下的降解

对木质素磺酸盐在紫外光/双氧水(UV/H2O2)体系下的降解过程进行了研究,通过对比处理前后木质素磺酸盐溶液的紫外可见光谱、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)谱图、红外光谱谱图、1H NMR谱图及溶液化学耗氧量(COD)的变化对其降解过程进行了跟踪和讨论。此外,通过对木质素的模型化合物——愈创木酚降解的研究,推测了降解中苯环的开环过程。实验结果表明,木质素磺酸盐在UV/H2O2体系处理下能够发生降解,降解过程中首先生成一些中间产物,随着反应时间的加长,最终能够降解成CO2、H2O等小分子化合物。     

循环冷却水中木质素磺酸盐对细菌繁殖的影响

木质素磺酸盐是来源丰富、价格低廉的造纸制浆废液回收物。改性木质素磺酸盐(GCL2)具有较好的缓蚀阻垢性能。通过平皿计数法研究了不同类型木质素磺酸盐及其组分对循环冷却水中细菌繁殖速度的影响。结果表明，木浆木质素磺酸钙(简称木钙，CL)和草浆木质素磺酸镁(简称木镁，ML)对细菌繁殖具有明显的助长作用；木钙中的糖分是其对细菌助长作用的主要原因；GCL2对冷却水中细菌繁殖具有一定抑制作用；木钙经过氧化氢氧化后对细菌的繁殖具有明显的抑制作用。     

木质素磺酸钠电化学降解的研究

木质素磺酸钠通过电化学反应降争成低分子质量的产物，反应在以PbO2膜电极为阳，不锈钢网为阴极的电解池中进行，对降解产物进行了表征，并探讨了电压、时间、温度和pH值的影响，当电压高于3V时，发生开环反应而当电压低于2.0V时降解反应进行很慢，木质素磺酸钠经降解后，其水溶液的表面张力和油水界面张力都降低，降解与缩合反应同时存在，降解产物和石油磺酸盐合用时，表面活性明显改善。     

工业木质素的开发利用

1　工业木质素的性能与用途植物纤维原料在制浆过程中降解溶出的木质素称为工业木质素。根据化学制浆方法的不同 ,工业木质素分为结构和性能完全不同的碱木质素 (碱法制浆溶出的木质素 ,包括烧碱木质素和硫酸盐木质素 )和木质素磺酸盐 (亚硫酸盐法制浆煮溶出的木质素 )两类。碱木质素的分子量较低 ,水溶性差 ,很多场合不能直接使用。碱木质素经适当改性后 ,可用作染料分散剂、橡胶添加剂、水泥减水剂等。木质素磺酸盐的分子量达数万至上百万 ,具有良好的水溶性 ,其分子结构包括疏水性的芳环和亲水性的磺酸基 ,具有一定的表面活性。工业木质…     

木质素磺酸盐的接枝改性及应用研究进展

综述了木质素磺酸盐的各种接枝改性方法，讨论了木质素磺酸盐接枝产物在土壤调节、水增稠、石油钻井、胶粘剂等方面的应用，并对我国木质素磺酸盐接枝改性及应用的前景进行了展望。     

漆酶对木质素磺酸盐生物改性的研究

本研究由白腐菌液体培养基制得的粗漆酶改性麦麦草木质素磺酸盐。处理后木质素磺酸盐分子量分布明显向高分子量方向移动,木质素磺酸盐溶液的色度随之加深的同时,其分散性能得到明显氡改善,并且在此处理过程中漆酶具有很好的稳定性。     

木质素磺酸盐的接枝改性及应用研究进展

综述了木质素磺酸盐的各种接枝改性方法,讨论了木质素磺酸盐接枝产物在土壤调节、水增稠、石油钻井、胶粘剂等方面的应用,并对我国木质素磺酸盐接枝改性及应用的前景进行了展望.     

利用紫外光谱等研究蒸爆过程中毛竹木质素基本化学结构的变化

运用硝基苯氧化法、紫外光谱法研究了蒸煮爆破过程中毛竹木质素分子一些基本化学结构的降解特征。结果显示5年生毛竹材木质素及磨木木质素的硝基苯氧化产物产量分别为368和325 mmoL.(200g lignin)-1。压力2.0 MPa、时间5 min的蒸煮爆破条件能够导致木质素非缩合型结构较强烈的降解,有助于低分子苯酚类的形成。蒸爆未造成木质素分子重要组成部分的对-香豆酸和阿魏酸等显著的解离,但产生了一定程度的木质素-多糖复合物的降解或芳香环侧链结构的变化。     

木质素胺的合成及表面活性的研究

研究木质素胺的合成及表面活性。用木质素胺与石油磺酸盐复配,可以有效地降低表面张力。这种表面活性剂用于原油的乳化降粘,具有性能好,成本低的优点。     

木质素生物降解与生物制浆的研究现状分析

综述了木质素生物降解与生物制浆的研究现状 ,包括木质素降解代谢产物和降解途径与机制的研究、参与木质素降解的酶及其作用机制的研究、木腐菌对木材和木质素降解能力的研究以及高效降解木质素的生物制浆用优异菌株的筛选。对木质素生物降解与生物制浆的研究进行了展望。结果表明 :生物制浆由于既节省能源又有环境友好的特性而具有毋庸置疑的应用前景 ,在我国加强木质素生物降解和生物制浆的研究是势在必行的 ,这对于保护环境 ,缓解能源危机以及制浆造纸业的可持续发展都具有重要的意义。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。