玉米综合防霉试验的观察

我们过去的工作表明,玉米极易引起黄曲霉菌(A.flavus)污染而产生黄曲霉毒素(A.flatoxin)。黄曲霉毒素是一强烈的致癌物质。污染黄曲霉毒素的玉米能诱发实验动物的肝癌。人类肝癌的高发与食物中的黄曲霉毒素(AFT,下同)污染有密切联系。因此,玉米的防霉是急待解决和值得研究的课题。我区地处亚热带,气候条件极利于各种霉菌的生长和繁殖,玉米霉变的主要环节在于田间收获期和收获后的处理期以及储存保管期,为进一步探讨玉米霉变环节及其规律,为制定防霉措施提供依据。我们与天等县防疫站、县农业局配合,对玉米进行综合防霉试验,现将实验结果报告如下。     

浅谈霉菌毒素及对养猪业的危害

正一、霉菌毒素概述霉菌毒素是霉菌产生的高毒性次级代谢产物。目前,霉菌主要分为作物在收获前产生的田间霉菌和作物收获后产生的仓储霉菌,产生霉菌毒素的霉菌不仅损害饲粮作物,还会对各种饲料和食物生产造成巨大损失,直接影响人和动物的健康,甚至引发疾病和死亡。霉菌毒素根据不同霉菌产生的毒素可分为黄曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯旋毒素、烟曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、     

花生黄曲霉毒素污染状况及防控技术

叙述了目前主要花生进口国对花生黄曲霉毒素限量要求和我国花生黄曲霉毒素污染状况，提出在花生生产环节引发污染的6个原因。重点应从品种选用、地下害虫防治、田间管理、及时收获和安全储藏等方面控制污染。     

高水份玉米在贮藏期间真菌的生长和干物质的损失

作者测定了1978年和1979年刚收获的高水份玉米(22.9—25.6%)在贮藏期间二氧化碳,麦角固醇,黄曲霉毒素,真菌感染率,水份含量及温度的变化。玉米是贮藏在二个100蒲式耳的箱子中,并且从箱的底部以0.17—0.66米~3/分钟/吨的量通风。在箱的顶部真菌侵害最严重而在底部则侵害最轻。实验结果表明:(1)在干物重损失达0.5%以前不会受到真菌侵害和黄曲霉毒素污染。(2)谷物上接种物的起始量对贮藏期间真菌的侵害程度有决定性的影响,尤其是黄曲霉。当表面霉菌通过在一股空气流中搅动被去除时,标准的直观检查方法已不能充分地揭示玉米样品内部真菌的污染。     

紫外线照射黄曲霉毒素B_1污染的花生油急性鸭雏毒性实验

近十余年来,黄曲霉毒素的毒性和致癌作用已受到国内外高度重视,这类毒物分子结构和衍生物种类极多,其中以黄曲霉毒素B_1(以下简称AFTB_1)毒性最强,它广泛的存在自然中.各类粮油及其加工品,由于多种原因,在收获、贮藏、     

黄曲霉的产毒性及氨对霉菌纯培养物的作用

我们的实验证实用氨熏蒸含黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFTB_1)的稻谷可以有效地降解毒素,抑制和杀灭污染稻谷的霉菌。对未经熏蒸的稻谷表面及谷粒内部霉菌分析得知黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉、白曲霉、土曲霉、构巢曲霉等为其优势污染菌。其中黄曲霉占被分离霉菌总数的40—70％。了解氨对霉菌纯培养物的作用及对黄曲霉产毒能力的影响,可以为氨熏蒸降解AFTB_1技术提供理论依据,故进行了此项试验。     

畜禽饲料黄曲霉毒素的污染及其控制技术

黄曲霉毒素污染是畜禽饲料普遍存在的问题,它不仅影响畜禽动物的健康生长,而且通过食物链危害消费者的健康,探索寻求合理有效的预防控制技术措施,已经引起全球的高度关注。总结了近年来在畜禽饲料黄曲霉毒素(AF)方面的研究进展及成果。     

用污染黄曲霉毒素B_1的玉米做米凉粉试验

黄曲霉毒素B_1是一种极毒且又是强致癌性的霉菌毒素,它严重地污染着花生,玉米等食品,这已为大家所熟知。但是,对那些被黄曲霉毒素B_1污染的粮食又如何处理,以便更好地利用呢?这是大家所关心的问题。最近我们用已被黄曲霉毒素B_1污染的玉米,在实验室内按正常工序加工制成米凉粉。经分析测定表明,原来含250PPb黄曲霉毒素B_1的玉米,制成米凉粉后已检测不出黄曲霉毒素B_1。下面就把     

食品中黄曲霉毒素检测技术的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素主要是由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉产生的次级代谢产物,在自然界中尤其是湿热地区分布广泛,污染范围广,具有强致癌和致突变性。目前,用于检测黄曲霉毒素含量的技术主要包括大型仪器分析技术和免疫分析技术。对当前黄曲霉毒素检测技术的研究进展进行简要综述,旨在为食品中黄曲霉毒素的检测分析提供参考。     

变黄米污染黄曲霉毒素B_1规律的研究

本文从浙江地区早稻收获前气候条件出发,针对变黄谷中黄曲霉毒素 B_1(以下筒称 AFT B_1)污染严重的问题,着重探讨了黄曲霉菌侵染稻谷的条件、生长繁殖速度和产毒规律,明确了稻米中黄粒米含量和 AFT B_1检出量无明显相关性。指出了在同等条件下黄谷比正常谷污染 AFT B_1快,产毒量高。得出了变黄湿谷必需在三天内将水份烘晒至15%以下,方以避免 AFT B_1污染的结论。     

花生黄曲霉侵染抗性持久性及种皮完整性对产毒的影响

花生种子及制品极易受黄曲霉菌侵染。利用不同的抗病种质为材料,对黄曲霉菌侵染抗性的持久性以及种皮完整性对产毒的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在常温条件下,抗黄曲霉侵染的花生种子至少可以安全贮藏7个月,其与新鲜种子受黄曲霉菌侵染后的发病率和发病指数差异不显著。但是,贮藏9个月的花生种子其抗病能力明显降低。完整种皮对黄曲霉菌产毒能力的影响在抗侵染与感病种质之间存在较大差异。对于抗黄曲霉侵染种质,受黄曲霉菌侵染后,具备完整种皮的种子比破损种皮种子的毒素含量低;对于感病种质,受黄曲霉菌侵染后,具备完整种皮的种子比破损种皮种子的毒素含量高。有关成分分析表明,高含油量、高蛋白质含量和高油酸资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性较差。相关分析表明,不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌的侵染抗性与油酸含量呈显著负相关,与亚油酸含量呈显著正相关;不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌产毒的抗性与含油量呈显著负相关。通过鉴定和筛选,发掘出2份优质抗病资源G845和G8。     

Flavonoids as Flower Pigments: The Formation of the Natural Spectrum and its Extension by Genetic Engineering

Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize (Lea mays L.) gram by Aspergillns spp. is a concern to both producers and consumers of maize. Aflatoxms are carcinogenic to animals and have been linked to liver cancer in humans. The most desirable solution for eliminating or reducing aflatoxin contamination is to identify and/or develop sources of resistance. However, only a few genetic studies, which utilized a limited amount of genetic material, have been conducted. A thorough review and consolidation of information from these studies was deemed necessary. The purpose of this paper is to present a current, critical review on aspects of infection by Aspergillus, role of insects, inoculation techniques, and sources and genetics of resistance as they relate to aflatoxin production in maize. Damage to maize kernels by insects, especially the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), and corn ear-worm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), has been associated with high aflatoxin levels. Artificial inoculation techniques that damage maize kernels generally result in the highest and most consistent aflatoxin levels. Although, a relatively large amount of maize germplasm has been screened for resistance and varying levels of resistance have been identified, additional germplasm needs to be systematically evaluated. To date, there are no known genotypes with complete resistance. Results from the few genetic studies indicated that additive genetic effects controlled resist-Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) gram by Aspergillns spp. is a concern to both producers and consumers of maize. Aflatoxms are carcinogenic to animals and have been linked to liver cancer in humans. The most desirable solution for eliminating or reducing aflatoxin contamination is to identify and/or develop sources of resistance. However, only a few genetic studies, which utilized a limited amount of genetic material, have been conducted. A thorough review and consolidation of information from these studies was deemed necessary. The purpose of this paper is to present a current, critical review on aspects of infection by Aspergillus, role of insects, inoculation techniques, and sources and genetics of resistance as they relate to aflatoxin production in maize. Damage to maize kernels by insects, especially the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), and corn ear-worm (Helicoverpa Zea Boddie), has been associated with high aflatoxin levels. Artificial inoculation techniques that damage maize kernels generally result in the highest and most consistent aflatoxin levels. Although, a relatively large amount of maize germ-plasm has been screened for resistance and varying levels of resistance have been identified, additional germplasm needs to be systematically evaluated. To date, there are no known genotypes with complete resistance. Results from the few genetic studies indicated that additive genetic effects controlled resistance to aflatoxin contamination in maize. Aflatoxin production on maize grain appeared to be greatly influence by the environment. Further genetic studies, utilizing additional germplasm, are warranted for a better understanding of the nature of resistance to asflatoxin contamination in maize. Future research needs and plans relative to resistance to aflatoxin contaminaton in maize are presented.     

Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

基于国产基础软件的蔬菜病虫害识别防治系统的设计与实现

为提升蔬菜生产管理和蔬菜质量安全水平,建立方便、实用、低成本的蔬菜病虫害识别防治系统,本研究基于国产基础软件,搭建了基于中间件的系统运行支撑平台,采用拖拽式向导模式构件技术,构建了蔬菜病虫害识别防治系统,并在海南省进行了推广和应用。系统实现了关于蔬菜病虫害的知识浏览、智能诊断、农事指导三个核心功能,实现了基于国产基础软件运行环境对蔬菜病虫害识别防治的信息化管理。系统有效地帮助植保人员对蔬菜病虫害进行了识别防治,对增强蔬菜种植管理水平和提升农业生产信息化水平起到了一定的促进作用。     

作物病虫害遥感监测研究进展

近年来,随着信息技术的迅速发展,遥感作为一种快速监测手段已经被运用到作物病虫害监测中.本文阐述了作物病虫害遥感监测的基本原理及特点,重点介绍了国内外在其技术方法上的研究进展,提出了生产应用中的技术流程.进一步分析了当前本领域研究中的难点,展望了其应用前景,以期为棉花病虫害遥感监测研究提供借鉴与参考.     

水稻病虫害为害自助式识别检索

为了方便种粮大户及基层农技人员和农药经营人员识别水稻主要病虫害,做到及时、对症下药,提高防治效果,确保稻米质量安全。通过开展水稻田间病虫及为害状调查与观察,并对害虫特征和病虫为害状进行了数码采集;在总结了前人经验基础上,分析了不同病虫为害特点及区别,构建基于作物不同部位病虫为害状为基础的二叉树结构检索表,再与田间为害状和所拍摄的数码照片比对核查,形成自助式水稻病虫害检索模式。新检索方法具有通俗易懂,操作简单,与以往病虫分开、害虫以成虫特征为主的检索模式相比,更加贴近生产实际,容易为基层人员所接受和掌握,达到快速识别、自我诊断目的,有利于提高对病虫诊断的准确性,进而开展对症防治。     

长江农场水稻病虫害综合防治系统研究

摘 要：为提高上海长江农场水稻病虫害防治水平和管理人员工作效率,节省人力物力,构建了长江农场水稻病虫害综合防治系统。系统以.NET 2.0为开发平台,以SQL SERVER 2000为数据库管理系统,合理设计系统框架,实现了用户需要的各种功能。本研究结合上海市长江农场水稻病虫害防治实际需求,首先对水稻病虫害数据进行常规采集,在数据采集的基础上对病虫害的发生进行预测和预警,在发现病虫害症状时可以进行诊断,并根据诊断结果提供防治建议和方案,构建了一个采集—预测—诊断—防治一体化的水稻病虫害综合防治平台。系统基于B/S模式构建,较好的解决了长江农场水稻生产中的病虫害防治问题。     

气候变化对水稻病虫害发生发展趋势的影响

摘要：以贺州市为例,利用其近20年来地面气象观测站气候资料及贺州市八步区植保站相应年份水稻病虫害资料,通过回归相关分析等统计方法,得出相关密切的几大气候因子,分析其历年来变化对水稻病虫害发生发展趋势影响。结果表明：冬季最低温度等主要6项气候因子影响贺州市水稻病虫害发展趋势,且6项气候因子的变化均有利于水稻病虫害发展加剧,即随着气候变化,贺州市水稻病虫害有不断加剧严重趋势。     

Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.

Several resistance sources and resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) have been identified. Based on this knowledge, experiments were initiated toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) to confirm earlier determinations on resistance traits of germplasm sources and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each of the traits, and (2) upon estimation of the degree of QTL effects on each trait, to generate a maize population, with chemical and physical resistance to Aspergillus spp. and ear-feeding insects, for inbred development. A 2-year field experiment to evaluate selected genotypes inoculated with A. flavus and infested with corn earworm revealed that significant variation exists among the genotypes for aflatoxin contamination and corn earworm damage. The protection of maize ears against aflatoxin contamination was primarily dependent on resistance to fungal infection and ear-feeding insects, and excellent husk coverage and tightness. A major QTL (p1) identified on chromosome 1S had effects of 54.0, 42.1, and 28.3% on the phenotypic variability for concentrations of silk maysin, 3′-methoxymaysin+apimaysin, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Markers/QTLs for husk phenotypic traits and total aflatoxin concentrations have been determined, but more detailed mapping of these chromosomic regions will be necessary to locate precise markers/QTLs for husk traits and aflatoxin production. Realizing the complexity of the Aspergillus–aflatoxin-maize system and the factors affecting aflatoxin contamination, we are directing our program toward marker-assisted breeding to enhance or improve general genetic resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp.     

基于微信公众平台的枣树病虫害专家诊断系统开发

为快速传播并普及枣树病虫害知识,使用农业专家系统提高枣树病虫害诊断及管理效率,基于微信服务号公众平台,采用php脚本语言及mysql数据库开发出枣树病虫害专家诊断系统"JujubaExpert2020".该系统包括病虫诊断、栽培历史及枣树资讯3个功能模块,核心功能为枣树主要病虫害数据库和专家诊断论坛.用户可以通过关键字...