己糖激酶调控‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄蔗糖分解代谢

以酿酒葡萄(Vitis viniferaL.)‘赤霞珠’果实为试材,研究己糖激酶与蔗糖分解代谢关键酶[可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶(分解方向)]在果实发育过程中的关系,以期为己糖激酶对蔗糖分解代谢的调控提供知识。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析了发育期‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量,测定了其己糖激酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶活性变化趋势。研究表明,果实整个发育过程中,蔗糖含量极微,己糖激酶表现出与葡萄糖、果糖相反的梯度变化;葡萄糖和果糖含量低时,可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶的活性开始上升;葡萄糖和果糖含量高时,可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶的活性降低。相关性分析表明,蔗糖含量与葡萄糖含量、果糖含量显著相关,葡萄糖和果糖含量与可溶性酸性转化酶、蔗糖合酶活性负相关,己糖激酶活性与所有因子负相关,但无显著相关。讨论后得出己糖激酶可能通过其催化活性调控葡萄糖和果糖的积累并反馈调节可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶。     

香蕉采后果肉硬度与淀粉代谢变化

为了弄清楚香蕉采后果实硬度与淀粉代谢的变化规律及相关性,以‘巴西’蕉(Musa sp. ‘Brazil’)果肉为试材,对香蕉采后果实淀粉代谢与果肉硬度变化进行分析。结果表明,贮藏过程中,果肉硬度逐渐下降,总淀粉含量呈下降趋势,总淀粉酶活性呈上升趋势,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性呈先增后减的单峰型变化;相关性分析发现,香蕉采后果肉硬度下降与总淀粉含量变化呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉酶活性变化呈极显著负相关,与α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性变化相关性不显著。香蕉采后果肉硬度下降可能主要涉及到总淀粉含量的下降和总淀粉酶活性的上升。     

后期水分亏缺与增施氮肥对杂交稻叶片光合功能的影响

为了探讨以水肥调控延长水稻结实期叶片功能的可能性,研究了早衰型和非早衰型杂交稻组合后期衰老过程中叶片光合功能对适度水分亏缺和增施氮肥的响应。结果表明,水稻灌浆期水分亏缺促使叶绿素和叶面积衰减加剧,加速Rubisco羧化活性和叶片光合功能衰退,叶片ZR (玉米素核苷)含量下降。对缺水较敏感的中优838、天优998和隆平601其叶绿素衰减率提高了9%~12%;光合速率各下降了19.55%、19.12%、12.73%;ZR含量、Rubisco羧化活性的降幅相对高于其余组合。在限水的同时增施氮肥明显缓解了水分亏缺胁迫的影响,但增氮效果组合间存在较大差异。叶绿素衰减率降低6.14%~27.10%;光合速率,隆平601、天优998、汕优63和中优838提高9.30%~15.81%,两优6326和C两优396提高3%~5%;Rubisco羧化活性,隆平601提高18.94%,中优838提高12.16%,其他组合提高3%~9%;增施氮肥提高了叶片ZR含量,中优838叶片ZR平均含量提高16.05%,C两优396和汕优63分别提高8.31%和8.16%,两优6326和隆平601分别提高4.90%和1.13%。相关分析表明,叶片ZR含量与叶光合速率和Rubisco活性呈极显著正相关,Rubisco羧化活性与光合速率和叶绿素含量极显著相关,叶片总糖含量和稻谷产量与光合速率相关显著和极显著。水稻灌浆期水分不足加速叶片衰老和光合功能衰退,在干旱胁迫时适量增施氮肥,是降低干旱胁迫危害、增强叶片光合功能、延长叶片功能期,防御早衰的有效措施。     

青稞籽粒灌浆期淀粉代谢酶活性与淀粉积累特征的关系研究

为探究青稞籽粒灌浆期淀粉合成酶活性与淀粉组分的积累之间的关系,选用3个青稞品种甘垦5号、北青6号和昆仑12号为材料,对灌浆期籽粒淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化及淀粉积累特征进行了研究,并分析了两者之间的关系。结果表明,籽粒干重积累曲线拟合为logistic方程,支链淀粉和直链淀粉最大灌浆速率均出现在花后20~23d,之后下降。随着灌浆的进程,3个青稞品种的淀粉合成酶AGPP、GBSS、SSS和SBE均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而淀粉降解酶α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶呈现先下降后上升的趋势。相关分析表明,直链淀粉积累速率呈先上升后下降的趋势,与AGPP和GBSS的活性变化呈显著正相关;支链淀粉积累速率同样呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与AGPP、SSS和SBE的活性变化呈显著或极显著正相关;直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率与3个青稞品种的α-淀粉酶呈负相关,与3个青稞品种的β-淀粉酶呈显著或极显著负相关。     

腐植酸提高食用型甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础

选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置施用腐植酸和对照处理,于2008-2009年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。在甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性变化。结果表明, 与对照比较,施用腐植酸显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为30.90%和9.48%,显著降低了块根蔗糖合酶活性,平均降幅为11.04%,促进了蔗糖、果聚糖等在块根中的积累;同时,施用腐植酸还显著提高了块根中淀粉酶活性,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶平均增幅分别为11.33%、15.70%,促进了后期葡萄糖、果糖等在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性总糖含量提高了15.49%、淀粉含量降低了3.56%。总之,施用腐植酸能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、抑制可溶性糖向淀粉转化、促进淀粉水解,这些是提高块根可溶性总糖含量的生理基础。     

‘巨峰’葡萄休眠及解除过程糖类物质变化研究

为更好地了解葡萄休眠期糖类物质变化与休眠的关系,以离体1年生‘巨峰’葡萄枝条为试材进行水培,监测葡萄休眠过程糖类物质变化。通过液相色谱等方法进行蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性糖和淀粉、纤维素含量的测定。结果表明,‘巨峰’葡萄在1月6日休眠达到最深,2月5日解除休眠;葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性糖和淀粉含量随休眠加深而升高,解除休眠后葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性糖及蔗糖下降;蔗糖含量随着休眠的加深而下降,在休眠解除过程中升高;纤维素在整个休眠中及解除后变化不明显;果糖与葡萄糖在各器官内呈极显著正相关关系;芽、韧皮部、木质部中的可溶性糖含量呈两两极显著正相关关系。     

曙光油桃果实发育过程中蔗糖积累与相关酶的关系

以曙光油桃为试材,研究了发育过程中蔗糖积累与相关酶活性的关系。结果表明：发育早期,曙光油桃果实的果糖和葡萄糖含量相对较高,随着果实的发育,果糖和葡萄糖含量逐渐降低,而蔗糖含量急剧上升并成为主要可溶性糖。相关分析结果表明：在整个发育过程中,细胞壁酸性转化酶、可溶性中性转化酶与曙光油桃果实的蔗糖含量呈显著的负相关,蔗糖合酶与蔗糖含量呈极显著的正相关。由此表明,曙光油桃果实的蔗糖积累主要受到转化酶和蔗糖合酶的调控。     

马铃薯块茎不同部位糖类物质的变化特点

以克新13号马铃薯品种为试验材料,在大田旱作模式下测定出苗后60~90d块茎不同部位糖类物质的含量,研究马铃薯块茎形成过程中不同部位糖类物质变化规律。结果表明：不同糖类在块茎各部位间的含量有差异：不同部位随着生育期的推移淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,髓部最高;蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,髓部的蔗糖含量最高,皮层区的可溶性糖含量最高;还原糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量变化均呈单峰曲线,均为皮层区最高。相关分析表明,髓部淀粉含量与还原糖、蔗糖、可溶性糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关。说明块茎髓部对淀粉积累起了关键作用。     

强、弱筋小麦籽粒形成期蔗糖、淀粉合成相关酶活性及其与氮代谢的关系

2005—2006年生长季, 以小麦强筋品种藁城8901和弱筋品种豫麦50为材料, 研究了灌浆期籽粒和旗叶氮代谢底物含量与相关酶活性变化、蔗糖淀粉合成相关酶活性及籽粒淀粉积累特征, 分析了氮代谢与籽粒淀粉积累的关系。结果表明, 旗叶蔗糖合酶(SS)和磷酸蔗糖合酶(SPS)、籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性均呈单峰曲线变化。两品种比较, 除AGPP活性峰值豫麦50低于藁城8901外, 其他酶活性峰值均是豫麦50高于藁城8901。相关分析表明, 藁城8901支链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS、AGPP和SBE活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.9377**、0.8857**、0.6489**和0.5980**; 直链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.7616**和0.7750**。豫麦50支链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS、AGPP、GBSS和SBE活性呈极显著或显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.8182**、0.6762**、0.7028**、0.8749**和0.5433*; 直链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS和SBE活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.8528**、0.8428**和0.8603**。两品种硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在开花后逐渐降低, 且藁城8901的NR活性一直高于豫麦50。硝态氮和氨态氮含量与NR、GS活性呈极显著正相关; 藁城8901的NR、GS活性与SS、SPS活性呈显著负相关, 而豫麦50只有GS与SPS达显著负相关(r = -0.5212*)。上述结果表明, 不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉合成积累受氮代谢相关酶活性的影响, 藁城8901较高的NR活性抑制与蔗糖合成有关酶SS、SPS的活性, 导致淀粉合成积累速率降低。由此可见, SPS/NR比值对淀粉合成具有重要调节作用。     

氮素对甜菜碳代谢产物的影响

研究施氮量对甜菜可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量的影响,为甜菜生产的最佳氮肥管理提供理论依据。在大田条件下,选用甜菜品种H003 为试验材料,设置7 个施氮水平(0、40、80、120、160、200、240 kg/hm2)。结果表明,同一施氮水平下,随着生育进程推进甜菜叶片可溶性糖含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,蔗糖、果糖呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,淀粉呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,蔗糖、果糖与淀粉变化规律相反。随着施氮水平的提高,甜菜叶片可溶性糖含量前期呈先降低后升高趋势,后期与之相反;施氮120~ 160 kg/hm2有利于甜菜叶片蔗糖和果糖的累积以及淀粉积累峰值期的提前。综合分析表明,同一施氮水平,叶片可溶性糖含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,蔗糖和果糖表现出一致的变化规律,而淀粉与两者变化规律相反;施氮在120~160 kg/hm2之间有利于甜菜碳水化合物同化、转化及积累代谢。     

不同品种梨汁中糖和有机酸含量测定及相关性分析

利用反相高效液相色谱法测定了不同品种梨汁中的糖和有机酸含量,并应用SAS统计软件对各种糖和有机酸含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,梨汁中的糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,其中果糖和葡萄糖含量较高;不同品种梨汁中果糖、葡萄糖及总可溶性糖含量变异较小,相对稳定,果糖与葡萄糖、总可溶性糖之间表现出显著的相关性;有机酸有苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、莽草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、乳酸和富马酸,以苹果酸含量最高;不同品种梨汁中各有机酸含量差别较大,其中琥珀酸与乳酸、富马酸,莽草酸与柠檬酸、奎宁酸的含量之间表现出极显著的相关性。     

套袋对红富士苹果山梨醇代谢和相关酶活性的影响

以红富士为试材,研究了套袋对苹果果实糖含量和山梨醇代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：在整个发育过程中,套袋苹果果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量及SDH的活性变化趋势与对照基本一致。与对照相比,套袋后,苹果果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量均出现不同程度的降低,而山梨醇含量有一定的增加。套袋处理降低苹果果实的SDH活性,但SOX活性在发育后期有一定的增加。相关分析表明,苹果果实的果糖积累主要与SDH活性密切相关。由此推断,套袋通过降低苹果果实的山梨醇代谢而影响苹果果实的糖积累。     

Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus— quantitative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes

The genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male-sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one-half to one-third the amount of their isogenic male-fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male-sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male-sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey-bees to ensure pollination of male-sterile lines for hybrid seed production.     

Comparative study on vegetative,reproductive and qualitative traits of seven diploid and tetraploid watermelon lines

Seven tetraploid watermelon lines developed by colchicine treatments were compared with their diploid counterpart for plant, flower, fruit, seed and qualitative characteristics. Tetraploid genotypes attained statistically higher vine thickness (8.04 mm), leaf area (298.9 cm²) and chlorophyll content (55.6) while internode length and chlorophyll fluorescence was similar to their corresponding diploid. Both pistillate and staminate flower organs (pedicel, anther, ovary, stigma, petals) were larger in tetraploid plants; however, the percent increase in flower components varied across the tetraploid lines. Fruit weight and total sugar content (^∘Brix) in both ploidy fruits was similar. Rind thickness in fruits varied significantly and averaged 12.7 and 17.2 mm in diploid and tetraploid fruits, respectively. Tetraploid genotypes showed sterility, yielded lower number of seed per fruit (37.9), and tetraploid seed was larger and thicker than diploid seed. Overall β-carotene (0.89), lycopene (1.16), fructose (5.43%) and glucose (2.38%) contents were higher in tetraploid than diploid fruits.     

A Study of Fructose Yield Components in Chicory

2557 chicory roots from 13 cultivars were analysed individually for root weight, root shape, total fructose, total glucose, potassium and amino-N contents. Fructose yield is highly correlated with root weight and slightly with fructose content, both at the inter- and intra-varietal levels. The comparison of total-sample correlations to between- and within-variation correlations suggests an important genetic variation within varieties.     

桃果实发育过程中主要糖及有机酸含量的变化分析

为了研究桃果实发育过程中可溶性糖及有机酸的变化规律,以21份各类型桃种质为试材,采用高效液相色谱测定果实发育过程中主要糖和有机酸含量。发现蔗糖含量在所有试材中均呈前期平稳或小幅增长,成熟前30~50d快速积累的趋势,部分品种采前小幅降低;各品种柠檬酸含量也呈类似的变化,前期最高,花后10~30 d均有显著的大幅下降,此后出现小幅的升高后平稳,采前大部分品种降低。果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、苹果酸、奎尼酸品种间差异大,且无明显的变化趋势。通过相关性分析发现,果实发育过程中,各试材蔗糖与果实大小均呈显著的正相关,有20个品种的果糖和葡萄糖含量呈显著的相关性;果实成熟时风味与蔗糖、pH、糖酸比之间存在极显著的正相关,与总糖含量呈显著的正相关,与可滴定酸、苹果酸、总酸存在极显著的负相关。     

不同品种桑椹糖酸组分分析

分析了不同品种桑椹的糖酸组分。以33个品种桑椹的果实为试材,利用高效液相色谱技术检测,相关性分析采用相关系数法,聚类分析采用快速聚类法。结果表明,果糖和葡萄糖是桑椹的主要糖类,同一品种二者含量相当,品种之间存在差异,没有发现桑椹中含有蔗糖。所有桑椹品种含有柠檬酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸、丙酸和富马酸,绝大部分品种含有酒石酸,部分桑椹品种含有丙酮酸,柠檬酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸是桑椹中含量较高的3种有机酸,柠檬酸质量分数为41.30%～68.80%。总酸与柠檬酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。33个品种桑椹可分成五大类群,分别由10,1,5,7,10桑椹品种组成。     

Chemical Composition of Pea Seeds as Related to Seed Yield under Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Environments

Little has been published on the chemical composition of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seeds and its relationship to seed yield. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between seed protein, lipid, starch and sugars content of pea with seed yield under arid and semiarid Mediterranean environments. Twenty pea genotypes were grown at an arid (JUST) and semiarid (Maru) locations in northern Jordan. With the exception of glucose and fructose, the variation in protein, lipid, sucrose and starch was caused by environmental conditions. Pea grown at the semiarid location exhibited higher yield and the lower protein, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents than those grown at the arid location. Except for lipid and starch, high seed yields of genotypes were associated with low contents of protein and sugars, indicating that one-sided selection for high seed yield tends to reduce the nutritional quality of pea seed.     

Analysis of genotypic variation of sugar and acid contents in peaches and nectarines through the Principle Component Analysis

Genotypic variations and correlations were estimated for sugar and acid contents on afresh flesh weight basis in peach and nectarine genotypes derived from a clone of a wild peach (Prunus davidiana) by three generations of crosses with commercial nectarine varieties. 107genotypes were studied in Avignon (France), 40 in Gotheron (France), and 18 of them were common to both locations. Considerable variations in sugar and acid contents were found among genotypes in both locations. Though location significantly affected sucrose, sorbitol and acid contents of the18 common genotypes, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable in both locations. Almost all sugars and acids analysed exhibited positive loadings for the first principal component (PC). Variations of dry matter content among genotypes only partially explained this general trend as shown by the PCA on a dry flesh weight basis. Glucose and fructose contents were closely correlated and were similar in amount inmost genotypes, while fructose content was lower than glucose content in about 12% of the genotypes. A positive but loose relationship was found between malic and citric acid contents in both locations. Likewise, sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid contents were positively associated. The first PC could be used as a general flavour component. In addition, three groups of closely associated variables (fructose and glucose; malic and citric acids; sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid) were detected through PCA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Changes in fructooligosaccaride composition and related enzyme activities of burdock root during low-temperature storage

Changes in the composition of fructooligosaccarides (FOSs) and related enzyme activities of burdock root during low-temperature storage (1 °C) were measured. Burdock root is composed of monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, disaccharides, such as sucrose, and FOS in the extracted carbohydrates. The composition was the highest in fructose, followed by sucrose, FOS, and glucose. The FOS composition was the highest in 1-kestose, followed by nystose and 1-fructofuranosyl nystose. The fructose and glucose contents in burdock root during storage at 1 °C decreased significantly, whereas the sucrose content increased sharply. In contrast, the 1-kestose, nystose, and 1-fructofuranosyl nystose contents significantly increased. The activities of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-SST) and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferase (1-FFT) increased sharply and then gradually decreased, and they were closely related to the changes in FOS content. However, the activity of fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) was constant. These results indicate that changes in the FOS composition and related enzyme activities of burdock root might be related to low temperature during long term storage.