聚氨酯预聚体改性聚乳酸/木粉复合材料的制备及表征

通过共混挤出法制备聚氨酯预聚体(PUP)改性的聚乳酸/木粉(PLA/WF)复合材料,并对复合材料进行力学性能测试、动态热机械分析、接触角测量以及断面扫描电镜分析。力学性能分析表明:当PUP用量(以PLA和WF的质量计)为20%时,复合材料断裂弯曲应变和冲击强度分别为5.78%和18.3 k J/m2,较未改性的复合材料分别提高了209%和123%,PUP显示出较好的增韧效果。动态热机械分析表明:随着PUP用量的增加,复合材料中PUP相和PLA相的玻璃化转变温度均有所下降,并且储能模量显著降低,材料韧性得到改善。PUP的加入可显著提高复合材料对水的接触角,材料疏水性能得到改善。当PUP用量为25%时,接触角达83.7°,较未增韧复合材料接触角(66.6°)提高25.7%。拉伸断面的扫描电镜分析表明:添加PUP的复合材料断面有更多的木粉被拉出且空穴变多,断面更为不平整,呈现韧性断裂的特征。     

腰果酚基环氧磷酸酯对E-51/IPDA环氧树脂体系性能的影响

以天然腰果酚为原料制备了一种腰果酚基环氧磷酸酯(CGEP)稀释剂,并利用CGEP改性双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)及异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)固化体系。研究了CGEP用量对环氧树脂E-51的稀释效果及其固化物性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了固化物的断面微观形貌。结果表明:CGEP对环氧树脂E-51具有显著的稀释作用;CGEP参与固化交联反应后,环氧树脂固化物的机械性能明显提高,当CGEP添加量为E-51质量的15%时,固化物的冲击强度达到最大值22.06 kJ/m~2;当CGEP添加量为E-51质量的20%时,固化物的拉伸强度与弯曲强度分别达到最大值96.19和99.70 MPa。随着CGEP用量从0%增加到25%,固化物的玻璃化转变温度由144.82℃降至119.10℃,而氧指数(LOI)由19.0提高到23.0。SEM分析表明CGEP对环氧固化物具有显著的增韧效果。     

PET纤维增强聚苯乙烯/木粉发泡复合材料力学性能分析

将短切聚酯纤维(PET纤维)作为增强材料添加到回收聚苯乙烯(PS)中,采用热压方式制备聚苯乙烯/木粉复合材料,并使用偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)发泡剂对其进行发泡处理,探讨PET纤维的长度和添加量对聚苯乙烯/木粉发泡复合材料力学性能的影响。通过对试样进行弯曲、拉伸、冲击性能和SEM扫描电镜的分析可知,在本试验研究范围内,当PET纤维添加量为6%、纤维长度为4 mm时,能显著改善复合材料的综合力学性能。     

玻璃纤维布对竹篾层积材强度和韧性的影响

通过分析现有竹篾层积材存在的密度高、力学各向异性等特点,进行针对性的复合材料结构设计以改善竹篾层积材料的冲击、弯曲等力学性能,以期在滑板等运动领域进行推广应用。本研究以7.0 g/cm~3设计密度为目标,玻璃纤维布作为增强增韧材料,环氧树脂作为胶黏剂,分别制备3种面密度(35,100和160 g/m~2)玻纤布增强的竹篾层积复合板材(简称G-LBSL),并对其弯曲强度和冲击刚度及界面剪切强度等性能开展研究。结果表明:玻纤布的复合使得传统竹篾层积材(7.5 g/cm~3以上)在降低密度的基础上,抗冲击性能与弹性模量有明显的改善,并随着玻纤布面密度增加呈现正比例关系,其中弹性模量MOE、静曲强度MOR、冲击刚度分别最高增加26.3%,41.2%,55.0%;进而在发挥竹篾单元柔韧性优良的基础上,还能够在高强度的体育运动中保持良好的弹性、韧性和稳定性能。     

二乙二醇醚增韧改性三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂的性能

三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MUF)相比脲醛树脂(UF)具有低甲醛释放和高耐水的优点,被广泛用于制造环保和防潮胶合板、刨花板和纤维板。但是,增加三聚氰胺含量会导致MUF树脂脆性变大。制备了二乙二醇醚增韧改性MUF树脂,研究了二乙二醇醚添加量对胶合板胶合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:添加MUF胶液质量2%~8%的二乙二醇醚可延长MUF树脂的固化时间,降低胶合板的胶合强度,而胶合板的抗弯破坏由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。与对照组对比,二乙二醇醚改性MUF树脂可明显提高所制胶合板的弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性。较优的二乙二醇醚添加量为MUF胶液质量的2%,此时,胶合板弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性相比对照组分别提高了66.7%,71.1%和100%。     

腰果酚环氧稀释剂与E-51树脂共混体系固化性能研究

以天然腰果酚为原料制备了一种高活性腰果酚基环氧稀释剂(CDE),利用所制备的CDE与双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)共混,再与甲基四氢苯酐进行交联固化反应,通过力学性能测试,研究了稀释剂含量对固化物性能的影响。实验结果表明:CDE对E-51有显著的稀释增韧作用;随着CDE含量的增加,固化树脂的玻璃化转变温度逐渐降低;当CDE的加入量为20%时,固化物的冲击强度及拉伸强度达到最大值,分别为19.17 k J/m2和56.81 MPa,弯曲强度为108.8 MPa。     

竹粉用量对竹粉/聚丙烯复合材料力学性能和蠕变性能的影响

采用注塑法制备了不同竹粉含量的竹粉/聚丙烯复合材料,使用电子万能试验机对复合材料试样进行弯曲性能、蠕变性能和拉伸性能测试,使用多功能摆锤冲击试验机进行冲击强度测试,结果表明:竹粉添加量为15%~45%时,复合材料的弯曲性能随着竹粉含量的升高而升高,拉伸强度和冲击强度随着竹粉的增加而降低。竹粉添加量为45%的复合材料的综合力学性能最佳,弯曲强度为51.68 MPa,弯曲模量为3701.08 MPa,拉伸强度为28.44 MPa,冲击强度为22.27 kJ/m^(2)。竹粉添加量为15%、30%的复合材料的蠕变性能更佳,在75%应力水平下经历3600 s蠕变没有发生断裂,竹粉添加量45%的复合材料在1500 s时发生断裂,应变为0.0571。     

聚丙烯酸酯微球的制备及其增韧聚乳酸的研究

采用预乳化-半连续种子乳液聚合法,以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为主要单体(核层单体BA与MMA的质量比为9∶1;壳层单体BA与MMA的质量比为1∶9)合成了不同核层交联程度的聚丙烯酸酯微球(ACR),将其干燥后对聚乳酸(PLA)改性。研究了核壳型ACR的添加量及其核层交联程度对PLA力学性能的影响。结果表明,PLA的抗冲击强度随着ACR添加量的增加而增大,添加量为10%时增韧效果最好,抗冲击强度是纯的PLA的1.5倍,断裂伸长率由2%提高到11%,拉伸强度下降不大;随着核层交联剂用量的增加,PLA/ACR共混物的拉伸强度较纯的PLA下降很小,抗冲击强度明显升高,当核层交联剂添加量为4%时增韧效果最好,共混物的抗冲击强度是纯的PLA的3倍,拉伸强度仅下降了7%。     

纤维素-丙烯酸酯模塑料的制备和性能研究

在模压温度140℃、模压时间12min 和成型压力 39.2 MPa 的条件下,能得到性能良好的纤维素-丙烯酸酯模塑料(CAEMP).比较了纤维素粒径、脱模剂种类、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)基体种类和纤维素与PMMA基体的比例对模塑料制品性能的影响,在纤维素粒径为 19 μm、 PMMA为PMMA-7、纤维素与PMMA基体的比例为25∶75(质量比)和脱模剂为有机硅的情况下,模塑料制品的各项性能指标优异,弯曲强度为 49 MPa,弯曲模量 2 708 MPa,冲击强度 1.98 kJ/m2,吸水率为 0.78 %.     

UFC和大豆蛋白制备环保脲醛树脂

采用脲醛预缩液(UFC)制备甲醛和尿素物质的量之比为1.3∶1的脲醛树脂,并在"碱-酸-碱"制备工艺的3个阶段分别加入大豆蛋白(SPI)降解液进行改性。对改性后脲醛树脂的性能进行对比分析,并借助核磁共振(13C-NMR)和动态热机械性能(DMA)分析改性后脲醛树脂的结构特征及热机械性能。结果表明,与普通脲醛树脂相比,UFC制备脲醛树脂的胶合强度提高了16%,游离甲醛降低了33%;而采用UFC和SPI降解液制备脲醛树脂,树脂胶合强度变化不大,当SPI降解液加入量为10%时,其游离甲醛可降低50%。13C-NMR分析表明,在第3个阶段加入SPI降解液,可以降低脲醛树脂中的醚键含量并提高桥键含量,使树脂具有较高的交联度和较低的游离甲醛。DMA测试结果表明,在第3个阶段加入SPI降解液所制备的脲醛树脂具有较高的热机械性能和热稳定性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。