用人工模拟降雨仪研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性

用人模拟降雨仪研究了我国亚热带７种有代表性土壤的可蚀性，结果表明土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值以紫色土最高，第四纪红色粘土发育的土类最低，该文还用诺谟方法估算了土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值，但其中大部分与人工模拟降雨仪测得的相差较大，因此，认为该地区极大多数土壤类型不能直接用诺谟图方法来估算土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值。     

三峡库区土壤可蚀性K值研究

 研究土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析三峡库区土壤侵蚀的特点。依据重庆市和湖北省的第2次土壤普查资料,建立三峡库区各土种的理化性质数据库,并通过三次样条插值方法对不同粒径标准的土壤质地进行转换,然后采用几何平均粒径模型修正公式计算出三峡库区各土种的可蚀性K值,经面积加权平均得到三峡库区11类土壤的可蚀性K值,最后在分类分级基础上,探讨土壤可蚀性K值的分布特征。结果表明:三峡库区土壤可蚀性K值变化于0.00720.019 2 t.hm2.h/（MJ.mm.hm2）之间,其中在0.015 00.019 0t.hm2.h/（MJ.mm.hm2）之间的中高可蚀性和高可蚀性土壤面积占库区总面积的74.49%;三峡库区存在很大的土壤侵蚀风险,国外已有的K值经验算式不能直接照搬,而采用几何平均粒径修正模型对三峡库区土壤可蚀性K值进行估算是可行的。     

用田间实测法研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性K值

本文在自然降雨条件下用全裸地小区田间实测了我国亚热带七种有代表性的不同类型土壤可蚀性Ｋ值。结果表明这七种不同类型土壤间的Ｋ值差别很大，其中紫色和红砂岩发育的耕种普通红壤的Ｋ值最大，分别达到０．４４４和０．４３８，最小的是第四纪红色粘土发育的红色土，其值只人０．１０４，还不到紫色土Ｋ值的１／４。我们变用国际上十分流行的诺谟图方法估算了这七种不同类型土壤的可蚀性Ｋ值，其中有二类土壤用这种方法所估算的Ｋ     

东北地区坡耕地主要土种土壤可蚀性估算

土壤可蚀性(K)反映土壤对侵蚀的敏感程度。本研究旨在查明东北地区坡耕地主要土种K特征。共采集了70个土种的土样,利用土壤理化性质分析和USLE诺谟图获取了它们的K_n,分析了东北地区耕地土壤主要土种的可蚀性。结果表明:(1)K_n最小值为0.011,最大值为0.070,平均值为0.031,标准差为0.012。无论是沿纬度方向,还是经度方向,K_n没有持续递增或递减的趋势。(2)各土种之间K_n差异明显,极值比达到6.4;同一土类各土种之间K_n也存在一定差异;多数土类的K_n极值比超过了1.5;因此,土壤侵蚀预报应尽量使用土种的K_n。(3)随着侵蚀程度加重,吉林省黑土的K_n没有明显的变化趋势。(4)近6%土种的砾石盖度超过1.5%;如果不考虑砾石因素,它们的K_n平均被高估37%。对于侵蚀严重、砾石较多的山区土壤,应考虑砾石对K_n的影响。     

中国亚热带土壤可蚀性K值预测的不确定性研究

土壤可蚀性K值是土壤侵蚀模型(如USLE和RUSLE)的必要参数,直接套用经验模型估算土壤可蚀性K值会给土壤侵蚀预报带来不可估计的误差。本文以我国亚热带7种典型土壤可蚀性K值的观测值为依据,选用平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和精度因子(Af)四种数学统计项为指标,评价了诺谟图模型、修正诺谟图模型、EPIC模型、几何平均粒径模型和Torri模型等5种土壤可蚀性K值预测模型的不确定性。结果表明,5种模型的不确定性从小到大的顺序为:Torri模型<修正诺谟图模型和诺谟图模型相似文献   

土壤可蚀性特征及其K值图制作研究

在土壤普查结果与实地采样的基础上，应用EPIC模型计算出南安市不同土壤的K值，并研究了土壤的可蚀性特征及K值图的编制方法。研究表明：研究区土壤类型表层平均K值为0．184－0．371；不同土壤层次K值明显不同，表层抗蚀性较强：不同土地利用方式其土壤可蚀性不同，密林地抗蚀性强，裸地最弱；随着土壤侵蚀的加剧，土壤可蚀性K值有增加的趋势；土壤K值图制作对水土流失定量遥感监测有重要意义。     

土壤可蚀性因子的研究

该文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法，研究福建红壤区２６个土壤样品的可蚀性与土壤性质的关系，结果表明，土壤有机质，机械组成、渗透率和紧实度等是影响土壤可蚀性的重要因素，据此建立福建土壤可蚀性的数学模型，评价福建红壤区土壤可蚀性（Ｋ）值的变化范围在０．０３８～０．２８４。     

花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性因子估算及其空间变化特征

土壤可蚀性K值是土壤侵蚀模型的必要参数,研究花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析崩岗区土壤侵蚀的空间变化特征.采集湖北通城花岗岩典型崩岗淋溶层、淀积层、母质层土壤,运用5种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法分析各层土壤可蚀性差异,通过室内人工模拟降雨实验验证花岗岩风化土可蚀性K值的有效性及5种估算方法的灵敏度.结果表明:花岗岩风化土的各层土壤可蚀性差异显著,母质层平均K值最大,是淋溶层的1.20倍,淀积层的1.03倍,且各层土壤的稳定含沙率和各粒径流失量差异显著;诺莫法估算的各层土壤的可蚀性K值与40 min每层土的稳定含沙率之比最接近,诺莫法估算各层土壤可蚀性K值的灵敏度最高,为修正诺莫的1.5倍,EPIC模型法的6倍.因此,针对南方花岗岩风化土可采用诺莫法准确评价土壤可蚀性K值.通过估算崩岗不同层次土壤的可蚀性K值及其空间变化特征,对针对性地研究崩岗形成机制及其治理具有一定指导意义.     

湖北丹江口水库库区小流域土壤可蚀性特征

土壤自身的可侵蚀性是土壤侵蚀发生的内在因素。由于具有明确的物理意义和方便的测定方法,土壤可蚀性K指标值成为水土流失预报模型的一个重要参数。采用EPIC中土壤可蚀性K值计算方法,对丹江口水库库区内1.94km2的五龙池小流域的K值进行了计算。结果显示,研究区内土壤可蚀性K值平均为0.0302thm2h(MJmmhm2)-1,与我国其他有黄棕壤分布地区已有的研究结果相一致。小流域土壤可蚀性存在一定的空间变异,但变异性不大(变异系数14.7%),86.56%土地面积上的K值位于0.0264～0.0330之间。从土壤可侵蚀性强弱判断,该区土壤为易侵蚀土。利用反距离权重插值(IDW)进行了K值图的制作,并简要介绍了K值图的应用。     

我国亚热带土壤可蚀性的对比研究

本文用人工模拟降雨法和田间实测法对比研究了我国亚热带七种代表性土壤的可蚀性,结果表明,两种方法测得的土壤可蚀性Ｋ值都以红砂岩土发育的（耕作）铝质湿润淋溶土和紫色砂页发育的紫色湿润雏形为最高,最低的是第四纪红色粘土发育的红色湿润新成土,本文还对每个供试土壤分别建立了这两种条件下求得Ｋ值间的定量关系,为今后利用人工模拟降雨试验开展各种研究提供了基础。     

我国亚热带土壤侵蚀的生物工程治理

我国亚热带具有丰富的水热资源,物产丰富,但由于不合理的土地利用使土壤侵蚀仍有不断增加的趋势。其原因是由于这一地区降雨侵蚀力大;地貌以丘陵和山地为主,坡度较大;土壤的可蚀性较高以及在本世纪经历了四次较大规模的森林毁坏。本区按土地利用不当引起的土壤侵蚀类型可划分成农用耕地侵蚀和裸地稀疏林地侵蚀。按土壤侵蚀程度、独特的成土母质以及土地利用分别阐述了各种生物工程治理措施。     

心土层对水稻生长及产量影响的研究

为明确不同类型水田土壤心土层与水稻生长特性及产量的关系,采用盆栽方法研究了白浆土型水稻土、黑土型水稻土和草甸土型水稻土以及有、无心土层对水稻生长特性和产量的影响。结果显示:叶绿素含量在水稻分蘖期和抽穗期差异显著,成熟期差异不显著,顺序依次为草甸土型黑土型白浆土型水稻土,成熟期有心土层均比无心土层处理叶绿素含量高;不同土壤水稻株高有心土层大于无心土层处理,但差异不显著;不同类型土壤水稻干物质积累量成熟期土壤间差异显著,黑土型水稻土为245.66 g/盆、草甸土型为239.13 g/盆、白浆土型为182.77 g/盆,有心土层高于无心土层处理;水稻垂直根长土壤间差异极显著,依次为黑土型草甸土型白浆土型水稻土,有心土层均高于无心土层处理;根干重有心土层显著高于无心土层处理;水稻产量土壤间差异显著,黑土型水稻土最高,为143.84 g/盆,之后依次为白浆土型136.56 g/盆,草甸土型131.56 g/盆,有心土层高于无心土层处理;心土层对产量贡献率,黑土型水稻土产量贡献率最高,为24.8%,草甸土型为9.6%,白浆土型为5.9%。     

Erfassung der Variabilität von Bodenmerkmalen in einem Blindversuch auf Fahlerde mittels Methoden der räumlichen Statistik

Variability of soil parameters in a uniformity trial on a Luvisol evaluated by means of spatial statistics The relationships between soil parameters and indicators of soil genesis were investigated in a uniformity trial on Luvisol by means of classical and spatial statistics. The following properties were investigated in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (31–40 cm): content of total carbon (C_t), content of clay plus fine silt (FAT), concentrations of available potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), and pH values. The depth loamy Bt horizon and microrelief were considered as indicators of soil genesis. Smoothing of the raw data by means of block kriging eliminated the small scale variability of all parameters. In this way, the rank correlation coefficients between soil parameters increased by factor 2 and were to 0.52 for C_t–FAT; 0.69 for C_t–K, and 0.55 for C_t–P in the top soil. The maps for smoothed data allowed a much better visual analysis of spatial distribution of investigated properties compared to the raw data. The significant correlations as well as the similarity of maps and variograms suggested that the spatial variability of FAT, C_t, K, and P in the top soil was determined by the same factors. The depth of the loamy Bt horizon and the relief were the most important factors defining the distribution of the investigated soil parameters. The rank correlation coefficients of the smoothed and detrended relief with the soil parameters amount to –0.63, –0.77, –0.71, and –0.57 for FAT, C_t, K, and P, respectively.     

How good is a reconnaissance soil map for agronomic purposes?

Abstract. Information about the soil fertility status in irrigated ricelands at regional scales (1:50 000–1:250 000) is commonly not contained in classical soil maps. To assess the agronomic suitability of two different reconnaissance soil maps, we conducted a detailed soil survey in the Nueva Ecija province, Philippines. Soil samples were collected from 384 farmers' fields, and soil properties were measured for topsoil and subsoil samples. For most soil properties, a soil map made in 1940 (1:125 000) had within-map unit variances that were smaller than the total variance, whereas a new soil map of 1992 (1:50 000) did not significantly reduce the within-class variance. In both soil maps, classification into mapping units accounted for 0–40% of the variance of 14 agronomically important soil properties and large within-map unit variabilities were found. Underlying strategies of classical soil survey supported the partition of variance for relatively stable soil properties, such as soil texture, CEC, and organic matter. If reconnaissance soil maps are used in quantitative land evaluation studies, existing maps require upgrading by adding quantitative information about relevant soil properties and their within-map unit variability The sampling demand for upgrading a reconnaissance soil map was large, but pedotransfer functions can be used as cost-saving tools. Measures of soil nutrient status were highly variable within all mapping units and differences among farmers were much greater than the differences between soil types. Therefore, nutrient management in the study region should be based on individual field or farm recommendations rather than on soil-map based recommendations.     

Potassium retention characteristics of a typic hydrandept from the Island of Hawaii

Abstract

Potassium‐retention characteristics of the topsoil and subsoil of a medial over thixotropic, isomesic, Typic Hydrandept (Puaulu series) was investigated under moist conditions. This soil occurs in high rainfall areas where important losses of K are likely. Exchangeable cations were extracted with 1M NH₄OAc pH 7 and Potassium Retention (Kr) was calculated by the difference between initial K (exchangeable, soluble, and added K) and final K. The results indicated that for any given K solution concentration, the amount of K held by the subsoil was twice that retained by the topsoil. The relationship between Kr and Potassium Adsorption Ratio (PAR) was nonlinear. The Gapon selectivity coefficient (K_G) sharply decreased with increasing Potassium Saturation (Ep) and then leveled off to an almost constant value at Ep values of 0.25 for the topsoil and 0.15 (mmol^‐1L^)½ for the subsoil. This constant value of =K_G was reached when 5 and 10% of the initial exchange sites were occupied by K retained in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively.     

Effect of soil type on the time-course of changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity in Tokachi District,Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract

To clarify the effect of soil type on changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity since 1980 in Tokachi District (Hokkaido, Japan), we analyzed yield data from 121 settlements from 1980 to 2002 using maps of parent materials and surface organic matter contents in a geographical information system. The soil types were Brown Lowland soils, Andosols with an alluvial subsoil, Wet Andosols and Andosols. The sugar beet yields were highest in the Andosols and moderate in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil. Yields in Brown Lowland soils in the 1980s were similar to those in Andosols, but decreased below the yields in the Andosols by the 1990s. The yields in Wet Andosols were the lowest in the 1980s, but have been similar to those in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil since 1990. Thus, productivity appears to have varied over time in Brown Lowland soils and Wet Andosols. The correlation coefficients between yields and cumulative daily mean temperature from late April to mid-July since 1990 were highest in the Andosols (r = 0.67), lowest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = 0.50) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = 0.54–0.60). However, the magnitude of the correlation between the yield and the cumulative precipitation since 1990 was lowest in the Andosols (r = –0.22), highest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = –0.58) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = –0.44 to –0.45). These results suggest that the present soil water environment in the Andosols is superior to that in the other soil types.     

不同地形条件下青藏高原农田土壤有机碳的分布特征

西北高寒地区农田土壤有机碳（SOC）储量的变化研究,可为东部农田SOC对气候和管理措施的响应提供预警信息。针对西部高原县域尺度上典型的地貌类型和土壤类型,对其耕层和剖面SOC进行了分析。结果表明, 青海省乐都县农田耕层（020 cm）SOC的变化范围为4.38 g/kg~20.81 g/kg,均值为11.29 g/kg,且不同土壤类型上表现出黑钙土（16.15 g/kg）＞栗钙土（10.53 g/kg）＞灰钙土（9.50 g/kg）的趋势。地形对耕层（020 cm）SOC含量没有显著影响,但深层（20100 cm）SOC因地形存在显著差异,在峁坡上,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土的深层（20100 cm）SOC分别比同种土壤类型的谷底深层土壤提高了111.5%、 62.5%和66.3%。农田SOC的垂直分布也因地形存在差异,同一种土壤类型在谷底其耕层（020 cm）SOC含量均比深层（20100 cm）高,峁坡上其深层（20100 cm）比耕层（020 cm）高,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土在谷底其耕层（020 cm）SOC含量分别比同一土壤类型的深层（20100 cm）土壤提高18.7%、 24.3%和153.5%,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土在峁坡上其深层（20100 cm）SOC含量分别比同一土壤类型耕层（020 cm）提高46.9%、 8.0%和1.0%。这一结果可为准确估算青藏高原农田SOC的变化提供参考。     

深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合改良白浆土的效果

该研究通过设置心土混拌配施改土物料区和浅翻深松区进行小区对比试验,调查心土混拌配施不同改土物料对白浆土心土理化性质的改良效果,进而进一步拓宽白浆土心土改良途径。试验共设置浅翻深松区(CK);心土混合区(SML);秸秆+心土混合区(S+SML);秸秆+心土混合区+磷肥(S+SML+P),秸秆+心土混合区+石灰(S+SML+L);秸秆+心土混合区+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)6个处理。研究结果表明:1)与浅翻深松(CK)相比,深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合能够改善心土层土壤物理性质,20~40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.11~6.11个百分点;硬度降低40%~50%,且没有出现峰值;提高土壤通透性,改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度为8.5~9.97个百分点,液相增加幅度为2.82~5.41个百分点,气相增加幅度为3.89~6.65个百分点,容重下降幅度为10.13%~17.09%。2)提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特别是添加磷肥处理变化明显,是对照处理6.5~6.8倍,速效钾提高20.7%~40.74%。有机质提高157.14%~185.71%。缓解土壤酸性,加石灰处理p H值提高0.45~0.47个单位。提高土壤全量养分,全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全钾提高8.10%~26.34%。3)连续两年提高作物产量。与对照区相比,第1年大豆增产13.42%~24.46%,第2年玉米增产13.43%~19.17%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。研究结果认为,心土混合配施秸秆、石灰和磷肥是白浆土区比较理想的心土改良技术,可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物增产提供技术支撑。     

Geochemical mapping in Oxfordshire: a comparison of stream sediment and soil sampling

352 stream sediments and 429 topsoils were sampled from 1000 km² of SW Oxfordshire. These were analysed by direct reading emission spectrometry, and simple geochemical maps were prepared for ten elements (Ca, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Pb). The maps showed that (i) the unsmoothed data were very ‘noisy’, (ii) there was a weak overall similarity between stream sediment and soil maps for some elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr and Co) but little if any for the others; and (iii) removing some of the short-range (less than 3 km) variability from the data by smoothing increased the overall similarity in some cases, but not in others. Stream sediment and soil maps based on a more detailed sampling (topsoil and subsoil) of the area covered by map sheet SP30 did not show better agreement. The stream sediment maps generally agreed better with the subsoil maps than with the topsoil maps. Of the elements studied, Ca consistently showed the best agreement between stream sediment maps and soils. The agreement shown by the other elements was variable and unpredictable so that stream sediment data are unlikely to be useful for predicting local element concentrations in soils of areas without mineralization such as Oxfordshire.