垄覆膜集雨对苜蓿草地土壤水分动态及利用效率的影响

我国西北黄土高原干旱半干旱区年降雨稀少和土壤水分周期性亏缺, 导致人工草地生产力低下、水分利用效率低。本试验在旱作条件下, 将垄覆膜集雨措施应用于紫花苜蓿种植, 研究了沟垄宽比和覆膜方式对2 年龄苜蓿草地土壤水分动态及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 垄覆膜集雨在集雨前期(4 月中旬至6 月上旬)显著提高0~20 cm 土层土壤含水量, 在集雨中后期(6 月中旬至9 月下旬)显著提高0~120 cm 土层平均含水量,越冬期增加土壤水分入渗能力, 提高20~120 cm 土层平均含水量; 且垄覆膜处理的集雨效率高于土垄处理。随着生育时期的延伸, 垄覆膜处理0~120 cm 土壤平均贮水量呈先降后升的趋势, 土垄处理0~120 cm 土壤平均贮水量呈由高到低的趋势; 在苜蓿生长后期垄覆膜处理的蓄墒能力显著高于土垄处理。垄覆膜处理的平均水分利用效率为34.91 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2, 为对照(平作, CK)的2.25 倍, 土垄处理的平均水分利用效率为28.47kg·mm^-1·hm^-2, 为CK 的1.83 倍, 垄覆膜相对土垄处理平均水分利用效率提高22.62%; 垄覆膜处理以沟垄宽比为60 cm∶60 cm 和60 cm∶75 cm 的水分利用效率最高。     

覆膜集雨与限量补灌对土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响

依据北京昌平2005－2006年冬小麦田间试验,探讨覆膜集雨和限量补灌措施对土壤水分及产量影响。结果表明：限量补灌明显的增加了田间土壤水分和耗水量,1.6 m土层耗水量比对照增加45.8%,比覆膜增加29%～39%,产量是对照的1.63～1.95倍,比单纯覆膜增产32%～58%,结合覆膜比单纯补灌略增加上层土壤水分,但产量效应不明显;在覆膜面积占种植面积40%,降雨是常年水平一半的条件下,覆膜集雨提升上层土壤水分,降低深层土壤水分,1.6 m土层耗水量较对照增加3.68%～12.23%,且对深层水的利用是对照的1.55～1.69倍,小麦抗旱能力增强,增产63%～95%, 1 m土层水分生产效率提高55.8%～73.8%;在都有覆膜的前提下,追肥比早秋施肥和一次基肥更好地保持了苗期土层水分。总体来看,覆膜结合补灌追肥和限量补灌措施抗旱增产效果显著,值得在华北地区旱地农田推广应用。     

乐都县干旱山区集雨补灌高效农业研究

通过对乐都干旱山区实施集水高效农业气候学基础的分析,结合现有工作基础,重点讨论了集水区表面处理、蓄水窖建造及田间供水设施为主的雨水集蓄工程技术.以提高水资源利用率和水分生产效率为目的,进行集雨补灌试验研究.对地膜油籽、温棚蔬菜、马铃薯的有限补偿供应效应和农艺学节水技术进行研究,结果表明,在作物需水关键期进行补灌,可以达到水分供应的补偿或超补偿效应,提高作物水分利用率,促进旱区农业持续稳定发展.     

土下覆膜与适宜灌水提高冬小麦水分利用率

为缓解河北平原区水资源匮乏与小麦生产水分高耗的特征性矛盾,该文采用大田试验方法,设置土下微膜覆盖结合拔节期灌水75 mm、抽穗期灌水75 mm、灌浆期灌水75 mm、雨养,露地条件下雨养和常规生产(CK)共6个处理,定位研究了连续3个生长季的土下微膜覆盖与不同时期灌水对冬小麦用水与产量形成的效果。结果表明,采用土下微膜覆盖种植小麦,基本苗数和有效穗数较CK分别降低了8.6%~12.0%和7.4%~11.7%,拔节至抽穗期75 mm灌水保证了覆盖下小麦生物产量形成及穗粒数、粒重的提高。土下微膜覆盖并适时灌水75 mm,开花后营养器官干物质向籽粒转运量比CK提高37.2%~57.3%,对籽粒贡献率提高4.7%~10.1%。土下微膜覆盖结合抽穗前一次灌水,全生育期田间耗水减少99.9~118.9 mm,用占CK 3/4的耗水量生产了与其相当的籽粒产量,水分利用效率提高26.1%~34.5%。回归分析表明,土下微膜覆盖下拔节-抽穗田间耗水118 mm可获得最高的生物产量,抽穗-灌浆耗水78 mm可获得15个以上的结实小穗数和灌浆期不小于5的叶面积指数,从而籽粒产量得以有效维持。2 m土体贮水随小麦生育进程和种植年限的推进而呈现亏损态势,而且趋近地表土壤水分亏损就越多。从第2季开始,持续干旱导致覆盖下灌浆期灌水对提高产量已不具有作用,反而增加耗水,灌溉时间前移可增加产量并提高水分利用效率。播种时土壤贮水较上季小麦收获时大幅增加,播种-拔节期间土壤贮水保蓄是小麦节水生产的关键,土下微膜覆盖则可实现麦田土壤贮水的秋冬保蓄、春季供应的跨季节调用。在河北省小麦产区,土下微膜覆盖结合春季适时少量灌水是有效降低小麦耗水、提高水分利用效率和维持小麦产量的新型种植方法。     

补充灌溉及氮磷配施对黄土塬区冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响

采用裂区试验设计,对黄土塬区补充灌溉及氮磷配施条件下麦田土壤水分动态、作物产量及水分利用效率等进行研究。结果表明：1）冬小麦对土壤水分的利用深度随小麦生长发育逐渐加深,在越冬前期和孕穗期分别达1.2和2.2 m土层以下,不同处理土壤含水量在小麦生育前期差异不明显,孕穗后氮磷配施处理的土壤含水量显著低于不施肥处理;2）试验条件下,补充灌溉后同样施肥处理的作物产量与雨养相比,虽有增加但不显著;不论是雨养水平,还是补充灌溉水平,氮磷配施均表现出显著的增产效果,从低氮低磷到高氮高磷,增产幅度在134%到240%之间;3）氮磷配施能显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,而补充灌溉后水分利用效率降低3%-30%,但未达显著水平;4）不同氮磷配施的增产效应高于补充灌溉,补充灌溉与高氮高磷处理有显著的水肥协同效应,能显著提高作物产量并保持较高的水分利用效率。     

补灌与施肥对甜菜干物质积累、产糖量及养分吸收的影响

通过研究甜菜在雨养条件下施肥和施肥后补灌对甜菜干物质积累、产量、产糖量和养分吸收的影响规律，可以为甜菜栽培中施肥和灌溉提供理论依据。试验在田间条件下，设置雨养无肥(对照)、雨养施肥、补灌施肥3个处理，大区试验设计，3次重复。结果表明：收获期补灌与雨养施肥处理相比显著提高了甜菜总干物质积累量和产糖量；补灌施肥、雨养施肥与无肥处理相比显著提高了地上部和总干物质积累量、产量、产糖率和产糖量；收获期补灌与雨养施肥处理相比显著降低了甜菜地下部、地上部氮吸收量和总氮、总钾吸收量，雨养施肥与无肥处理相比显著提高了总氮、总钾吸收量；收获期补灌与雨养施肥处理相比显著提高了甜菜地下部、地上部干物质积累量和总磷吸收量，雨养施肥与不施肥处理相比显著提高了地上部干物质积累量和总磷吸收量。综合分析认为，补灌与雨养施肥处理相比利于促进甜菜生长发育，提高产量、产糖量和磷吸收量，降低甜菜对氮、钾的吸收量，建议在5—6月发生季节性干旱时进行人工补灌。     

基于双作物系数法的干旱区覆膜农田耗水及水量平衡分析

农田覆膜技术应用广泛,覆膜条件下农田蒸散发(ET)规律是制定合理灌溉制度、提高用水效率的基础。根据2014—2015年甘肃省石羊河流域春小麦试验观测资料率定和验证农田水量平衡模型,利用双作物系数法得到作物的耗水规律和耗水结构。结果表明,覆膜春小麦全生育期耗水比不覆膜减少10%~16%,有一定的节水效果。覆膜促进了春小麦全生育期蒸腾,蒸腾占总耗水的比例在70%~74%之间,比不覆膜情况提高了25%~27%。在春小麦生长前期,覆膜能够显著降低ET;中期,覆膜能够降低土壤蒸发、促进作物蒸腾。此外,覆膜还具有促进作物前期生长、延长作物中期生长、延缓冠层衰老的作用。     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉冬小麦对下季作物产量和周年土壤盐分平衡的影响

冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟是环渤海低平原主要粮食作物种植模式,该区淡水资源匮乏,但浅层微咸水相对丰富,在降水较少的冬小麦生长季,适当利用微咸水代替淡水灌溉对维持冬小麦稳产高产有重要作用。冬小麦季实施微咸水灌溉后土壤盐分累积如何影响下季作物夏玉米生长以及对土壤周年盐分平衡影响,是微咸水能否长期安全利用的关键。为探究上述问题,于2015—2019年连续4年在环渤海低平原中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉定点试验,共设置含盐量为1 g·L~(-1)淡水(F)、3 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S3)、4 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S4)、5 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S5) 4个梯度,在拔节期灌水1次,灌水量均为70 mm;另以生育期不灌水作为对照(旱作, CK)。结果表明,不同矿化度微咸水灌溉处理间冬小麦产量没有显著差异,但平均比CK显著增产31.6%。同时,冬小麦生长季微咸水灌溉均增加了收获时1 m以上土层的含盐量,并随灌溉水含盐量增加而增加;对1 m以下土层含盐量影响不明显。夏玉米播种时灌溉70 mm淡水不仅解决了土壤墒情不足问题,并可使0～20 cm土层盐分控制在1 g·kg~(-1)以下,保证夏玉米出苗和群体建立,对夏玉米产量没有显著影响。经过夏季降雨的淋洗, S3、S4和S5处理0～40cm土层含盐量降低幅度超过30%,深层土壤含盐量变化不明显,1m以上土层可以实现周年盐分平衡。本研究表明冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季种植,冬小麦耐盐能力较强的特征使其生育期可以通过不大于5g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉维持稳产,在保证夏玉米出苗水进行灌溉的条件下,夏玉米季通过雨季降水淋盐维持0～1m主要根层土壤不发生明显积盐过程,可实现长期微咸水灌溉下土壤和作物安全。     

Is Rainwater Harvesting an Option for Designing Sustainable Cropping Patterns for Rainfed Agriculture?

Rainwater harvesting in small dams has good potential to provide supplementary agricultural irrigation during critical crop growth stages. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cropping patterns: fallow–wheat (FW), mash–wheat (MaW), sorghum–wheat (SW), maize (grain)–wheat (MW), maize (grain)–gram (MG) and mung–canola (MuC); under two conditions: irrigated (Command area of Pira Fatehial small dam) and rainfed (Un‐command area) on sandy loam soil during three years (2009 to 2011). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, three factor factorial (cropping patterns, irrigated/non‐irrigated conditions and years) using four replications. The highest grain yield of wheat (5.6 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained from the MaW cropping pattern as compared to those from MW, FW and SW cropping patterns. Summer crops (sorghum fodder, maize grain and mash) performed excellent under irrigated conditions. Water use efficiency of wheat (14.3 kg ha⁻¹mm⁻¹) following mash under both the conditions exhibited higher values than when compared with those from SW, FW and MW cropping patterns. However, nutrient use efficiency in SW cropping pattern surpassed the others. Performance of all crops remained better under the irrigated condition during both all seasons and years, as rainfall deficiency was compensated by supplementary irrigations. Hence, this study concluded that farmers having water resources for supplemental irrigation should adopt the MW cropping pattern, based on grain yield, efficient utilization of available supplemental water and better utilization of nutrients. Similarly, based on improved nutrient utilization and monitory outputs, the MaW sequence should be followed in rain‐fed areas for better resource management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.     

半干旱雨养农业区集雨补灌对马铃薯田水分运移的影响

采用大田试验方法,研究集雨补灌对旱作马铃薯田水分运移规律和产量的影响。结果表明,对马铃薯有效的土壤水分主要分布在80 cm以上土层,苗期补灌45 mm处理水分利用效率（WUE）最高,且收获后不同土层中滞留的水分较少;在此基础上再增加补灌量,马铃薯产量增加不显著,WUE显著降低。集雨补灌增加了马铃薯棵间蒸发量（E）和植株蒸腾量（T）,90 mm高额补灌处理在前、中期棵间蒸发量较高,收获后80 cm以下深层贮水量显著高于45 mm及45 mm以下补灌处理。45 mm与90 mm补灌处理植株蒸腾量差异不显著,马铃薯生长后期,苗期补灌与薯块膨大期补灌植株蒸腾量差异亦不显著;苗期45 mm补灌处理蒸腾量与蒸发量比率（T/E）比较高,其综合用水效率较高。     

不同灌溉措施对黄淮海地区冬小麦水氮利用及产量和品质的影响

通过设置不同灌溉处理来研究灌溉次数和时期对黄淮海地区冬小麦产量、籽粒品质和水氮利用的影响。结果表明:浇足底墒基础上拔节期灌一水不仅可获得较高的产量并提高水氮利用效率,减低硝态氮淋失风险,而且可获得较好的物理品质(硬度指数、容重)和蛋白质品质(粗蛋白、湿面筋和沉淀值)及最优的粉质仪质量指数、拉伸仪参数和降落数值。在此基础上增加冻水、开花水、灌浆水等处理的产量增加不显著,各项品质指标没有明显改善,水分利用效率降低,而且显著增加硝态氮淋失风险;因而黄淮海地区最优的节水灌溉模式是浇足底墒基础上拔节至挑旗期灌溉一水。     

Saving Irrigation Water for Winter Wheat with Phosphorus Application in the North China Plain

Conserving irrigation water resources is a most important measure for sustainable wheat production in the North China Plain. In the present study, the effect of phosphorus (P) application for saving irrigation water was evaluated. The application of fertilizer P increased nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, shoot biomass, head number, seed number and, consequently, grain yield, and increased soil water use and seasonal evapo-transpiration. The lower the volume of irrigation water applied, the more obvious were these effects. When winter wheat was basally fertilized with 88.5 kg P₂O₅/ha and irrigated with 90 mm at the jointing stage, the highest fertilizer P use efficiency, apparent P recovery and net profit (due to irrigation and/or fertilizer P) were obtained. The results suggested that fertilizer P should be used for saving irrigation water resources in the North China Plain.     

Effects of seedbed structure and water content at sowing on the development of soil surface crusting under rainfall

This study was carried out to observe the dynamics of crust formation on the soil surface under field conditions and analyse the effects of seedbed structure and water content on soil surface crusting. Seedbed sensitivity to crusting was also estimated in the laboratory by stability tests on aggregates. We observed 57 plots during the sowings of spring and autumn crops in fields in Northern France (Estrees-Mons, 50°N latitude, 3°E longitude). The soil is an Orthic Luvisol according to the FAO classification (0.17–0.25 g g⁻¹ clay and 0.02 g g⁻¹ organic matter on average). Visual assessments in situ were performed and photographs taken of crust stages on delimited areas, each 5 mm of cumulated rainfall since sowing. In 2004–2005, the seedbeds were characterised by their distribution of aggregate sizes and tests of aggregate stabilities of surface samples kept with their water content at sowing. A penetrometer was used to measure crust resistance and estimate its thickness. These data were analysed to detect the cumulative rainfall values needed for the initiation and development of the successive stages of crusts. A fully developed structural crust (stage F1) required 13, 22, 27 mm cumulated rainfall respectively for seedbeds with proportions of clods over 2 cm ranging from 0 to 0.15 (fine seedbed), 0.15 to 0.30 (medium seedbed), >0.30 g g⁻¹ (coarse seedbed). Aggregate stability measured on samples kept at sowing water content was low for soil with low water content (<0.17 g g⁻¹) but increased sharply for water contents over 0.17 g g⁻¹. Stage F1 was reached more rapidly (only 11 mm versus 19 mm cumulated rainfall) only for fine seedbeds with less than 0.15 g g⁻¹ of clods over 2 cm and with a low water content at sowing, The stage of 50% of soil surface covered with sedimentary crusts was reached for 85 mm for fine seedbed versus 120 mm for medium seedbed. The mean penetrometer resistance of dry crusts was 0.55 ± 0.43 MPa for stage F1 and 3.54 ± 0.83 MPa for a sedimentary stage; mean penetrometer resistance increased continuously with cumulated rainfall and was much lower for wet crusts. These quantitative data gathered under field conditions constitute the first step towards the prediction of soil surface crusting. The cumulative rainfalls were used in order to estimate the risk of occurrence of structural and sedimentary crusts forming during crop emergence with several types of seedbeds.     

云南蔗区播期与水氮耦合对甘蔗产量和糖分影响

播期调控和水氮优化管理是提高作物产量和品质的有效措施。德宏是云南甘蔗主产区之一,属于典型的湿润蔗区,然而播期和水氮管理对该区甘蔗生产的耦合效应尚不明确。该文基于云南德宏蔗区瑞丽甘蔗试验站的大田分期播种试验数据评估了APSIM-Sugar(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator-Sugar)模型的适应性,并应用验证后的模型进行了播期和水氮耦合对甘蔗大田生产影响的情景模拟,通过比较不同耦合方式下的蔗茎产量、蔗茎含糖量、水分和氮肥利用效率等指标差异,分析了云南德宏蔗区雨养和灌溉条件下的最优播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明:APSIM-Sugar模型能够较准确的模拟云南德宏蔗区甘蔗代表品种(ROC22和YZ0551)在典型播期下的蔗茎产量和含糖量变化趋势,模拟相对均方根误差在10%以内,决定系数R~2大于0.9。播期调控和水氮优化能够为德宏蔗区的甘蔗生产提供积极影响,雨养条件下采用春植或冬植有利于甘蔗稳产和水氮高效利用,灌溉条件下采用秋植或春植有利于甘蔗高产和水氮高效利用。云南德宏等湿润蔗区旱地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,冬植蔗12月下旬播种,施用纯氮60 kg/hm~2,可获得95～100t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于19%)。水浇地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,施用纯氮120 kg/hm~2,配合伸长期灌水360 mm,可获得近120 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于17%);秋植蔗10月下旬播种,施用纯氮180 kg/hm~2,配合分蘖期和伸长期灌水720 mm,可获得近170 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于18%)。研究结果可为在云南湿润蔗区进行甘蔗生产的播期调控和水氮优化提供依据,为甘蔗高产高效种植管理决策提供参考。     

基于RZWQM模型的石羊河流域春小麦灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜灌水上限及不同生育期计划湿润层深度,在该地区开展田间试验。利用田间试验资料对RZWQM(root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了灌水上限及不同生育阶段计划湿润层深度对春小麦籽粒产量、灌水量、籽粒灌溉水利用效率及灌水次数的影响。结果表明:不同灌水处理间产量差异较小,但所需灌水量有较大差异,存在节水空间;灌水上限对于灌水量的影响要远远大于对产量的影响,灌水上限的降低会增加灌水次数,从而提高小麦产量;适宜的计划湿润层深度可以保证灌溉水尽可能多的分布于根系吸收范围内,避免浪费,达到节水目的;试验证明,通过调控灌水上限和各生育期计划湿润层深度可以达到节水增产的目的。综合考虑各控制因素对产量、所需灌水量及籽粒灌溉水利用效率的影响,建议该地区春小麦灌溉制度为:灌水上限选择80%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为60 cm,抽穗期计划湿润层深度为50 cm,灌浆期计划湿润层深度为70 cm。     

集雨补灌对玉米生长及产量的影响

该文针对黄土高原半干旱区农业气候资源的特点以及该区降雨年内分布不均、水分供需不平衡的基本特点，以集雨技术及工程设施为基础，通过有限补充灌溉方式，研究了玉米在不同生长时期的补灌水量和覆膜坐水技术带来的增产效果，并分析了集雨补灌对玉米生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响。试验研究表明：在地表水和地下水严重缺乏的旱作区结合不同的微灌方式(该文试验采用滴灌)，在玉米需水关键期进行集雨补充灌溉，增产效果明显，水分利用效率显著增加，表现出需水关键期有限水分供给的高效性。该研究为集雨补灌旱作区节水农业的发展提供理论依据。     

减氮节水对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦光合特性与产量的影响

针对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产中氮肥投入过量及水资源利用效率低的问题,探究减氮背景下节水灌溉对春小麦群体动态、光合特性及产量的影响。2021年以宁春4号为供试材料,分别设置3个施氮水平（常规施氮270 kg/hm2、减施氮肥25%和不施氮）和3个灌溉定额（常规灌溉400 mm、节水20%和节水40%）。结果表明：1）同一氮肥水平下不同灌溉处理的群体总茎数均无显著性差异;同一灌溉定额水平下常规施氮和减氮水平处理的群体总茎数均显著高于不施氮处理,但二者无显著差异,减氮节水处理亦能维持较高的群体总茎数和茎蘖成穗率。2）与常规施氮相比,减氮25%对春小麦的生长发育无明显影响,在此基础上节水20%并不会降低春小麦株高,叶面积的生长,不会减少春小麦干物质累积量。3）减氮水平与常规施氮处理的春小麦叶片SPAD值和光合指标无明显差异,减氮水平下节水20%处理的叶片SPAD值和光合指标同常规灌溉无显著差异,但显著高于节水40%处理。4）所有水氮处理中减氮水平下20%节水处理的穗粒数和千粒质量最高,春小麦产量达8 092.52 kg/hm2,与常规施氮常规灌溉处理的产量无显著差异。减氮25%节水20%处理的灌溉施肥模式,既可获得较高产量又可以节约水氮资源,达到了宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产中减氮、节水、稳产的目的。因此,可作为当地适宜的施氮灌溉方案。     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

玉米品种五谷568膜下滴灌水肥一体化制种栽培技术

以节水节肥、稳产高产为目标，在生产试验的基础上，从播前准备、适期播种、水肥管理、田间质量管理、病虫害防治、收获等方面总结了玉米品种五谷568膜下滴灌水肥一体化制种栽培技术。