甘南玛曲夏季牧场欧拉型藏羊牧食行为的研究

为研究甘南玛曲夏季牧场草地状况对欧拉型藏羊牧食行为的影响,根据草地植被特征,通过野外调查了解甘南玛曲夏季牧场的草地状况,并采用跟踪观测的方法对欧拉型藏羊的牧食行为进行观察。结果表明:在夏季草场的昼采食时间最长(约450 min),游走时间较长(约80 min);反刍和站立时间基本相近,分别为32 min和28 min;夏季牧场白天的卧息时间非常少,约8 min。采食时间与地上生物量和牧草盖度成正相关(r=0.782, 0.902; P>0.05);昼反刍时间与牧草高度成极显著正相关(r=0.995; P<0.01);昼卧息时间与地上生物量成极显著负相关(r=-0.9994; P<0.01);昼站立时间与牧草高度成显著正相关(r=0.989; P<0.05),与牧草盖度成极显著负相关(r=-0.995; P<0.01);昼游走时间与牧草盖度成负相关(r=-0.905; P>0.05)。随牧草高度的增加,欧拉型藏羊的昼采食时间呈下降趋势,但采食时间占放牧时间的71.4%;由于夏季牧场牧草幼嫩多汁,欧拉型藏羊采食牧草后的反刍和卧息行为较少。     

甘南玛曲夏季牧场欧拉型藏羊牧食行为的研究

为研究甘南玛曲夏季牧场草地状况对欧拉型藏羊牧食行为的影响,根据草地植被特征,通过野外调查,了解甘南玛曲夏季牧场的草地状况,并采用跟踪观测的方法对欧拉型藏羊的牧食行为进行了观察.结果表明:在夏季草场的昼采食时间最长(约450 min),游走时间较长(约80 min);反刍和站立时间基本相近,分别为32min和28 min;夏季牧场白天的卧息时间非常少,约8min.采食时间与地上生物量和牧草盖度成正相关(r=0.782,0.902;P＞0.05);昼反刍时间与牧草高度成极显著正相关(r=0.995,0.9996;P＜0.01);昼卧息时间与地上生物量成极显著负相关(r=-0.9994;P＜0.01);昼站立时间与牧草高度成显著正相关(r=0.989;P＜0.05),与牧草盖度成极显著负相关(r=-0.995;P＜0.01);昼游走时间与牧草盖度成负相关(r=-0.905;P＞0.05).随牧草高度的增加,欧拉型藏羊的昼采食时间呈下降趋势,但采食时间占放牧时间的71.4％;由于夏季牧场牧草幼嫩多汁,欧拉型藏羊采食牧草后的反刍和卧息行为较少.     

科尔沁牛冬季牧食行为

2002年冬季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了科尔沁牛牧食行为.结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为302.2±26.6 min,反刍时间为13.5±22.4 min,卧息时间为21.6±27.8 min,站立时间为14.1±9.5 min,游走时间为78.2±26.6 min.平均采食速度为47.9±15.7口/分钟,平均采食量为5.31千克/头·天.日反刍周期出现于午休时间,反刍行为主要在夜间进行,夜间的反刍时间、反刍周期数和反刍总食团数均增加.     

科尔沁牛冬季牧食行为

2002年冬季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为302．2±26．6 min,反刍时间为13．5±22．4 min,卧息时间为21．6±27．8 min,站立时间为14．1±9．5 min,游走时间为 78．2±26．6 min。平均采食速度为47．9±15．7口/分钟,平均采食量为5．31千克/头·天。日反刍周期出现于午休时间,反刍行为主要在夜间进行,夜间的反刍时间、反刍周期数和反刍总食团数均增加。     

蒙古牛春季牧食习性的观察研究

1997年春季(5月中下旬)在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县测定了蒙古牛的牧食习性,研究了蒙古牛的采食、站立、游走、卧息、反刍、饮水和排泄行为.研究结果表明,蒙古牛的平均采食时间为508.1±55.5min,共计6.3±2.1个采食周期;反刍时间为386.8±54.6min;卧息时间244.9±61.0min;站立游走时间300.2±79.0.平均采食速度7.6±8.1口/min,平均采食量10.10kg/头·d.蒙古牛春季采食的牧草种类主要为单子叶植物中的禾本科、莎草科、百合科和鸢尾科植物.     

波尔山羊舍饲行为观测研究

对6只带羔健康成年母羊在春季舍饲条件下的行为进行了昼夜跟踪观测.结果表明,波尔山羊成年母羊昼夜采食202.00±8.49 min,反刍380.67±46.73 min,卧息474.17±87.16 min,站立285.20±43.71 min.采食和站立时间,排粪尿、游走、探究、争斗和嬉戏次数均为白昼大于夜间,而反刍和卧息时间则是夜间大于白昼.反刍与采食时间之比为1.88∶1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数354.25±3.35个.母性较强,少争斗.此外,波尔山羊还有啃吃异物、打喷嚏、咳嗽、瘙痒等异常行为.     

波尔山羊舍饲行为观测研究

对6只带羔健康成年母羊在春季舍饲条件下的行为进行了昼夜跟踪观测。结果表明,波尔山羊成年母羊昼夜采食202.00±8.49min,反刍380.67±46.73min,卧息474.17±87.16min,站立285.20±43.71min。采食和站立时间,排粪尿、游走、探究、争斗和嬉戏次数均为白昼大于夜间,而反刍和卧息时间则是夜间大于白昼。反刍与采食时间之比为1.88∶1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数354.25±3.35个。母性较强,少争斗。此外,波尔山羊还有啃吃异物、打喷嚏、咳嗽、瘙痒等异常行为。     

科尔沁牛夏季牧食行为的研究

2002年夏季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了自然放牧状态下成年科尔沁牛牧食行为.结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为410.9±34.8 min,反刍时间为4.2±8.2 min,卧息时间为5.0±17.3 min,站立时间为18.0±16.8 min,游走时间为80.4±12.9 min.平均采食量为8.10 千克/头*天.选择采食性特征最明显的7、8月份进行的调查结果表明,放牧牛采食所涉及的牧草种类共有16种,其中7月份11种,8月份12种.     

引入地生态条件对波德代种羊行为影响的研究

通过对波德代羊舍饲和半舍饲的行为观察发现:昼夜24h中,以夏季睡眠时间最长,公、母羊分别为431.15±57.40min(占30%)、409.38±78.45min(占28%);秋季反刍时间最长,公、母羊分别为630.41±76.57min(占44%)、585.03±28.00min(占41%);采食时间以秋季为最长,公、母羊分别为370.12±12.15min(占26%)、381.08±13.79min(占27%)。运动时间以秋季为最短,占昼夜时间的6%左右。结果表明:波德代羊的昼夜行为受引入地气候条件和饲养管理方式等因素的影响。     

引入地生态条件对波德代种羊行为影响的研究

通过对波德代羊舍饲和半舍饲的行为观察发现昼夜24h中,以夏季睡眠时间最长,公、母羊分别为431.15±57.40min(占30%)、409.38±78.45min(占28%);秋季反刍时间最长,公、母羊分别为630.41±76.57min(占44%)、585.03±28.00min(占41%);采食时间以秋季为最长,公、母羊分别为370.12±12.15min(占26%)、381.08±13.79min(占27%).运动时间以秋季为最短,占昼夜时间的6%左右.结果表明波德代羊的昼夜行为受引入地气候条件和饲养管理方式等因素的影响.     

Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Yaks and indigenous Qaidam cattle and cattle‐yak crosses (C × Y) graze on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. Yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. We hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the QTP better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. We also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in winter, when conditions are particularly harsh. To test these hypotheses, seasonal rumen fluid parameters of yaks, C × Y and cattle (n = 3 for each) were examined. Rumen fluid was collected in summer and winter from each genotype 2, 5 and 12 hr after a day of grazing. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle in summer (p < 0.05), while propionate concentration was lower in yaks than in cattle in winter (p < 0.05). Concentrations of ammonia and urea were greater (p < 0.001) in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.001) in summer, whereas, concentrations of free amino acids (AA) were greater in cattle than in yaks in summer and winter (p < 0.001). Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate increased linearly for yak and C × Y with sampling time (p < 0.05) in summer. In summer, concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rumen fermentation characteristics of yaks showed that they coped better than cattle or C × Y in the harsh climate as we hypothesized. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, this emerged only in summer, when pasture was plentiful and not in winter, when pasture was scarce.     

秋冬季牧场采用IGER记录器对牦牛24小时采食和反刍行为的记录研究

2005年9~10月份和11~12月份在青海省三角城种羊场秋冬牧场采用IGER记录器分别观测记录了牦牛的采食和反刍行为。秋季牧场牦牛除挤奶外24 h放牧,冬季牧场夜间栓系。结果表明牦牛在秋冬牧场的采食和反刍时间差异不显著(P>0.05)。牦牛在冬季牧场的非采食下颚活动数和每分钟采食口数显著高于秋季牧场(P<0.05)。在秋季牧场牦牛的干物质采食率和单口采食量(鲜重、干物质重、有机质)显著高于冬季牧场(P<0.05),但未知体重损失率差异不显著(P>0.05)。秋冬季牧场牦牛的采食行为主要集中在白昼,而反刍行为主要在夜间进行。     

阿坝牧区草地不同利用方式与程度对植被碳含量的影响

为探讨不同利用方式与程度对草地植被碳含量的影响,对阿坝牧区不同利用方式草地(封育天然割草地、人工栽培、放牧草地)和植物生长季不同利用程度草地植被的地上部分、地下根系和枯落物的碳含量进行调研。结果表明,1)草地地上植被碳含量在不同利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地、冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地显著高于夏秋放牧草地(P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上冬春和夏秋轻度放牧草地显著高于重度和中度放牧草地(P<0.05)。2)草地枯落物碳含量在不同利用方式与程度上差异均不显著。3)从根系总碳含量来看,不同利用方式上夏秋放牧草地和封育天然割草地显著高于冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地 (P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上夏秋中度和轻度放牧草地显著高于夏秋重度和冬春放牧草地(P<0.05),且各种利用方式与程度草地地下根系总碳含量均从表层向下依次显著的递减(P<0.05),0~10 cm 的根系碳含量占总量的65%以上,10~30 cm各草地根系碳含量差异不显著(P<0.05)。通过数量关系得出,草地植被碳含量在利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地(356.509 g/m²)>冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m²)>人工栽培草地(164.953 g/m²)>夏秋放牧草地(137.577 g/m²),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的15.334,17.130,9.167和5.146倍;在生长季不同利用程度上表现为冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m²)>夏秋轻度放牧草地(217.002 g/m²)>夏秋重度放牧草地(113.849 g/m²)>夏秋中度放牧草地(81.882 g/m²),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的17.130,8.636,4.412和2.430倍。利用方式和放牧强度是影响草地植被碳含量的重要因素。     

Seasonal diet composition and forage selectivity of Boer goats in a semi-arid gypsophilous grassland

Botanical and chemical compositions of Boer goat diets, determined with repeated collection of forage samples taken from the goat’s mouth, were studied in a gypsophilous grassland during four seasons of the year. Ten pluriparous goats were used to collect selected forage species. Shrubs were a minor dietary component throughout the year (<7.5%). Goats selected more (p?<?0.01) grass during autumn and winter (34.2–37.8%) than during spring (21.2%) and summer (29.0%). During all seasons goat diets were dominated by forbs (>59%). Diets were lowest (p?<?0.05) in percentage of crude protein during spring, summer and autumn (13.2?±?3.5, 13.2?±?2.4 and 14.2?±?3.9, respectively) than winter (17.5?±?2.9) with levels above the recommended quantities for goats throughout the year. In vitro dry matter digestibility of forages selected by goats did not differ between seasons (range 47.4–53.3%). It was concluded that in this particular ecosystem goats preferred forb species over grasses across all seasons. In addition, goats maintained relatively stable diet quality by forage-class mixing of diets.     

用食道瘘管测定放牧绵羊日采食牧草干物质量

采用食道瘘管技术与两级离体消化试验及外源指示剂Cr_2O_3测定日排粪量技术3结合的方法,在新疆南山夏秋两季牧场分别进行放牧中国美利奴细毛绵羊牧草干物质采食量的测定。测得夏牧场上18只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为96.02±7.408克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量平均为38.72±4.20克/体重公斤~(0.75)。秋牧场上8只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为75.41±5.799克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量为38.31±2.73克/体重公斤(0.75)。测得用3只食道瘘管羊采集夏秋牧场上牧草标样的干物质消化率分别为59.65±2.376％与49.02±5.538％,秋季采食牧草干物质量及消化率均显著大于秋季(p<0.001)。两季牧场的日排粪干物质量没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

青藏高原天然草场放牧牦牛体重和体成分变化动态

用逐月称重法和季节屠宰实验获得青藏高原放牧牦牛的体重和体成分变化的季节性动态规律。结果表明,放牧牦牛在出生后第一个冷季的体重下降幅度远低于第二个冷季,牦牛在秋季每公斤增重的能量含量以及秋季日增重均高于夏季,而冬季每公斤减重的能量含量则远高于春季。牦牛在第二个暖季所积累的能量约有一半以上在第二个冷季被消耗。在夏季和秋季增重过程中,牦牛的增重成分中都以水分为主,在秋季增重中,尽管增重成分中仍以水为主,但蛋白和脂肪所占的比例有所增加,因此每公斤增重的能量积累也明显升高。牦牛在冬春季体重下降过程中所损失的能量主要靠体蛋白的分解,尤其在第二个冬季掉膘期,这一趋势更加明显。     

天山北坡季节牧场牧草营养动态研究

对天山北坡四季牧场牧草营养动态测定分析,结合放牧绵羊体重变化态势,揭示“夏壮、秋肥、冬瘦、春乏”这一传统草原畜牧业的规律,转变经营方式,揭高冷季饲养水平是实现草原畜牧业可持续发展的正确途径。     

Grassland research priorities: Ideas for the future

Abstract

Four levels of available dry matter (DM) were maintained on a continuously grazed irrigated Midmar Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture by means of a “put‐and‐take” grazing procedure. The pasture was stocked with three successive sets of weaned lambs in winter, spring and early summer respectively. The relation between average daily gains (ADG) and available DM was positively linear At equivalent levels of available DM, gains were greater in spring than in either the winter and summer periods (P ≤0,01), but there were no differences in gains between winter and summer. There was a negative linear relation between average stocking rate (the rate required to achieve a given level of herbage availability) and available DM. Stocking rates in spring and summer were not significantly different, but both were higher (P≤0,01) than those in winter. Within the range of the differential treatments applied, relations between stocking rate and ADG were negatively linear, and there was an interactive effect (P≤0,01) between stocking rate and grazing period. Changes in ADG with a unit change in stocking rate were greatest in winter, intermediate in summer and least in spring. Gains/ha were curvilinearly related to available DM. The curves indicate that the amounts of available DM required for maximum gains/ha were least in spring, intermediate in summer and greatest in winter.

From a serial cutting trial conducted concurrently with the grazing, a growth rate curve was developed for Midmar ryegrass. This curve had two maxima, with the maximum growth rate in spring being more than double that in autumn. The in vitro digestible organic matter content and crude protein content decreased from 80,6% and 24,1% in autumn to 63,1% and 10,6%, respectively, in summer. Crude fibre content increased from 10,1 % in autumn to 30,1 % in summer.     

青藏高原天然草场放牧家畜的采食量动态研究

用4N盐酸不溶灰份法测定牦牛和高山细毛羊的采食量季节动态,结果发现:在夏季、秋季和冬季,牦牛的采食量随年龄增大而增大(5岁前:P<0.01;5～6岁之间:P<0.05),6岁以后规律不明显;在春季,5岁、6岁和7岁牦牛的采食量间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在任何季节,6岁和7岁牦牛的采食量间无显著差异(P>0.05)。一岁牦牛的采食量在冬季最高,夏季次之,其它所有年龄组的牦牛的采食量在春季最高,冬季次之;所有牦牛的秋季采食量最低。高山细毛羊的采食量季节波动与牦牛类似,除1岁高山细毛羊的采食量在冬季和夏季最高,其它所有年龄组的高山细毛羊的采食量在春季最高,冬季次之;所有试羊的秋季采食量最低。用二次方程预测了牦牛从1岁起的累计牧草消耗量(AFC)与牦牛年龄间的关系,拟合度很高,R2均大于99.9%。牦牛的牧草消耗量随年龄而上升的速率远高于高山细毛羊,但相同年龄的牦牛和高山细毛羊,高山细毛羊每公斤体重所消耗的牧草量高于牦牛。     

冷季牦牛和黄牛采食行为、血清生化指标与瘤胃发酵参数的比较研究

本试验为研究冷季营养匮乏对放牧牦牛和黄牛血清生化指标、瘤胃发酵参数及放牧行为的影响,选取体重相近、健康无病的4岁母牦牛和母黄牛各10头,分别于2018年11月、2019年1和3月佩戴MOOnitor监测系统对其放牧行为进行研究。在试验期末（2019年3月）采集牧草样品、瘤胃液和血液,用于牧草营养成分、血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵参数分析。结果表明：1）牦牛血清中血糖（GLU）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF-1）和胰岛素（INS）含量较黄牛显著升高（P<0.05）;2）牦牛瘤胃液氨态氮、乙酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸含量及乙酸/丙酸均显著高于黄牛（P<0.05）;3）冷季营养严重不足,牦牛采食时间、反刍时间较黄牛显著减少（P<0.05）,行走时间相对增加（P<0.05）,且采食范围由集中趋于分散,空间分布由峡谷平地逐渐向山坡迁移。综上所述,冷季自然放牧下,牦牛较本地黄牛具有更强的营养物质代谢能力且可产生更多的挥发性脂肪酸为其提供能量,通过增加游走采食等放牧行为帮助其提高能量利用效率进而有效应对冷季营养匮乏。