BR处理对小麦萌发生长及α—淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了不同小麦品种间萌发速率与α－淀粉酶活性的关系和同一品种用植物激素－油菜素内酯浸种后,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长与α－淀粉酶活性的关系。结果表明,小麦不同品种间种子的发芽速率与α－淀粉酶活性呈正相关;用ＢＲ浸种处理后,小麦种子的发芽率有所提高,小麦种子的萌发速率和萌发期幼苗生长与α－淀粉酶活性呈正相关。     

盐胁迫对不同小麦品种种子萌发的影响

不同浓度ＮＣｌ胁迫对不同小麦品种种子萌发过程的影响试验结果表明，在盐胁迫下了发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和种内α－淀粉酶活性下降；胚芽渗透势降低；种子内储藏物质转化速度变慢。这些反应均随盐胁迫强度的提高而增强。α－淀粉酶活性与种子萌发活力指数、处子内储藏物质的转化速度等元旦呈显著正相关。不同品种对盐胁迫反应不同，对盐品种不可维持较高的α－淀粉酶活性。种子内储藏物质速度快，具有罗高水平的萌发活力。     

引发剂结合固体基质引发对三倍体西瓜种子发芽性能的影响

种子发芽出苗率低是制约三倍体无籽西瓜生产的主要原因。试验以红小玉为材料,用0.1%H2O2,0.1%CuSO4+2%KNO3+KH2PO4混合液和20 m g/kg的GA3丙酮溶液作引发剂,在固体基质中吸湿32 h后回干,通过砂床发芽试验,测定种子萌发率和幼苗素质。结果表明,种子萌发率提高了44.6~62.4个百分点,并显著提高了发芽势、幼苗鲜重和根系活力。其中,GA引发处理的种子发芽率达88.23%,与破壳处理(CK 1)接近,比未处理(CK 2)提高了62.47个百分点;3种处理的苗鲜重均显著高于CK 1和CK 2,处理间差异不显著;3种处理均显著提高了幼苗根系活力,以0.1%H2O2处理效果最佳。3种引发剂结合固体基质引发处理,均可有效提高三倍体西瓜种子萌发率,并为培育壮苗奠定了基础。在固体基质处理过程中,西瓜种子吸水缓慢,给细胞膜的修复提供了时间,是种子可以达到引发促萌的原因之一。     

人工老化对大麦种子发芽特性及淀粉分解的影响

为探究大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)老化种子在萌发过程中淀粉代谢的劣变机制,采用高温高湿(40℃、80%相对湿度)的人工老化处理方法,模拟大麦种子自然老化过程,研究老化处理对大麦(甘啤4号、垦啤7号、P12-8和9810)种子发芽特性及其萌发早期(0~72h)籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着老化时间的延长,4个大麦品种的发芽特性指标均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。(2)随着萌发时间的延长,4个大麦品种籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均逐渐降低,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性逐渐升高。相同萌发时间段随着老化程度的加深,籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均呈现波动式增加;α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均呈现降低的趋势;与对照相比,不同老化处理大麦籽粒的淀粉酶活性差异显著。(3)未萌发籽粒中检测不到α-淀粉酶活性,却检测到活性很小的β-淀粉酶。(4)萌发48~72h时,各大麦品种不同活力水平的籽粒内,淀粉含量和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著负相关,淀粉酶活性和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著正相关。     

聚乙二醇对苦瓜种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响

研究不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG)和不同PEG浸种时间对苦瓜种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响.结果表明,适宜的PEG浓度和浸种时间均能不同程度的促进苦瓜种子的萌发.其中以20%PEG浸种18 h效果最好,表现为能显著提高苦瓜种子的发芽势、发芽率、简易活力指数,增强与种子萌发相关的α-淀粉酶和脱氢酶的活性,降低种子的膜脂过氧化程度.     

903番茄种子萌发特性的研究

通过种子活力的测定、发芽温度和发芽床的筛选及不同药剂浸种处理,研究了903番茄种子的萌发特性。结果表明：903番茄种子萌发的最佳发芽床为纸上,发芽最适温度为25-30 ℃;3 000 mg/L和4 000 mg/L的硝酸钾对903番茄种子α-淀粉酶活性有一定的增强作用,分别比对照组增强了2.77和3.54 mg/(g·min),α-淀粉酶活性的增强有利于提高种子的发芽率;同时,双氧水的浸泡处理对‘903番茄’种子的萌发具有一定抑制作用。     

低温下硅对春小麦种子萌发及抗氧化和渗透调节系统的影响

为了解硅缓解低温胁迫春小麦种子萌发的作用,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,分析了低温条件下硅酸钠处理后春小麦种子萌发、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温条件下硅酸钠处理后,春小麦种子萌发显著受到促进,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数提高,其中以1.0mmol·L-1硅酸钠处理效果最好;小麦种子α-淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量显著提高,丙二醛含量、外渗电导率和脯氨酸含量显著降低。说明外源硅可缓解低温对春小麦种子萌发产生的影响。     

大豆种子萌发对镉胁迫响应的观察

为了解土壤中镉(Cd2+)对作物种子萌发的影响,揭示Cd2+对作物生产的伤害机理,采用水培法研究了不同浓度的Cd2+溶液对大豆种子萌发过程中发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数变化的影响.结果表明:当Cd2+溶液浓度为3 mg·L-1时,发芽率受Cd2+溶液浓度的影响不大,发芽指数与活力指数郜高于对照.随着Cd2+溶液浓度的升高.发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均逐渐降低,抑制效应逐渐增强;种子的发芽势则显著降低,抑制作用显著增强,说明低浓度Cd2+对大豆种子萌发具有促进作用,而高浓度的Cd2+则具有抑制作用.     

甜菜种子活力鉴定指标的研究

对不同种子活力的甜菜种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、发芽指数、物质效率、贮藏物质运转率以及种子萌发时期酸性磷酸酯酶、脱氢酶活性进行了比较研究,结果表明,高活力种子的发芽势、发芽率、活力指数、物质效率、贮藏物质运转率均大于低活力种子。种子萌发24h后,高活力种子中酸性磷酸酯酶活性大于低活力种子,萌发初期,胚根中的脱氢酶活性也表现为高活力种子大于低活力种子。依据可重复性和可操作性原则,种子贮藏物质运转率、胚根脱氢酶活性可作为鉴定甜菜种子活力大小的可靠生理指标。     

酸雨胁迫对水稻种子萌发的影响及其生理机制研究

采用人工模拟酸雨培养水稻种子的方法,通过测定不同pH酸雨处理下水稻种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及萌发过程中淀粉酶活性、贮藏物质消耗率和运转效率等,研究了酸雨抑制水稻种子萌发的机制。结果表明,随着酸雨pH的降低,水稻种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、种子贮藏物质消耗率和运转效率等均逐渐降低,显著抑制水稻种子萌发和贮藏物质的消耗率以及贮藏物质的运转效率的pH阈值均为5.0,当酸雨pH值降低到2.0时种子基本不萌发。酸雨胁迫使淀粉酶活性峰值提前,致使发芽后期因酶活力不够而最终影响萌发。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.