青藏高原天然草场放牧家畜的采食量动态研究

用4N盐酸不溶灰份法测定牦牛和高山细毛羊的采食量季节动态,结果发现在夏季、秋季和冬季,牦牛的采食量随年龄增大而增大(5岁前P＜0.01;5～6岁之间P＜0.05),6岁以后规律不明显;在春季,5岁、6岁和7岁牦牛的采食量间无显著差异(P＞0.05).在任何季节,6岁和7岁牦牛的采食量间无显著差异(P＞0.05).一岁牦牛的采食量在冬季最高,夏季次之,其它所有年龄组的牦牛的采食量在春季最高,冬季次之;所有牦牛的秋季采食量最低.高山细毛羊的采食量季节波动与牦牛类似,除1岁高山细毛羊的采食量在冬季和夏季最高,其它所有年龄组的高山细毛羊的采食量在春季最高,冬季次之;所有试羊的秋季采食量最低.用二次方程预测了牦牛从1岁起的累计牧草消耗量(AFC)与牦牛年龄间的关系,拟合度很高,R2均大于99.9%.牦牛的牧草消耗量随年龄而上升的速率远高于高山细毛羊,但相同年龄的牦牛和高山细毛羊,高山细毛羊每公斤体重所消耗的牧草量高于牦牛.     

甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究

为确立高寒地区天然草地欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量的季节动态变化,本试验采用TiO₂外源指示剂法和瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定欧拉型藏羊不同季节排粪量和牧草消化率从而计算放牧采食量。结果表明:玛曲高寒草地牧草干物质消化率(DMD)和粗蛋白(CP)含量夏季显著(P < 0.05)高于冬春季与秋季;欧拉型藏羊各年龄段排粪量3季差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;随着年龄增长,欧拉型藏羊三季牧草采食量均有增大的趋势,同年龄段不同季节的藏羊采食量和代谢采食量(除4岁母羊)差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;各年龄段藏羊累计牧草消耗量(AFC)差异显著(P < 0.05)分别为339.37,757.58,1185.93和1655.61 kg。由此可见,牧草干机物质消化率、排粪量和采食量夏秋季较高、冬春季较低,随着年龄增大排粪量和采食量有增高的趋势。因此,在高寒牧区应提倡草地季节性畜牧业,充分考虑牧草营养与动物营养需求之间的耦合性来提高经济和生态效益。     

放牧绵羊夏秋季节采食量和消化率研究

为了研究夏秋季节放牧绵羊的营养状况,试验采用饱和链烷烃法,测定了新疆昭苏牧区夏秋季节放牧的新疆细毛羊牧草采食量和消化率。结果表明:夏季育成母羊和成年母羊牧草干物质采食量显著低于秋季(P0.05),牧草干物质消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05);夏季育成母羊粗蛋白消化率极显著高于秋季(P0.01),中性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05),酸性洗涤纤维和钙、磷消化率夏秋季间差异不显著(P0.05)。说明在新疆昭苏牧区,新疆细毛羊的秋季牧草干物质采食量高于夏季,夏秋两季的干物质采食量均能满足母羊对干物质的需要;由于夏秋两季牧草品质不同,羊只对秋季牧草的干物质消化率低于夏季。     

青藏高原天然草场放牧家畜体重和体能量变化动态

用逐月称重法和季节屠宰试验获得青藏高原放牧家畜的体重和体能量沉积的季节动态。结果表明 ,放牧家畜在出生后第 1个冷季的体重下降幅度远低于第 2个冷季 ,高山细毛羊在暖季每千克增重的能量水平保持稳定 ,尽管秋季略有下降 ,但与夏季相比 ,差异不显著 ;牦牛在秋季每千克增重的能量则远高于夏季。牦牛和高山细毛羊在冬季每千克减重的能量水平远高于春季。牦牛和高山细毛羊在第 2个暖季所积累的能量约有一半以上在第 2个冷季被消耗     

青海省奶牛养殖业污染物排放规律的研究

本文对青海省某奶牛养殖场育成牛和成年牛粪便样品中几种主要污染物四个季度排放量进行了分析,结果表明:育成牛牛粪中水分含量以冬季最高,显著高于秋季(P0.05);有机质含量夏季最高,显著高于秋季和冬季(P0.05);全氮含量夏季和春季最高,冬季最低,四个季节之间无显著差异;Zn含量秋季最高,冬季含量最低且极显著低于其他三个季节(P0.01)。成年牛牛粪样品中水分含量春季最高,秋季次之,显著高于秋季(P0.05);有机质含量夏季最高、极显著高于秋季和冬季(P0.01),春季次之、极显著高于秋季和冬季(P0.01);全氮含量夏季最高、极显著高于其他三个季节(P0.01),春季次之、极显著高于冬季(P0.01);全磷含量春季最高、极显著高于夏季和秋季(P0.01),冬季次之、显著高于夏季和秋季(P0.05);Zn含量秋季最高、极显著高于冬季(P0.01),春季和夏季Zn含量均显著高于冬季(P0.05);大多数排污指标成年牛高于育成牛。从而得出青海省奶牛养殖业污染物的排放量和污染物排放的季节性变化规律,为青海省奶牛养殖业治污和合理排污提供参考。     

不同季节配种对母猪受胎率的影响

母猪情期受胎率与配种季节有密切关系。冬季最高为88.70％,其次是秋季为87.34％,春季为86.08％,夏季为82.61％。冬季与秋季间差异不显著(P>0.05),冬季与春季间差异显著(P<0.05),冬季与夏季间差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

青海海南州土-草-畜系统中钼、硒的季节变化研究

结果表明:土壤和牧草中钼浓度秋季最高;血清中钼浓度的季节间差异不显著(P＞0.05),秋季最高,夏季最低;被毛中钼浓度夏季极显著高于冬春季和秋季(P＜0.01);日摄入量夏季极显著高于秋季(P＜0.01),秋季极显著高于冬春季(P＜0.01).土壤和被毛中硒浓度在三季间差异不显著(P＞0.05);牧草硒夏季最高;绵羊血清硒冬春季显著低于秋季(P＜0.05);被毛中硒在季节间差异不显著(P＞0.05);硒的日摄入量夏季极显著高于秋季(P＜0.01),秋季极显著高于冬春季(P＜0.01).     

敖汉种关场丘陵沙地草场生产力及放牧绵羊的采食量

1984年至1989年对敖汉种羊场丘陵沙地草场进行定位观测。沙生冰草、羊草等禾本科牧草占70.2%。鲜草、干草产量的峰期在8、9月份。平均亩产干草145.65公斤，产草量季节变化明显，峰前期逐月上升，峰后期逐月下降，牧草营养成份随生长发育而变化，能量和蛋白质产量与牧草产量趋于同步，不同年度的牧草产量差异显著，主要受年度间降水量，特别是春夏季降水量分布的影响，用敖汉细毛成年母羊和育成母羊各30只，在1988-1989年测定，放牧采食量均以夏季最高，成年母羊在秋季要满足采食，但营养不足，冬季采草量仅相当日进食量53.80%，春季仅相当日进食量35.0%，育成母羊秋季采食占55.38%，冬季占26.64%，春季71.28%，夏季74.39%。     

放牧绵羊冬春季节牧草采食量和消化率的研究

为了研究冬春季节放牧绵羊的营养状况,采用饱和链烷烃法,测定了新疆昭苏牧区春冬季放牧绵羊的牧草干物质采食量和消化率。结果表明:冬春季育成母羊牧草采食量分别为661.68g/d,856.92g/d,成年母羊牧草采食量分别为876.97g/d,1021.83g/d,绵羊春季牧草采食量高于冬季,差异显著(P0.05)。冬春季育成母羊牧草干物质消化率分别为39.05%、45.85%,成年母羊牧草干物质消化率分别为45.76%、50.50%,绵羊春季牧草干物质消化率高于冬季,差异显著(P0.05)。     

藏北高寒牧区放牧藏绵羊采食与消化率的研究

在藏北高寒牧区的不同季节对放牧藏绵羊采用人工观测法、模拟采集牧草标样法及全收粪法,观测藏绵羊的放牧行为、采食行为,并进行采食量、采食牧草营养成分和消化率测定分析。结果表明:放牧藏绵羊冬春季较夏秋季游走、采食和彷徨时间明显延长,休息时间缩短;夏季采食速度和每口采食量均高于其他两季,三季中每只日均采食量分别为(1887.2±196.4)g、(1108.3±157.6)g和(526.2±98.2)g,三季间差异极显著(P0.01);夏季牧草的粗蛋白含量极显著(P0.01)高于冬春季和秋季,粗脂肪含量冬春季牧草明显均低于夏秋季(P0.01);酸性洗涤纤维含量冬春季极显著(P0.01)高于夏秋季;三季有机物和粗蛋白质消化率均差异不显著(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消化率夏季与冬春季、秋季差异显著(P0.01)。     

青藏高原不同家畜生产系统的补贴能转化效率

本研究比较了青藏高原传统天然草场放牧系统、短期放牧系统以及放牧加舍饲系统三种生产系统的补贴能转化效率。传统放牧系统牦牛和高山细毛羊每消耗1MJ的补贴能将分别生产2.32MJ和0.81MJ的体能量,而放牧加舍饲系统的相应数值则分别为0.177MJ和0.175MJ。三种生产系统中,放牧加舍饲生产系统补贴能转化效率最低,传统放牧系统最高,表明集约化越高的生产系统,其补贴能转化效率越低。     

Herbage intake by cattle on tarchonanthus veld in the Northern Cape as affected by stocking rate and grazing system 1

Abstract

In a trial with young Bonsmara cattle, four different stocking rates (10, 7, 6 and 4 ha/large stock unit) were applied in both a rotational and continuous grazing system. Feed intake was estimated during spring, summer, autumn and winter for four consecutive years starting in 1977.

Irrespective of the grazing system, feed intake declined with an increase in stocking rate. On average the highest intake was recorded in January and reached the lowest levels in October and July.

Livemass gain was found to be closely related to feed intake.     

甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊四季采食量及消化率测定

选择15只甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊,采用链烷法测定四季干物质采食量和牧草消化率,其结果为:每只成年母羊春夏秋冬四季干物质采食量分别为0.85,1.36,1.48和0.75kg·d~(-1),成年母羊每kg代谢体重四季采食量分别为61.72,93.86,93.83和47.99g·(w0.75kg)-1。每只甘肃高山细羊春夏秋冬四季代谢能食入量分别为6.11,13.30,13.99和5.08 MJ·d~(-1);粗蛋白质食入量分别为71.49,212.31,188.26和43.83g·d~(-1);钙食入量分别为2.27,8.22,9.61和2.58g·d~(-1);磷食入量分别为0.94,4.98,5.87和1.01g·d~(-1)。甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊春夏秋冬四季牧草干物质消化率分别为44.65%,64.02%,57.73%和45.98%,四季牧草粗蛋白质消化率分别为47.40%,62.69%,59.67%和48.05%。     

补饲精料对青草期放牧牦牛增重的影响

在青草期进行８８天放牦牛放牧加补饲精料试验。试验组和对照组分别有混合群牦牛１０３头，６２头，试验每日每头补饲混合精料０．２５ｋｇ。试验结果：２岁牦牛增重效果最好，增重率提高２０．１个百分点，３岁牦牛次之，增重率提高１４．５个分点，４岁牦牛最差，增重率４．０个百分点；在同，４岁牦牛差异不显著。     

牦牛夏秋季和冬季各草场牧食行为的研究

2004年8、9和11月份在青海省三角城种羊场夏、秋、冬三季牧场研究了牦牛的昼牧食行为。结果表明:牦牛在夏季草场的昼采食时间最长,平均为(337.45±39.96)min,在秋季和冬季草场的平均昼采食时间分别为(301.82±27.91)min和(304.57±12.24)min。另外,在夏季草场没有观测到牦牛的昼卧息和反刍行为。其主要原因是在夏季草场牛羊放牧压力过大,草地不能为牦牛提供足够的饲草,故牦牛延长采食时间以获取最大量的饲草,因此用于其他行为的时间相对减少。牦牛在秋冬季草场的昼反刍时间分别为(86.22±14.24)min和(53.84±13.93)min,秋季草场高于冬季草场。牦牛在秋季草场的昼站立和游走时间也高于夏季草场和冬季草场。其主要原因是由于秋季草场草产量丰富,质量较好。由于冬季草场气候寒冷,牧草枯黄,质量降低,牦牛的昼卧息时间最长。     

Seasonal changes in weight and body composition of yak grazing on alpine-meadow grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China

Forty-five male yaks (born April 2001) were studied to determine how seasonal changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau affected BW and body composition. Thirty yaks were weighed monthly from birth to 26 mo of age to determine seasonal changes in BW. The remaining 15 yaks were allocated randomly to five groups (three yaks per group), designated for slaughter at 13, 15, 18, 22, and 25 mo to measure seasonal effects on body chemical composition. All yaks were grazed on the alpine-meadow grassland of the plateau without any supplementation. All BW and body composition data were calculated on an individual basis. Body weight and body composition data were both compared across seven growth periods spanning 2 yr and defined by season. From April (birth) to December 2001 of the first growing season, yak BW increased (P < 0.01); however, during the subsequent cold season (December 2001 to May 2002), BW decreased (P < 0.01). The second growing season ran from May 2002 (13 mo of age) to October 2002 (18 mo of age), and the second live weight-loss season ran from October 2002 until May 2003. The weight loss experienced by yaks during the first weight-loss season was 25.64% of the total weight gain in the first growing season. The weight loss experienced by yaks during the second weight-loss season was 29.73% of the total weight gain in the second growing season. Energy retention in the second growing season was 291.07 MJ, 50.8% of which was consumed during the subsequent cold season. Energy accumulation in the summer (from May to July) and fall (from July to October) of the second growing season did not differ (5.01 and 6.30 MJ/kg of EBW gain, respectively; P = 0.63). The energy mobilized during the second winter (from October 2002 to February 2003) was 16.49 MJ/kg of EBW, and in the second spring (from February to May 2003), it was 9.06 MJ/kg of EBW. These data suggest that the decrease in grazing yak BW during the first cold season is much less than during the second cold season, and that the energy content per unit of BW mobilized is greater (P = 0.02) in winter than in spring. Results from this study demonstrate highly efficient compensatory growth in grazing yaks following the first weight loss period during the first cold season. This benefit could be exploited by herders to improve yak production. Yaks may have developed a type of self-protection mechanism to overcome the long cold seasons in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.     

幼年牦牛寄生线虫吸虫动态及防治的研究

在青藏高原东部地区,通过调查寄生虫病对草原牦牛饲养业的危害,病原分类,流行规律及防治对策等一系列研究,探明寄生虫病是引起幼年牦牛春乏死亡的重要原因;在已查明青海牦牛的85种寄生虫中,优势虫种有17～22种。对线虫寄生阶段幼虫和成虫自然消长规律同步研究结果证明,冬季的幼虫寄生高潮是形成春季成虫高潮的主要来源;春季成虫高潮与牦牛春乏死亡密切相关;冬季适时驱杀占优势的线虫受阻型幼虫和其它蠕虫,能够有效地预防春季成虫高潮的出现;1～2月应用丙硫咪唑按10～20mg/kg体重剂量,对幼年牦牛进行一次口服投药驱虫,经对10万余头牛示范推广应用观察,可使春乏死亡率下降幅度达71.6％～93.3％,每头牛平均多增或少减活重2.3～5.05kg。本项研究与笔者等对羊线虫的研究结果吻合,从而阐明了寄生虫病春季高潮来由这一重大理论问题。在此基础上研究成功的冬季驱虫防治措施,方法简便易行,经济效益、社会效益显著。坚持推广该项技术,将为草原畜牧业生产带来可观的效益。     

Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Yaks and indigenous Qaidam cattle and cattle‐yak crosses (C × Y) graze on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. Yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. We hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the QTP better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. We also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in winter, when conditions are particularly harsh. To test these hypotheses, seasonal rumen fluid parameters of yaks, C × Y and cattle (n = 3 for each) were examined. Rumen fluid was collected in summer and winter from each genotype 2, 5 and 12 hr after a day of grazing. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle in summer (p < 0.05), while propionate concentration was lower in yaks than in cattle in winter (p < 0.05). Concentrations of ammonia and urea were greater (p < 0.001) in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.001) in summer, whereas, concentrations of free amino acids (AA) were greater in cattle than in yaks in summer and winter (p < 0.001). Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate increased linearly for yak and C × Y with sampling time (p < 0.05) in summer. In summer, concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rumen fermentation characteristics of yaks showed that they coped better than cattle or C × Y in the harsh climate as we hypothesized. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, this emerged only in summer, when pasture was plentiful and not in winter, when pasture was scarce.     

2014-2019年青藏高原牦牛轮状病毒血清学检测与分析

为明确青藏高原4个省区牦牛轮状病毒(RV)的流行情况,本研究采用双抗原一步夹心ELISA法,对2014-2019年采集自西藏、青海、甘肃、四川的630份牦牛血清样品进行了RV抗体检测.结果显示:630份青藏高原牦牛RV血清抗体总阳性率为18.57％(117/630),西藏地区牦牛RV抗体阳性率与其他地区相比较高;201...