由粉状活性炭制备球形颗粒活性炭的研究

活性炭是一种重要的工业吸着剂,目前,我国活性炭分粉状和颗粒两大类型.由于粉状活性炭原料来源广、工艺简单、产量较大.但近几年来,随着现代工业的发展以及大气污染、水质污浊等方面原因,对颗粒活性炭的需要量增长.通常,颗粒炭的生产是原料粉碎、成型、炭化、活化而制得,工艺繁杂.为此,本试验就粉状活性炭与一定量的粘结剂直接制成颗粒活性炭进行了初步的研究.通过对粘结剂种类和配比的选择,制备的颗粒炭吸附性能和球磨强度等均能达到历来颗粒炭的指标要求.     

竹屑制汽油蒸气吸附和液相脱色的颗粒活性炭研究

竹屑用磷酸活化法制备吸附汽油蒸气和液相脱色的颗粒活性炭。竹屑与磷酸溶液按适当比例混合均匀,在适当温度下塑化,然后经捏和、挤出成型、干燥硬化、炭化、活化、漂洗和烘干等工序制得颗粒活性炭产品。研究了磷酸浓度、酸屑重量比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响。正交试验结果表明较佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,酸屑重量比为1.9∶1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90 min。在较佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为11.95 g·100 m L-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g-1,活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为1 978.95 m2·g-1和1.4907 cm3·g-1。     

Effects of Pore Structure of Granular Activated Carbon on n-Butane Adsorption

对5种不同工艺制备的杉木颗粒活性炭的丁烷活性、丁烷工作容量、丁烷持附性与孔结构之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:丁烷吸附性能与活性炭样品的比表面积、孔容积和孔径分布有着密切联系.对丁烷活性起作用的孔主要集中在1.16～2.00 nm;对丁烷工作容量有显著影响的孔径介于2.0～4.0 nm;对丁烷持附性影响最大的孔分布在0.5～1.0 nm.大孔对整个吸附过程没有什么显著影响,只是作为丁烷分子进入中孔、微孔的输送通道.     

磷酸法自成型木质颗粒活性炭孔隙结构分析及其甲烷吸附性能

以杉木屑为原料,在不额外添加粘结剂的工艺下,采用磷酸活化法制备自成型颗粒活性炭,并对其活化工艺、孔隙结构和甲烷吸附性能进行了分析。结果表明:随着活化温度的升高,颗粒活性炭的吸附性能先升后降,450℃时吸附性能最佳,强度不断升高;浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭吸附性能的提高,不利于其强度的增大。氮气吸附等温线和压汞法分析表明:颗粒活性炭具有发达的微孔、中孔和大孔结构,浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭比孔容积的增加,不利于堆积密度和表观密度的增加。在活化温度450℃,压力3.4 MPa时单位质量和单位体积的颗粒活性炭的甲烷吸附值在浸渍比1.25时达到最大,分别为125.6 m L/g和115.2 L/L。     

磷酸法竹质颗粒活性炭的制备研究

以竹屑为原料,采用磷酸法活化,制得了中微孔发达的颗粒活性炭:A法焦糖脱色率70%,亚甲基蓝吸附值210mg/g,碘吸附值1100mg/g以上,丁烷工作容量132g/L,强度95%以上。其孔分布以中微孔为主(Rn<2.6nm),达到了86.3%。适合于液体脱色精制和汽油蒸气的回收之用。对制备过程中捏合温度和时间、捏合过程中有无空气参与反应以及活化温度等工艺对颗粒活性炭性能的影响进行了研究考察,发现捏合过程中空气参与反应有利于造就发达的中微孔结构,活化温度的提高(>500℃)使得孔分布向着微孔方向发展。并通过改进捏合工艺和添加催化剂,使得颗粒活性炭的性能和表观光洁度得到提高。     

利用木屑制备油气回收和液相脱色颗粒活性炭的研究

以木屑为原料用不同浓度的磷酸溶液做活化剂制备吸附汽油蒸汽的载体颗粒活性炭和液相脱色用颗粒活性炭。采用正交试验研究了磷酸浓度、磷酸与木屑的重量比、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,磷酸与木屑的质量比1.9:1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90min。在最佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为12.50 g·100 mL~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g~(-1),活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为2 024.15 m~2·g~(-1)和1.654 3 cm~3·g~(-1)。     

木质颗粒活性炭的孔结构对丁烷吸附性能的影响研究

对5种不同工艺制备的杉木颗粒活性炭的丁烷活性、丁烷工作容量、丁烷持附性与孔结构之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:丁烷吸附性能与活性炭样品的比表面积、孔容积和孔径分布有着密切联系。对丁烷活性起作用的孔主要集中在1.16～2.00 nm;对丁烷工作容量有显著影响的孔径介于2.0～4.0 nm;对丁烷持附性影响最大的孔分布在0.5～1.0 nm。大孔对整个吸附过程没有什么显著影响,只是作为丁烷分子进入中孔、微孔的输送通道。     

脱色用木质颗粒活性炭的制备研究

以木屑为原料,磷酸为活化剂,使用捏合机对木屑磷酸混合料进行预处理,制得了脱色用颗粒活性炭。其性能指标为：亚甲基蓝吸附值155～170mL/g,A法焦糖脱色率100％以上,灰分4％以下,强度95％以上。其孔分布以中孔为主,达到了50％～65％。可用于发酵液等食品和制药行业的脱色精制。研究还着重讨论了制备过程中活性炭的成型机理,认为机械捏合和热处理是提高该颗粒活性炭强度的关键。     

磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭

以微晶纤维素为原料,在不添加黏结剂的条件下,采用磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭。分析了捏合过程和炭活化工艺对活性炭耐磨强度、吸附性能和孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明,炭活化温度的升高及保温时间的延长有利于颗粒活性炭强度的提高;随着浸渍比值的升高,颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积和中孔容积均呈不断上升的趋势;浸渍比值较小,较细微孔结构发达,浸渍比值较大,较大微孔结构发达。在较佳的工艺条件下:捏合温度150℃,浸渍比值1.25,捏合时间55 min,炭活化温度450℃和保温时间1.0 h,制得颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、强度、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积、中孔容积和平均孔径分别为896.6 mg/g、131.3 mg/g、94.69%、1 377.3 m2/g、1.083 cm3/g、0.514 cm3/g、0.569 cm3/g和3.14 nm。     

桉树锯末制备颗粒活性炭实验研究

以桉树锯末和磷酸为原料制备了颗粒活性炭,研究浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间等对产品得率、强度和吸附性能的影响。实验得到最佳工艺条件为:磷酸与原料浸渍比为2∶1,温度300℃,预处理1 h,机械成型后,再以10℃/min升到活化温度450℃,活化1 h。此条件下,制备得到的活性炭性能指标为:强度95%,亚甲基蓝吸附值172.5 mg/g,碘吸附值790 mg/g,A法焦糖100%,得率40%左右。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.