规模化牧场如何实施全混合日粮(TMR)技术

正全混合日粮(TMR)现在已广泛应用于现代的规模化牧场,TMR具有以下优点:易于控制精粗饲料的饲喂量和饲喂水平,增加奶牛的干物质采食量(DMI);改善日粮的适口性,扩大饲料来源,简化饲料的配制程序;便于奶牛的科学化、规模化、集约化生产;提高日粮的营养水平,降低瘤胃的p H值变化;提高奶牛的泌乳性能,提高牛奶质量;易确定奶牛的采食量,控制奶牛总体的营养水平;全面平衡奶牛的营养,控制采食量,预防和减少消化系统机能紊乱等。     

麦秸型粗饲料日粮不同精粗比对奶牛生产性能的影响

旨在研究麦秸型粗饲料在不同日粮精粗比条件下,对泌乳期奶牛和泌乳中后期奶牛产奶量及乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体和乳糖含量的影响.试验结果表明,在饲喂全麦秸型粗饲料条件下,高精料日粮能显著提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,而泌乳中后期产奶量随试验期的延长显著下降;精粗比对各泌乳期乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体及乳糖的含量均无显著影响;综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期精粗比为70∶30及泌乳中后期为40∶60时效果较好,在一定精粗比范围内,高精日粮能提高奶牛的生产性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶.     

日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选用2～4胎次泌乳中期荷斯坦牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,试验1组和试验2组分别给每头奶牛添加5%和15%的味精菌体蛋白,对照组不添加味精菌体蛋白,以评定味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,夏季奶牛日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白替代日粮中部分蛋白质饲料,可促进奶牛粗饲料采食量的增加,减缓热应激造成的产奶量下降幅度,但对牛奶品质的影响不大。     

不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响.选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组(n=6),分别为精粗分饲组(SI)和全混合日粮组(TMR),精饲料:粗饲料均为50:50.试验结果表明:奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间(P<0.01),显著增加了反刍时间(P<0.05),TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%(P<0.05),但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著(P>0.05).在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响.     

全混合日粮对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究全混合日粮对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响。选择20头泌乳前期、健康状态良好的奶水牛,按品种、产奶量、产犊时间及胎次相近的原则随机分成2组,每组10头,第1组:传统精粗分开饲喂组;第2组:全混合日粮(TMR)组。结果为:与传统精粗分开饲喂组相比,TMR组水牛的平均日产奶量下降有所减缓,但差异不显著(P0.05),而TMR组水牛的干物质采食量显著提高(P0.05);与传统精粗分开饲喂相比,TMR饲喂方式对泌乳水牛总固形物和乳脂率的影响差异显著(P0.05),但对泌乳水牛乳非脂固形物含量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、比重的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,全混合日粮与传统精粗分开饲喂方式相比,可以增加泌乳后期奶牛干物质采食量,对产奶后期产奶量的下降有减缓作用,改善泌乳奶水牛的乳品品质。     

饲喂高蛋白质酒糟对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

本试验旨在评价饲喂高蛋白质干酒糟（HPDDG）对奶牛瘤胃降解率、干物质采食量、产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择16头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛（12头经产牛和4头初产牛）,平均泌乳日龄80&#177;14d,随机分配2种处理日粮,采用2&#215;2交叉试验设计。用HPDDG（20％干物质）替换对照组日粮中的全部大豆蛋白和部分粗饲料。每期试验21d,在第19～21天每天记录产奶量和干物质采食量;每期的第20～21天采集奶样。     

分散饲养条件下奶牛TMR饲喂技术推广中存在的问题及对策

全混合日粮（TMR）是指根据不同类群或泌乳阶段奶牛的营养需要，按设计比例，将青贮、干草等粗饲料切割成一定长度．并和精饲料及各种矿物质、维生素等添加剂进行充分搅拌混合而调制成的一种营养相对平衡的日粮。近年来．TMR饲喂技术在国内一些规模化养殖场已开始应用，并取得了显著的效果。生产实践证明．TMR技术能够提高饲料采食量．提高产奶量和乳脂率．改善奶牛的健康状况．减少消化道、繁殖及营养代谢等疾病，提高生产性能和经济效益。     

不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响。选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组（n=6）,分别为精粗分饲组（SI）和全混合日粮组（TMR）,精饲料：粗饲料均为50：50。试验结果表明：奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间（P〈0.01）,显著增加了反刍时间（P〈0.05）,TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%（P〈0.05）,但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著（P〉0.05）。在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响。     

裹包全混合日粮中添加双乙酸钠对奶牛生产性能及消化特性的影响

本试验旨在研究裹包全混合日粮(TMR)中添加双乙酸钠对奶牛生产性能及消化特性的影响.试验选用30头产奶量、胎次、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛采用完全随机试验设计,分成3组,每组10头,分别为精粗分开饲喂组(SI)、裹包全混合日粮组(bTMR)和裹包TMR中添加双乙酸钠组(SDA),日粮精粗比均为50:50.试验期10周.试验结果表明,与SI组相比裹包TMR饲喂奶牛极显著提高奶牛干物质采食量、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表现消化率(P<0.01),产奶量、4%标准乳、干物质和有机物的表现消化率也有所提高(P>0.05).裹包TMK中添加SDA组奶牛乳脂率、乳脂产量显著提高(P<0.05),乳糖含量也较SI组显著提高(P<0.05),粗脂肪、粗蛋白质的表观消化率和4%标准乳也极显著提高(P<0.01).与精粗分开饲喂方式相比,采用裹包TMR饲喂奶牛可提高奶牛的产奶性能和日粮养分表现消化率,且在裹包TMR中添加双乙酸钠可显著提高乳脂率和乳脂产量(P<0.05).     

裹包TMR饲喂对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响

为了研究裹包全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂方式对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和血液指标的影响,本试验选择24头泌乳天数为(124±20)d的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2个处理组,进行为期10周的饲养试验。对照组采用传统的精粗分开饲喂方式,试验组采用裹包TMR饲喂方式,精粗分开饲喂组和裹包TMR饲喂组的日粮配方组成和比例均相同,日粮精料比例为50∶50,裹包TMR水分含量调整为50%。结果表明,1)饲喂裹包TMR,可以显著增加干物质采食量(P<0.05),提高产奶量7.69%并提高3.5%标准乳产量5.20%(P>0.05);2)裹包TMR饲喂方式与精粗分开饲喂方式对乳成分含量和产量的影响差异不显著;3)裹包TMR饲喂可以显著提高粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率(P<0.05),干物质消化率有提高的趋势(P<0.1);4)裹包TMR饲喂显著降低了血清中尿素氮的含量(P<0.05),但对其他血液指标影响2组间差异不显著。裹包TMR技术可以作为一种有效的全混合日粮供给方式,可在我国中小规模奶牛养殖场和个体养殖户中推荐使用,以期提高奶牛生产性能和综合收益。     

日粮中不同马齿苋青贮添加量对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同剂量马齿苋青贮对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响。选取体重（62±3）kg、1~2胎次、产奶量（1.90±0.15）kg/d、泌乳期相近（产后0~60 d）的健康奶山羊12只，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复1只羊。在奶山羊全混合日粮（TMR）中分别添加0（CK组）、10（A组）、20（B组）和30 g/d DM（C组）马齿苋青贮添加剂，试验期共75 d，其中预试期15 d，正试期60 d。试验期间测定每组奶山羊干物质采食量、产奶量、乳品质及血液生化指标。结果显示：随马齿苋青贮添加量的增加，奶山羊干物质采食量随之增加；添加马齿苋青贮的试验组奶山羊泌乳量均高于对照组；羊乳的pH呈弱碱性（7.10~7.24），并随马齿苋青贮添加量增加而降低，其中CK组最高，C组最低；羊乳中乳糖、总多酚（TPC）、总黄酮（TFC）和β胡萝卜素的含量均随着马齿苋青贮添加量增加而增多；血液中总胆固醇含量则相反。综上所述，日粮中添加马齿苋青贮对奶山羊无不良影响，可一定程度上提高奶山羊干物质采食量、泌乳量及乳品质，降低血液中总胆固醇含量。     

不同青贮方式对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

[目的]以石玉13号玉米为材料,比较全株玉米裹包青贮和窖贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]对裹包青贮和窖贮全株玉米在干物质营养成分,奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳品质等方面进行对比分析。[结果]玉米裹包青贮干物质含量高于窖贮,裹包青贮奶牛14 d和28 d的干物质采食量显著高于窖贮玉米（P<0.05）;饲喂裹包青贮和窖贮对奶牛的产奶量影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;窖贮奶牛28 d乳脂率极显著低于裹包青贮（P<0.01）,乳蛋白率显著低于裹包青贮组（P<0.05）;裹包青贮与窖贮全株玉米对奶牛的产奶量影响差异不显著,但与窖贮相比,裹包青贮每头奶牛增加产奶量0.06 kg/d,每头奶牛增加效益0.23 元/d。     

Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows

Studies on the use of lucerne silage as a forage source for high-yielding dairy cows. It was the main objective of this study to investigate effects of lucerne silage inclusion in maize silage-based rations on dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters of high yielding dairy cows. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They contained as the main forage source on a dry matter basis 41.5% maize silage and 12% grass silage (ration maize) or 18% maize silage and 29% of either grass silage (ration grass) or lucerne silage (ration lucerne). Organic matter digestibility, determined with wether sheep, was 77 and 65% for the grass and the lucerne silage, respectively. Each TMR was fed to 4 wether sheep to determine crude nutrient digestibilities. The content of net energy for lactation (NEL), as calculated from digestible crude nutrients, was (MJ/kg dry matter (DM)): 7.1 (maize), 7.2 (grass) and 6.8 (lucerne). Based on the results of a chemical fractionation of crude protein it was calculated that the content of utilisable crude protein (nXP) was not below 167 g/kg DM and that the N balance in the rumen was not negative for all 3 TMR. The TMR were fed for 169 days to at least 28 dairy cows per treatment which were in their first half of lactation. Feed intake, milk performance data and physiological indicators were measured for each individual cow. The DM intake was significantly higher in treatment lucerne (23.2 kg/d) than in treatments grass (21.2 kg/d) and maize (22.6 kg/d). Daily intakes of NEL and nXP were significantly lower in treatment grass than in the other two treatments. Milk yield was significantly higher in treatment maize (41.7 kg/d) than in treatments grass (37.3 kg/d) and lucerne (38.5 kg/d). This was associated with a significantly lower milk fat content in treatment maize (3.5%) in comparison with the other two treatments (3.9% each). Milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.4% on average). Similarly, the acetone content of milk was not significantly different between treatments. The beta-hydroxybutyrate content of the deproteinized blood was significantly higher in treatment lucerne at start of lactation, but this difference disappeared in subsequent parts of the experimental period. Measurements of back fat thickness indicated mobilisation and retention of energy by cows during the experimental period to be similar in all treatments. It is concluded that lucerne silage is a suitable forage source for high yielding dairy cows in spite of its low digestibility.     

不同DCAB日粮对泌乳盛期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选择12头泌乳盛期、体况相近的荷斯坦牛,采用随机区组设计分成四个处理组,每组3头,A组日粮阴阳离子差(DCAB)值为20mEq/100gDM,B组DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM,C组DCAB值为30mEq/100gDM,D组DCAB值为40mEq/100gDM,研究DCAB对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为21d。结果表明:高DCAB水平的日粮明显提高奶牛的生产性能。B组、C组、D组平均产奶量分别比A组提高了7.17%、5.58%和1.22%;DCAB值对乳蛋白、乳脂和总乳固形物含量无影响。其中B组日粮DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM时效果最佳。     

过瘤胃保护烟酸对奶牛生产性能的影响及经济效益分析

本研究采用对比饲养试验,研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸产品对荷斯坦牛泌乳初期和高峰期产奶量和乳成分的影响,并对经济效益进行了分析。试验选用54头体重、胎次、泌乳月、上一胎产奶量相近的荷斯坦牛为试验动物,按照配对原则随机分成三组:试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和对照组,每组18头。对照组饲喂牛场常规TMR,试验Ⅰ组在常规TMR基础上每日每头添加本实验室研发的过瘤胃保护烟酸产品20g,试验Ⅱ组添加等量普通烟酸,进行95d的饲养试验。结果表明:(1)在产犊后6～100d高产荷斯坦牛日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸可明显提高产奶量(50.12 V 45.44kg/头日,P<0.05);但乳蛋白含量明显降低(3.09%V 3.21%,P<0.05),对乳脂率(3.56%V 3.63%,P>0.05)和乳糖含量(5.05%V 4.99%,P>0.05)的影响很小。(2)添加等量的普通烟酸对产奶量的提高效果不明显(46.29 V 45.44kg/头日,P>0.05);对乳脂率(3.48%V 3.63%,P>0.05)、乳蛋白(3.14%V 3.27%,P>0.05)和乳糖含量(5.00%V 4.99%,P>0.05)的影响均不显著。(3)添加过瘤胃保护烟酸可获得较高的经济效益[增收12.35元/(头.d)];添加普通烟酸后效益则略下降[-1.74元/(头.d)]。上述结果提示,在高产奶牛泌乳初期和高峰期日粮中应添加过瘤胃保护烟酸,添加普通烟酸无效。     

Milk production,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed total mixed ration silages containing steam‐flaked brown rice as substitute for steam‐flaked corn,and wet food by‐products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing food by‐products on the milk production, whole‐tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam‐flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam‐flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen (N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by‐products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources.     

Effect of replacing corn with brown rice grain in a total mixed ration silage on milk production,ruminal fermentation and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows

Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of substituting corn grain with brown rice (BR) grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage on milk yield, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) balance. The TMR silages were made from the ensiling of TMR containing (dry matter basis) 50.1% forage in rice silage and corn silage combination, and 49.9% concentrate. The grain portion of the diets contained 31.2% steam‐flaked corn, 31.2% steam‐flaked BR or an equal mixture of corn and BR. Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat, protein and lactose yields. The ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. The urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to increased levels of BR, with no dietary effect on N intake, N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. Our results indicate that steam‐flaked BR is a suitable replacement for steam‐flaked corn in dairy cow diets, and that it can be included in rations to a level of at least 31.2% of dry matter without adverse effects on milk production, when cows were fed rice silage and corn silage‐based diets.     

TMR日粮不同苜蓿干草长度对奶牛生产性能的影响

探讨TMR日粮中不同长度的苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量及其乳成分的影响。本试验选用产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情和胎次相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛40头,随机分为两组,即试验1组20头,饲喂苜蓿干草长度为2.52cm的TMR日粮,试验2组20头,饲喂苜蓿干草长度为6.46cm的TMR日粮。试验分两期完成,Ⅰ期日粮鲜重的精粗比例为20：80,Ⅱ期日粮鲜重的精粗比例为30：70。采用双因子重复方差试验设计。结果表明：在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期两期试验中,不同长度苜蓿干草TMR日粮对奶牛的产奶量均无显著影响（P〉0.05）,但对奶牛的干物质采食量有显著影响（P〈0.05）,试验1组比试验2组奶牛的干物质采食量在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期试验中分别显著地提高了18.36%、7.40%。在Ⅰ期试验中,试验2组乳蛋白极显著高于试验1组（P〈0.01）,较试验1组提高了11.82%;在Ⅱ期试验中,试验1组乳脂率显著高于试验2组（P〈0.05）,较试验2组提高了8.89%。     

苜蓿青贮对低质粗饲料条件下奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择1～3胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛10头,配对分为2组:对照组和试验组,两组的混合精料组成相同,对照组粗饲料为豆秸、玉米秸、花生秧和玉米淀粉渣,试验组以10kg苜蓿青贮替代等量粗饲料,进行60d的饲养试验,以研究苜蓿青贮对低质粗饲料条件下奶牛产奶性能的影响。结果表明:(1)添加苜蓿青贮提高了供试奶牛体重(P0.01);(2)试验组各期采食量均高于对照组,且试验60d时差异达到了极显著水平(P0.01);(3)添加苜蓿青贮,提高了供试奶牛的产奶量和乳脂肪含量(P0.01,P0.05)。     

不同方式处理的全株玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

[目的]探究不同方式制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,对其生产性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]选定中国荷斯坦牛开展全株玉米青贮饲喂试验。将28头奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组14头。前者饲喂不添加菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮,后者饲喂添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮。统计各组奶牛日均干物质采食量、日均产奶量、料重比、乳脂率和乳蛋白率,计算各组奶牛日均经济效益和试验期总经济效益。[结果]采用添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,奶牛日均干物质采食量和料奶比与对照组差异不显著,但日均产奶量、平均乳脂率和乳蛋白率显著提高（P<0.05）。每头牛日均产奶量增加1.91 kg,乳脂率增加0.22个百分点,乳蛋白率增加0.06个百分点。试验组经济效益明显提高,每头牛日均经济效益增加4.73元,正试期内总经济效益增加1 986.60元。[结论]采用添加青贮菌剂的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛,能有效提高奶牛的生产性能和经济效益。