural control practices. Since 2003, the only novel commercialized developments in rootworm management have been transgenic plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins. Four transgenic insecticidal proteins are currently registered for rootworm management, and field resistance to proteins from the Cry3 family highlights the importance of developing traits with new modes of action. One of the newest approaches for controlling rootworm pests involves RNA interference (RNAi). This review describes the current understanding of the RNAi mechanisms in WCR and the use of this technology for WCR management. Further, the review addresses ecological risk assessment of RNAi and insect resistance management of RNAi for corn rootworm. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

siRNA对烟草原生质体中TMV RNA积累的干扰作用研究(英文)

 RNA干扰被认为是转录后基因沉默的一种机制。RNA干扰通过小干扰RNA特异性降解目标mRNA来沉默基因表达。本文以烟草花叶病毒126kD蛋白为靶蛋白,在原生质体水平上研究了小干扰RNA对病毒侵染的干扰和抑制作用。ELISA和Northern杂交的实验结果表明,共转染小干扰RNA和TMV的原生质体内检测到较低的病毒含量。在枯斑寄主上,叶片接种小干扰RNA和TMV共转染原生质体后,与对照叶片相比,仅有很少量的病斑产生。这说明,小干扰RNA能够在原生质体水平对病毒起到干扰和抑制作用。因此认为,烟草原生质体系统有利于快速和定量分析小干扰RNA介导对植物病毒的抑制作用。     

白星花金龟幼虫血腔注射干扰体系构建

本研究针对重要的农业害虫白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis幼虫,建立RNA干扰体系,以期为免疫相关基因功能研究奠定基础。通过血腔注射dsRNA,成功干扰了肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB,PGRP-LB)基因的表达,发现dsRNA注射量为9μg,注射后48 h取样,pgrp-lb基因沉默效率最高。通过血腔注射对白星花金龟无杀虫活性的Bt菌株G03,发现pgrp-lb基因沉默破坏了白星花金龟幼虫的免疫防御系统,显著提高了白星花金龟对G03菌株的敏感性。表达免疫识别基因dsRNA菌株的构建,将为白星花金龟的生物防治提供新思路。     

象耳豆根结线虫果胶酸裂解酶基因的克隆及其RNAi 效应分析

 从象耳豆根结线虫中首次克隆了果胶酸裂解酶基因Me-pel-1,该基因cDNA 的开放阅读框(ORF)长813 bp,编码270 个氨基酸,具有果胶酸裂解酶第3 家族的4 个保守域特征。ME-PEL-1 与南方根结线虫的果胶酸裂解酶MI-PEL-1 和爪哇根结线虫的果胶酸裂解酶MJ-PEL-1 相似性最高,且系统进化树显示ME-PEL-1 也与它们最为接近。利用RNAi 技术对象耳豆根结线虫2 龄幼虫的Me-pel-1 进行沉默,结果发现Me-pel-1 基因被干扰后,象耳豆根结线虫2 龄幼虫对番茄的侵染率显著降低。该结果表明Me-pel-1 基因在象耳豆根结线虫侵染寄主的过程中发挥重要作用。     

LmNotch基因在飞蝗翅发育中的功能分析

Notch是Notch信号通路中的受体蛋白,与配体结合后调控下游靶标基因的表达,在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的发育和分化过程中发挥着重要的作用。本文以飞蝗为研究对象,利用转录组数据库搜索获得Notch信号通路受体基因LmNotch,并利用qRT-PCR对5龄飞蝗不同组织及不同发育时期翅芽组织中的LmNotch表达特性进行了分析。通过RNA干扰试验对其生物学功能进行分析,发现注射dsLmNotch的飞蝗有70%无法完成蜕皮过程,10%的飞蝗在蜕皮后出现翅紊乱表型。飞蝗翅芽石蜡切片的H&E染色结果表明,处理组翅上下两层表皮之间腔空间增大,新表皮无法完整形成。qRT-PCR检测其他翅发育相关基因表达发现,LmNotch表达量的下降影响翅发育相关基因Dpp、Omb、Yorkie以及翅特异表皮蛋白基因的表达。上述研究结果可为昆虫翅发育机制研究提供理论基础,同时为害虫生物防治提供潜在靶标。     

Prospects,challenges and current status of RNAi through insect feeding

RNA interference is a phenomenon in which the introduction of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) into cells triggers the degradation of the complementary messenger RNA in a sequence‐specific manner. Suppressing expression of vital genes could lead to insect death, therefore this technology has been considered as a potential strategy for insect pest control. There are three main routes of dsRNA administration into insects: (i) injections to the hemolymph, (ii) topical, and (iii) feeding. In this review, we focus on dsRNA administration through feeding. We summarize novel strategies that have been developed to improve the efficacy of this method, such as the use of nano‐based formulations, engineered microorganisms, and transgenic plants. We also expose the hurdles that have to be overcome in order to use this technique as a reliable pest management method. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

瞬时表达比较2种不同的RNAi载体的干涉效果

 RNAi with natural defence mechanism of homologous RNA degradation is widely used in research of antiviral plant. It is important to construct a highly efficent RNAi vector for transgenic plants of virus resis-tance. In this study, part fragments of coat protein gene of Potato virus Y (PVY) (451-750 bp) were inserted into the two expression vectors. Vector pROKY300 without intron and pHelY300 with PDK and CAT introns on the hpRNA stem were constructed. The silence efficiency of virus resistance of the two vectors was investigated as 88% (22/25)for pROKY300 and 92% (23/25) for pHelY300 through transient expression mediated by agroinfiltration. The results showed that both vectors were highly antiviral and elucidated the validity of RNAi-medicates resistance to virus.     

褐飞虱自噬相关基因NlATG4的表达与功能

ATG4是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶,负责ATG8蛋白羧基末端的切割,在自噬体形成过程中发挥重要作用。本研究克隆得到褐飞虱ATG4基因（NlATG4）的cDNA全长序列（GenBank登录号:MF062502.1）。RT-qPCR分析结果表明,NlATG4基因在褐飞虱的若虫和成虫时期均有表达,1～2龄若虫的表达量最高,在其他发育阶段的表达量稍低。RNAi结果显示,在dsRNA注射后的第4d,靶标基因NlATG4的表达量显著下降（仅为dsGFP对照组的22%）,同时,NlATG4的RNA干扰导致虫体ATP含量显著降低,仅为1.0μmol/(L·mg蛋白-1),为对照组的25%;在注射后的第6d,dsNlATG4处理组的褐飞虱存活率出现显著降低,其脂肪体组织变得松散,大型脂滴（直径≥5.0μm）数量增多,类酵母共生菌周围泡状结构的界限基本消失;在注射后的第8 d,dsNlATG4处理的褐飞虱的存活率下降为36.7%,比dsGFP对照组的存活率下降53.3%。本研究表明靶向NlATG4基因的RNA干扰会破坏褐飞虱脂肪体的结构完整性和类酵母共生菌的微环境,影响脂类物质代谢和ATP含量,并导致褐飞虱存活...