头塘小流域山地防护林体系营建及防护效益分析

在对头塘小流域山地系统特征了解的基础上，探讨了该区域山地防护林体系结构的调整、配置方式和营建技术。经对小流域所建防护林体系进行防护效益监测分析。结果表明：营建防护林体系后，防护效益显著，土壤侵蚀模数由１８３１ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．ａ下降到１１６５ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．１，减少了３６％；     

头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力

对金沙江流域头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力的研究结果表明：５年生的圣诞树人工林具有较高的生物量和生产力，其值分别为４２００ｔ／ｈｍ２和８３０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ。乔木根系生物量大，占乔木层总生物量的２９１５％，且根瘤菌发达。圣诞树具有生态幅度宽，生长快，根蘖力强，耐贫瘠，林下植被恢复快等特点，是流域中山地带水土流失严重地区和干旱瘠薄地区植被恢复的优良先锋树种。     

头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力

对金沙江流域头塘山地圣诞树人工防护林群落的结构特征与生物生产力的研究结果表明：５年生的圣诞树人工林具有较高的生物量和生产力,其值分别为４２．００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和８．３０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。乔木根系生物量大,占乔木层总和物量的２９．１５％,且根瘤菌发达。     

头塘山地系统防护林体系空间配置

针对金沙江流域山地系统特点，在分析头塘小流域山地系统结构及其与土壤侵蚀相互关系的基础上，提出了山地系统防护体系的空间配置原则和依据。依此，配置了头塘试验区的防护林体系。     

太行山闪长岩裸岩山地爆破整地造林效益分析

对太行山闪长岩裸岩山地爆破整地造林作了效益分析，试区由原来的光秃砂石山变成满山的刺槐林，林草覆盖率由不足１０％提高到７０％以上，年平均土壤侵蚀模数由爆破前的１５００ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ降为５００ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ，开创了闪长岩山地爆破造林先例，取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

阜新市大凌河流域开发果树生产的综合技术措施

大凌河在阜新县的流域总面积为２７２２ｋｍ２，该区水土流失非常严重，平均侵蚀模数１８９１ｔ／（ｋｍ２·ａ），沟壑密度平均２１ｋｍ／ｋｍ２。在１９９３年被列为全国重点治理区的二期工程，其中生物措施治理中，果树用地比例大幅度提高，由过去占林业用地的６％达...     

金沙江流域防护林树种选择与配置

根据金沙江流域山地系统多样性的特点，提出了本流域生态经济型防护林体系建设技术中树种选择、树种配置的依据和方法，介绍并讨论了头塘小流域试验示范区树种选择和配置研究的初步结果。     

海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

不同龄组马尾松人工林生物量及生产力的研究

对桂中丘陵区不同龄组马尾松人工林的生物量及生产力进行了研究．结果表明：幼龄林（８ａ生）生物量为３２．０ｔ／ｈｍ２，中龄林（１４ａ生〕为１０８．０ｔ／ｈｍ２、近熟林（２３ａ生）为１８６．６ｔ／ｈｍ２，成熟林（３８ａ生）为１９７．４ｔ／ｈｍ２；林分平均净生产量分别为４．００ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．７．７１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ、８．１２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ和５．８０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．     

油松林枯落物对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

本文研究了油松林枯落物对林地坡面土壤侵蚀的影响，即土壤颗粒在雨滴击溅和冲刷作用下，枯落物对侵蚀性降水所引起的土壤流失有抑制作用，并对枯落物防止土壤侵蚀功能作一探讨。研究表明原状枯落物层（２ｃｍ厚）油松林下无溅蚀发生，去掉枯落物层有微量溅蚀发生；其侵蚀径流量由有枯落物覆盖地表的２３１５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物的５９３７．５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少６１．２４％，其侵蚀模数由有枯落物层的１．１４４ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物层的８．９２ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少８７．７１％，在该油松林集水区，因原状枯落物保护较好，所以在该流域无水土流失，起到了水土保持的作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。