杉木木材构造随树龄的变异

本文对湖南会同县的杉木木材进行了宏观、微观以及扫描电镜下观察试验。根据4株不同年龄杉木观察,杉木木材构造的变异受生长轮年龄的影响显著;伪轮的出现与生长季中的湿度、温度变化有关. 本试验试图为林业生产单位了解杉木生长规律,确定营林措施提供依据,为杉木木材利用及材质研究提供参考。     

光叶子花不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用研究

本文以光叶子花炼苗60 d组培苗为材料,对光叶子花不同叶位叶绿素含量、呼吸作用(Re)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)等进行了测定。试验结果表明,光叶子花叶片单位重量和单位面积叶绿素含量、净光合速度和水分利用效率(WUE)均随叶位上升呈先增大后减小趋势变化,其最大值都出现在第6叶位叶片;叶片呼吸速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随叶位上升而减小;叶片胞间CO2浓度随叶位上升呈先减小后增大变化;叶面饱和水汽压亏缺随叶位上升而增大。由于光叶子花中部叶片叶绿素含量、Pn和WUE相对较高,因此在今后的栽培管理中应对中部叶片加强保护。     

林分小气候特征的研究

通过不同林分对温度、湿度、降水量和蒸发量影响的分析,得出林分具有明显的降低温度作用及较强的蓄水保湿能力。混交林在各林分中蓄水保湿能力最强,毛竹林次之,柑橘林与杉木林比较接近。林分具有林冠截留、减弱降水强度的作用,减弱程度柑桔林最大,毛竹林和杉木林次之,混交林较弱。各林分均有减少水分蒸发,提高林内空气湿度的作用,但作用大小不同,从大到小依次为混交林、杉木林、毛竹林和柑橘林。     

不同群落类型林分燃烧性差异的比较研究

对常绿阔叶林采伐后形成的不同群落类型的林分燃烧性进行定量研究表明:米槠单优群落的林分生产力较高,但其林分燃烧性较低,其林褥层、草本层和乔木层所分布的易燃危险物较少,其易燃危险物占林分可燃物总负荷量的比率仅为0.92％,明显低于杉木 杂灌群落和杉木 芒萁群落;其林分的水分贮量和生境湿度亦高于杉木人工林。杉木 杂灌群落的林分燃烧性亦低于杉木 芒萁群落。     

杉木胶合木湿应力研究

为揭示环境湿度变化引起的木材含水率非均匀性分布对胶合木构件内部湿应力的影响规律,从材料层面测试了变湿度条件下290个国产杉木木材的平衡含水率,以及横纹径向和横纹弦向干缩性、湿胀性、水分扩散系数、抗拉强度和弹性模量等物理力学性能参数,并从理论层面利用有限元模拟分析周期性变湿度条件下层板厚度对杉木胶合木湿应力的影响。研究结果表明:利用Nelson方程能够较好地拟合变湿度中杉木的平衡含水率;杉木横纹径向干缩和湿胀性均小于横纹弦向,横纹径向水分扩散系数、抗拉强度和弹性模量均高于横纹弦向,这决定于横纹径向排列的木射线以及管胞径面壁上大量纹孔导致的实质物质减少的微观构造;减小层板厚度有助于降低胶合木湿应力,当层板厚度由40 mm降至20 mm时,构件内部最大湿应力降低19.32%,但其最大值仍高于木材横纹抗拉强度,湿应力的降低程度不足以避免构件的横纹开裂;木结构工程设计和应用中必须考虑其他有效的方法减小湿应力以避免木材横纹开裂。     

冰冻雪压对杉木人工林近成熟林分危害调查

以受冰冻雪灾较为严莺的江西省大岗山林区杉木近成熟林分为研究对象,探讨杉木林分结构和立地条件与杉木受损类型及灾害发生程度的关系,得到几点主要结论:1)冰冻雪压造成大岗山林区杉木受害株数比例达66.84%,受灾相当严重,杉木林分受害类型可分为弯梢、断梢、斜干、断干、倒地及翻蔸等6种,其中断干和断梢为最主要的2种受害类型.2)杉木林分结构对冰冻雪压危害具有明显的调节作用,灾害主要发生于径阶相对较小的林木,林分内径阶越大的林木其受害程度明显越轻;林分密度与受害强度具极显著正相关,密度越高,林分受损株数愈多,且密度主要影响断干、翻蔸这2种不可逆的受损类型,合理的密度调控至关重要.3)杉木林分的立地条件与受害程度紧密相关,高海拔、高坡位、陡坡处的林分更易受到冰冻雪压的危害,较高的立地指数有利于杉木在遭受冰冻雪压灾害时减轻损失.     

杉木等种子贮藏期间安全水分的研究

树木种子在贮藏期间同贮藏的环境条件有密切关系。它经常进行一系列的生理生化变化,其变化的程度主要受种子本身的水分和大气的温度、湿度的影响。而水分、温度与湿度还影响菌类的发生与发展,又间接影响着种子的安全贮藏。在一定的温度、湿度条件下,种子含水量降到什么程度才能够使种子的生理代谢达到最低限度,这亦是安全贮藏的首要条件。为此,我们研究了杉木、柳杉、马尾松和金钱松种子,在恒定的相对湿度与温度中,种子的平衡水分及安全水分,作为种子安全贮藏的生理基础。     

格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

于2002 年的1 月、4 月、7 月和10 月对中亚热带格氏栲和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33 年生) 枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe 和Oa 层)进行了取样,并采用TOC 分析仪测定枯枝落叶层样品的溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度。结果表明,杉木人工林枯枝落叶层DOC 平均浓度(1341.7 mg·kg-1)高于格氏栲人工林(1178.9 mg·kg-1)。两种林分枯枝落叶层中,Oe 层的DOC 浓度均高于Oi 和Oa 层。格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC 浓度的季节变化模式基本相似,均在秋季或冬季出现最大值。枯枝落叶层DOC 浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关。表2 图2 参31。     

杉木山杜英混交林的林分燃烧性研究

本文对山杜英纯林、杉木山社英混交林,杉木纯林的林分燃烧性进行了定量测定与分析,有明：山杜英纯林与杉木山杜英混交林的林内湿度、地被物及表层土壤的含水率均高于杉木纯林;林内易燃危险物数量减少,且是间竭式分布,易燃危险物的生物量与有效潜在能量占林分总物生量与总潜在能量的比率均明显低于杉木纯林。营造杉木山杜英混交林能够降低林分的燃烧性,有利于阻隔或延缓林火蔓延,在营林防火上有推广应用价值。     

微拉伸技术测试植物单根纤维纵向拉伸性能

采用自主研发的高精度短纤维力学性能测试仪(SF-I)研究毛竹、杉木、苎麻单根纤维纵向拉伸性能及水分对其影响,研究毛竹单根纤维循环加载的纵向拉伸变化。结果表明:所测纤维均表现出明显的线弹性行为;4年生毛竹平均断裂强度为1710MPa,平均弹性模量为27.1GPa,平均断裂伸长率为7.0%;毛竹、杉木、苎麻纤维的纵向拉伸性能对湿度变化都有一定的敏感性,其中,苎麻最敏感;在相同的温湿度条件以及相同的载荷下对纤维进行多次反复加载,纤维发生的应变会逐渐减小。     

A geometric representation of the basic equation of sorption

Summary When lines of constant moisture content (isosteres) are plotted on axes of In r (r, relative humidity) versus In p_s (p_s, pressure of water vapour at saturation), approximately straight lines result. Other axes with the same property are discussed. The slope of lines of constant Gibbs free energy of water vapour is derived for the above chart and it is shown that the basic equation of sorption is represented by this slope and that of the isostere.     

Growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings is limited by elevated atmospheric vapour pressure deficits

There is an ongoing debate about how European beech might be affected by a future drier climate. While numerous studies have examined the effects of soil drought on beech growth and development, studies investigating the effects of elevated atmospheric water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) are lacking. By increasing VPD in climate and open-top chamber experiments, with moisture in the rooting medium near optimum, we tested the hypothesis that increased VPD negatively affects the growth and development of European beech saplings. In the climate chambers, a reduction in relative air humidity by 40% resulted in a 68% reduction in productivity. Similarly, in the open-top chamber experiment conducted on the forest floor, biomass declined by 30% when relative air humidity was 15% lower. The reduction in biomass was mainly a consequence of a dramatically reduced leaf growth of beech in the elevated VPD treatments. Our results show that growth and development of beech saplings strongly depend not only on soil moisture but also on the prevailing VPD level. We conclude that the vapour pressure deficit is a widely ignored factor which influences the growth and vitality, and possibly also the distribution of European beech. Future forest management schemes under an altered climate should take this factor into account.     

Modeling of the sorption hysteresis for wood

This paper deals with an adsorption/desorption model in order to predict evolutions of boundary conditions during the mass transfer process versus time in timber elements. This model is derived from a thermodynamic balance between the free water and its saturated vapor pressure, and is generalized for the bound water phase. It allows describing a realistic adsorption and desorption phenomena characterized by a moisture content hysteresis induced by cyclic variations of the relative humidity and the temperature. The sorption isotherm explains the equilibrium between the bound water phase in wood and the vapor pressure in the environment. The model includes different latent heats for the adsorption and desorption process. An analytic explanation allows to model partial variations in terms of relative humidity domain.     

杉木活立木组织内的养分转移特征

为了探讨杉木活立木组织内的养分转移规律,为人工林养分循环的研究和经营管理提供科学依据,利用会同杉木林25年定位测定的生物量和养分数据,估算某林龄段以前生长的、且在这林龄段还存活的生物质中新补充或转移出的养分,分析了活立木组织内的养分转移特征。结果表明:活立木各器官组织都发生养分转移,而且N、P、K、Ca、Mg都能在活立木各器官组织内转移。林分郁闭前,新吸收的养分中有部分转移到某林龄段以前生长的、且在这林龄段还存活的物质内。林分郁闭后,各林龄阶段都表现出积累在原来生长的、且在该林龄段还存活的植物组织内的养分被转出来再利用。除从叶中转移出来养分量的随林龄增加而减少外,干、皮、枝和根中转移出来的养分量的随林龄增加的变化呈现先上升后下降的规律。杉木体内养分流动方向和转移量大小除受养分含量差异大小的制约外,还受林木不同生长阶段生理发育特征的影响。植物体内的养分转移和再利用是植物对养分贫瘠环境的一种适应机制,也是植物保存养分并维持体内养分平衡的一种重要养分利用策略。     

人工林杉木压缩整形过程中的定形工艺

以蒸汽压力、时间及定形结束时蒸汽卸压速度为参数,对杉木压缩整形工艺的定形进行了试验.结果表明:1)整形过程中定形的蒸汽压力、定形时间对杉木定形后的体积压缩恢复率影响显著,而定形完成后的蒸汽卸压速度无显著影响;2)定形的蒸汽压力、定形时间的各个水平之间的定形效果差异极显著,理想的定形效果是在0.8 MPa的饱和蒸汽压下持续40 min.     

湘中丘陵区4种植被类型土壤全磷、有效磷含量的变异特征

为揭示中亚热带植被恢复对土壤磷(P)有效性的影响机制,在湘中丘陵区选取了地域毗邻、环境(土壤、气候)条件基本一致、处于不同植被恢复阶段的4种植物群落——檵木-南烛-杜鹃灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-柯(又名石栎)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)以及柯-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)为研究对象,设置固定样地,按0～10、10～20,20～30,30～40 cm分层采集土壤样品,测定不同季节土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量,比较研究不同植被类型土壤TP、AP含量的差异及其季节变化特征。结果表明:1)不同植被类型同一土层TP含量在各季节总体上随着植被恢复而增加,且LAG与LCQ、LVR(除夏季外)差异显著;季节变化也基本一致,除LAG 0～10 cm土层外,均表现为"夏高冬低(或秋低)型"。2)不同植被类型同一季节同一土层AP含量夏、冬季差异较大,而春、秋季较小,不同植被类型同一土层AP含量在各季节的变化不完全随着植被恢复而逐渐增加;但同一土层AP的季节平均含量基本上随着植被恢复而增加,同一植被类型不同土层AP含量的季节变化不尽相同。3)土壤TP、AP含量与群落总生物量、地上部分生物量、根系生物量、凋落物层现存量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著的负相关关系。4)不同植被类型群落生物量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量、pH值的差异显著影响土壤TP、AP的含量。     

Psychometric charts for use with normal and high temperature drying of wood

Kiln drying of timber sometimes makes use of air at well above 100 °C and at very high humidities. The psychometric charts of Carrier and Mollier do not normally accommodate such air states and so they are not useful. Charts are given herein which use the axes ln r and ln p_s where r is the relative humidity and p_s is the pressure of water vapour at saturation. Such charts accommodate the above conditions without difficulty and fit tidily onto a rectangular sheet. The values of p_s are not shown but they are expressed as a function of dry-bulb temperature, which is shown on the charts. Charts are given for normal and high temperature ranges, and to display different properties we have chosen to use separate charts rather than to fit too much information on a single chart. Received 8 May 2000     

On the activation energy of diffusion of water in wood

Summary The diffusion equation for water in wood is expanded in terms of temperature and moisture gradient on the assumption that the driving force for the diffusion of water in wood is the partial pressure of water vapour. An analytic expression is then developed for the activation energy of diffusion in terms of enthalpy and entropy changes associated with the sorption process. The expression is compared with another published curve and some similarity was observed.Symbols C water concentration, kg/m³ - D diffusion coefficient for water vapour in wood with vapour pressure as the driving potential, kg/ms Pa - D_c diffusion coefficient for water vapour in wood with water concentration as the driving potential, m²/s - D_c a constant value of D_c, m²/s - E activation energy of diffusion, J/kg - F flow density, kg/m² s - f h/l - h specific enthalpy, J/kg - L l/R T - l latent heat of vapourization of free water, J/kg - l_s latent heat of vapourization of sorbed water, J/kg - p partial pressure of water vapour, Pa - p_s pressure of water vapour at saturation, Pa - R specifc gas constant for water, J/kg K - r relative humidity - s specific entropy, J/kg K - w dry basis moisture content - x length coordinate, m - a constant temperature equal to 6,800 K - -/ln r - _w density of wood (dry mass/moisture volume) at a given moisture content, kg/m³ - s/R - L style as 2 lines above - free water relative to sorbed water The author is grateful to the Editorial Board in relation to the use of (4)     

Dimensional stabilization of wood with water soluble fire retardant bulking chemicals compared with polyethylene glycol-1000

Summary Mono and diammonium acid phosphate, ammonium sulfamate, and sodium silicate were compared with polyethylene glycol-1000 as bulking dimension stabilizing agents using Engelmann spruce cross sectional wafers. Limiting antiswell efficiencies are equal to the volume fraction of chemical in a saturated solution. The experimental antiswell efficiencies due to bulking are the percent increase in the dry cross sectional area of the wafers caused by deposition of dry chemical within the cell walls divided by the percent swelling in water. These values for the phosphates, the sulfamate, and the polyethylene glycol approach the limiting values from solubility indicating that chemical continues to diffuse into the cell walls as the wood is dried to virtually attain a saturated solution within that structure. The sodium silicate gave an apparent negative antiswell efficiency as collapse of the fibers on drying exceeded the actual bulking. Antiswell efficiencies between 0 and 30% relative humidity, 0 and 90% relative humidity and 30 and 90% relative humidity were in general still lower. This is largely due to the treated systems taking up more water than the controls, especially at the higher relative humidity. Antiswell efficiencies for the mono ammonium acid phosphate ranged from 20 to 27%, for the diammonium acid phosphate from 28 to 37%, the ammonium sulfamate from 51 to 66% and the polyethylene glycol from 63 to 77%.Paper No. 4245 of the Journal Series of North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina     

八个杉木地理种源的核型分析

对八个杉木不同地理种源进行核型分析,结果表明,其染色体数目均为2n=12,其中广西融水杉木的核型公式为2n=22=22m(2SATs),其他种源第7对染色体为近中着丝粒,核型公式为2n=22=20m(2SATs)+2sm。核型类型为1B,第4对染色体短臂上有一对随体。融水杉木少数分裂相发现有一条B染色体,在研究中发现,同源染色体两成员长度差异对数多(核型杂合程度高)的种源,均系属于优良种源。而差异对数少的种源为一般种源(会同杉木除外),核型杂合程度的高低。可作为判定种源优劣的一种标志。