不同桉树无性系造林对比试验

通过7个桉树无性系在3个不同立地条件的造林对比试验研究,结果表明:7个桉树无性系在本区表现良好,不同桉树无性系间在胸径、树高、蓄积量生长方面均存在显著差异;适宜本区发展的桉树无性系首选为尾赤桉201-2,其次为尾巨桉3229和尾圆桉184-1;海拔在300 m以下的适宜种尾赤桉201-2、尾圆桉184-1、尾巨桉3229等,海拔在300~460 m的适合种尾赤桉201-2和巨桉。     

福建省建瓯市丘陵山地引种邓恩桉的调查分析

对闽北的建瓯市3种不同坡位丘陵山地引种邓恩桉,结果表明:邓恩桉适应性和速生性较强,邓恩桉可耐-4℃的短暂低温严寒。造林当年的平均树高达3.1 m,8年生邓恩桉生长平均树高、胸径分别为9.5 m和10.3 cm,达到福建省一般产区桉树速丰林标准。3种试验处理的造林成活率均达到92.6%以上。8年生时,不同坡位对邓恩桉成活率与保存率的影响差异不显著,各处理的林分保存率达到85.7%~88.2%,不同海拔(坡位)造林对当年生邓恩桉树高、胸径及8年生胸径、蓄积量的影响差异极显著,对8年生树高的影响差异显著,海拔200m以下的中下坡引种邓恩桉较速生。     

海南岛西北部地区桉树无性系选择研究

海南岛西部地区桉树无性系选择研究结果表明19个无性系树高、胸径、蓄积量、冠幅及生根能力差异显著,包含的8个品种材积生长排序尾×细杂交桉＞尾×赤杂交桉＞斑皮桉＞赤桉＞尾叶桉＞细叶桉＞刚果12号桉＞雷林1号桉.综合评价,杂交桉TH9113、TH9117、TH9211、TH9224、赤桉XLY01、斑皮桉9401、尾叶桉U9101 7个无性系生长快,扦插生根能力强,可列为重点发展的桉树优良无性系.     

丽水市桉树引种试验初报

在浙江丽水开展邓恩桉、赤桉、柳桉、巨桉、尾巨桉的引种栽培试验,结果表明,参试品系的耐寒性强弱表现为邓恩桉>赤桉>柳桉>巨桉>尾巨桉;邓恩桉的幼树高生长和径生长各参数均高于其他几个参试桉树品系,表现出明显的生长优势;不同品系间的树高、胸径存在显著或极显著的差异,其中以邓恩桉的生长量最高,4年生时胸径和树高分别达15.14cm、11.14 m。邓恩桉适合作为速生工业原料林树种在丽水发展。     

紫金山矿区裸地引种耐寒桉树试验研究

紫金山矿区生态恢复的重点是选金废渣堆积场植被的快速恢复。在废矿石(渣)堆边坡引种速生、耐寒的桉树品系试验,结果表明:桉树品系在耐寒性和生长性状如树高、胸径、材积、冠幅等方面存在极显著差异。桉树受冻后通过加强抚育管理,可恢复生长、成林。邓恩桉、赤桉可在紫金山矿区大面积推广,尾赤桉、巨桉、尾叶桉不宜大面积种植,只能在低海拔区域种植。     

不同桉树无性系生长对比试验及经济效益分析

3个桉树无性系在相同立地条件下的造林对比试验的研究结果表明,3个桉树无性系在胸径、树高、蓄积量生长方面均存在显著差异,适宜本区发展的无性系为尾巨桉3228和尾巨桉3229,而尾叶桉U6生长较差;从效益分析来看,采用尾巨桉3228和尾巨桉3229造林比尾叶桉U6造林具有明显的优势.     

闵东桉树引种抗逆性的早期选择

比较了桉树7个品系在3个不同海拔的成活率、耐寒性、抗虫性、树干弯曲程度和径高比5个性状。结果表明:不同品系的耐寒性、抗虫性、树干弯曲程度、径高比存在显著差异,海拔高度对成活率、耐寒性、树干弯曲程度、径高比具有显著影响;多重比较结果表明:比较适宜闵东发展的桉树品系是尾赤桉201、其次是尾巨桉3229和尾圆桉184。     

不同混交模式对桉树林分生长的影响

为探寻桉树种植可持续发展模式,以桉树纯林为对照,设置了巨尾桉+望天树,巨尾桉+红椎,巨尾桉+马尾松和巨尾桉+降香黄檀4种混交模式,研究了桉树和不同树种混交模式下桉树树高、胸径、冠幅、单株积材和林分蓄积量的变化特征,结果表明,桉树和其它树种混交能够促进桉树生长,其中巨尾桉+红椎模式下,桉树胸径、冠幅最大,单株积材比对照高...     

元江县尾叶桉扦插苗造林适应性调查研究

对用尾叶桉扦插苗2001~2004年在元江县造林的林木进行胸径及树高生长调查及分析.结果表明:在490 m的低海拔干热河谷地区,4.5 a生尾叶桉的平均树高达20.1 m,年均高生长4.5 m;平均地径达22.8 cm,年均生长5.1 cm,其生长量均超过国家速生树种标准的4倍以上;在海拔1 100、430、800、1 500 m范围内,尾叶桉树高及胸径生长差异不显著,与海拔2 100 m和1 750 m生长的树木相比,差异达极显著水平,说明尾叶桉的适生海拔范围是430~1 500 m;在相同立地条件下,尾叶桉平均年树高生长量分别比兰桉、赤桉和柠檬桉高0.8、0.7和0.9 m,平均胸径生长量比兰桉、赤桉和柠檬桉高1.8、3.2和3.3 cm.     

尾巨桉速生林连栽生长特性的研究

对广西东门林场7~43个月生尾巨桉连栽林分生长特性及土壤养分变化进行研究。结果表明:连栽尾巨桉林分胸径、树高和蓄积量均随着年龄的增长而明显增加,林分表现了早期强速生的特性。随连栽代数的增加,尾巨桉树高、胸径、蓄积的总生长量并没有出现下降的趋势,但其连年生长量已开始出现明显的衰退现象。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。