两种土壤对Pb的吸附研究

土壤作为园林植物的生长介质,其质量直接关系到园林绿地的景观生态效益,而铅是重要的土壤重金属污染物之一,了解其在土壤中的吸附特点有利于防治土壤的铅污染。本文采用根垫法盆栽试验获得根际与非根际土壤,并用等温平衡吸附法研究了根际与非根际土壤对铅的吸附特点。结果表明,根际土壤比相应的非根际土壤铅的吸附量高,但在含铅溶液浓度为0-0．5mmol／L条件下,根际土与非根际土壤铅的吸附量差别不大,几乎全部被吸附。随着铅浓度增加,根际土壤吸附量增长迅速,根际土壤与非根际土壤的Pb吸附量差值随着Ph离子浓度的增大而增大。并且。两种土壤的根际土和非根际土对Pb离子吸附有显著的差异。     

固原市种植油菜中重金属铅、砷含量的测定与污染评价

以固原市庙湾和沙涡两处蔬菜种植基地油菜为研究对象,对油菜中砷、铅重金属的污染进行了测定与污染评价。结果表明:两处油菜叶中铅含量均已超过国家无公害蔬菜的重金属污染指标且属于重度污染,砷含量均未超标,庙湾油菜中的铅、砷的含量均高于沙涡大棚油菜中的含量。     

银杏活性炭对4种有毒气体和铅镐离子的吸附作用

为了验证银杏活性炭的吸附效果,分别采用静态吸附法和动态吸附法,研究了银杏活性炭对部分有毒气体及铅、镉两种重金属离子的吸附作用.结果表明:银杏活性炭对甲醛、苯、氨气、三氯甲烷这4种气体的吸附能力都较强,其对甲醛的吸附能力最强.吸附率可达到140%;银杏活性炭吸附铅、镉离子的效果也较好,对铅离子的吸附量接近200 mg·g...     

臭氧防治病虫害装置及其控制系统设计

土壤消毒处理是被广泛采用的积极有效的防治温室病虫害的方法。目前普遍采用的甲基溴等化学试剂熏蒸方法对人类健康和自然生态环境造成深远持久的危害。为解决这一问题,对臭氧水消毒土壤以及臭氧气体熏蒸消毒温室进行探索。在温度、湿度、臭氧浓度控制系统的基础上,结合臭氧水发生装置和温室大棚微灌技术,构成臭氧防治温室病虫害装置及其控制系统。在条件相同的两个温室中分别采用臭氧防治病虫害装置和传统方法种植蔬菜并进行对比研究。结果表明,采用臭氧防治病虫害装置的温室蔬菜长势茁壮,病株率很低。种植前采用臭氧消毒土壤和空气可以有效预防和控制土传和空气传播病害的发生,得到真正的绿色蔬菜,是取代甲基溴等土壤消毒方法的较好方法。     

氧化石墨烯对四环素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用批量平衡震荡实验法研究了四环素(TC)在黑土和潮土两种土壤中的吸附解吸特性,分析了氧化石墨烯对其吸附特性的影响。结果表明:两种供试土壤中黑土对四环素的吸附能力较强,氧化石墨烯对其吸附解吸影响较大。3种吸附等温线拟合分析模型中Freundlich模型描述四环素在这两种土壤中的吸附解吸特征比线性和Langmuir模型更加适合。氧化石墨烯的影响下,四环素在黑土中吸附的Kf值增大了12%,在潮土中降低了33%。此外,四环素在这两种供试土壤中的解吸过程均存在滞后现象,潮土中解吸的滞后性更大。     

鸭儿芹等五种森林蔬菜人工栽培技术研究

采用大棚设施栽培和林下仿生栽培方法对鸭儿芹、三脉紫菀、败酱、马兰和牛繁缕五种森林蔬菜进行人工栽培,结果表明在大棚设施条件下采用以5:1:4的锯木屑 猪粪 黄心土配制的人工基质栽培产量达4715kg/亩.年,比大棚设施条件下的土壤栽培和露地栽培产量高30.1%和87.3%;林下仿生栽培条件下的产量分别是露地遮阳网蔽荫和无遮阳网蔽荫对照的2.3倍和5.1倍。同时还对鸭儿芹等五种森林蔬菜人工栽培的经济效益做了分析。     

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤次生盐渍化发生机理的研究

对不同种植年限的蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田土壤耕层可溶性盐分进行了分析测定。结果表明:大棚菜地土壤盐分含量0．48-1．15 g／kg,平均为1．06 g／kg,比相邻农田增加253．3％,表明大棚菜地土壤有盐渍化,随着大棚使用年限的延长土壤盐分含量增加。且主要是Cl-、NO3-含量增加。     

机动车尾气对土壤铅累积的影响及分布格局

为研究株洲地区公路交通尾气排放对路边土壤铅累积的影响,以株洲地区周围的3条公路为研究样区,对公路旁土壤中重金属铅采用原子吸收光谱进行了测定.研究表明路边土壤中重金属铅有显著的累积,与株洲地区全区背景均值相比,三研究样区路边土壤表土总铅含量均严重超标,说明土壤正受到铅污染,污染源主要为汽车尾气;土壤表土总铅含量分布格局是同一公路地带,先随距公路的垂直距离的增加而增加,达到最高后随距离呈渐减趋势;土壤铅累积程度与车流量有关.     

活性炭对卷烟烟气中汞和铅的吸附

为探究活性炭孔隙结构及表面化学性质对卷烟主流烟气中重金属元素汞和铅吸附作用的影响,分别以H_3PO_4及H_3PO_4复合KH_2PO_4活化法制备的两种杏壳活性炭作为卷烟滤嘴的吸附剂材料,研究了活性炭不同的孔隙结构及表面含氧官能团含量在吸附中的作用。结果表明:活性炭的孔隙结构是影响重金属元素吸附性能的重要因素之一,活性炭中孔径范围在0.852~1.096 nm的孔隙有利于卷烟主流烟气中重金属元素汞的吸附,孔径范围在1.245~1.534 nm的孔隙有利于卷烟主流烟气中重金属元素铅的吸附;比表面积与汞、铅元素的吸附无明显相关性;提高活性炭表面含氧酸性官能团含量有利于卷烟烟气中汞和铅的吸附;汞和铅在活性炭表面的吸附位一致,存在竞争吸附现象。     

耐铅菌株对铅污染土壤中玉米苗期元素吸收的影响

土壤重金属污染具有在土壤中移动性差、滞留时间长、不能被微生物降解的特点,并可经水、植物等介质最终影响人类健康,治理和恢复的难度大。笔者的目的是通过筛选出对玉米植株中N、P、K含量有促进作用,且能有效抑制玉米铅富集量的耐铅菌株,为重金属污染土壤的微生物修复提供科学的依据。采用玉米盆栽试验,研究不同耐铅微生物菌对重金属铅污染土壤上玉米生长及元素吸收的影响,试验结果表明:在不同浓度的铅水平下,耐铅菌株对玉米N、P、K的吸收均有促进作用,而对玉米铅富集量各菌株均有明显抑制作用;从5种菌株中筛选出M2对玉米吸收有效养分具有促进作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.