生长季水曲柳树干液流密度的特征

应用热扩散技术测定帽儿山不同径级水曲柳样木生长季的树干液流,初步分析和对比优势木、中等木和被压木树干液流密度的特征及季节变化趋势。结果表明,水曲柳树干液流密度变化具有明显的昼夜节律性,中等木液流密度变化呈单峰曲线,被压木液流密度变化曲线近似梯形,优势木液流密度变化呈弧形曲线,水曲柳中等木液流密度明显大于被压木和优势木。不同天气条件下液流密度日变化规律大不相同,阴雨天液流密度值较小且变化曲线十分不规则,波动性较大,甚至出现多峰曲线。生长季,优势木和被压木日液流通量最大值均出现在7月初至8月耒,分剐为1032．481／（m^2·d）和l063．78I／（m^2·d）;中等木液流通量最大值出现在6月初至6月末,为2260．911／（m^2·d）;优势木和被压木日液流通量最小值出现在9月份,中等木日液流通量最小值出现在生长季未期。,随季节推移,生长季各月份液流密度均值基本逐渐减小,进入生长季末期（10月）基本处于微弱渡动状态。水曲柳优势木和被压木6月份和9月份液流密度平均值均小于中等木,7月份和8月份液流密度月平均值非常接近;中等木液流密度平均值6月份最大,优势木和被压木的液流密度最大月均值出现在7月份,     

黄土高原半干旱区辽东栎的树干液流动态

利用Granier树干液流测定系统,长期监测黄土高原半干旱区延安市南郊天然辽东栎林优势木的树干液流,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、湿度、太阳辐射、土壤含水量)。分析3株优势木边材液流在生长季内各月份的日变化特征以及液流通量密度与环境因子的关系。结果显示:辽东栎液流日变化总体上与太阳辐射和空气水气压亏缺呈相同趋势,但液流峰值出现时间较早,通常为10:00左右。随着生长季内物候变化,液流通量密度总体表现为前期(4—6月)较低、中后期(7—9月)较高、末期(10月)迅速下降的变化趋势。采用指数饱和曲线函数对液流通量密度和空气水气压亏缺进行拟合,有效地反映了各月份液流通量密度对空气水气压亏缺的响应特征。各月份的曲线特征和拟合参数的差异表明,蒸腾耗水过程也受到土壤水分状况等其他因素的影响。     

北京沙地条件下欧美107杨生长季节日耗水特征研究

以北京沙地107欧美杨(Populus×euramericanacv."74/76")人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)于生长季测定杨树在1d内不同时间和不同方位的液流速率和耗水量,分析杨树水分利用的日变化规律。结果表明:杨树树干东侧液流速率开始增大时间早于西侧1h左右,降低时间早于西侧40min,日周期耗水昼夜间没有明显的停止界限;杨树单木日耗水量与树干胸径和边材面积存在极显著的正相关性(Sig=0.01),相关系数分别为0.8790和0.8860;沙地杨树单木水分消耗量(蒸腾量)为8.44kg/d左右。从时间和方位尺度上了解杨树耗水特征,对北京市及河北坝上地区杨树人工林的经营管理有重要意义。     

刺槐春夏季树干液流变化规律

用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于4-8月对刺槐树干液流进行连续观测,结果表明:刺槐边材液流速率日变化呈宽峰曲线,每日6:50左右启动,13:00左右达到峰值,19:30左右开始迅速下降,没有明显的液流停止界限,夜间有较高的液流存在;夏季液流每天启动的时间早于春季10min左右,达到峰值的时间早于春季1h左右,迅速下降的时间晚于春季1h左右,即夏季液流高峰维持的时间长于春季,但是夏季的峰值、日平均液流速率和液流通量小于春季;树干液流速率与直径关系不大,但日周期单木耗水量随树干直径的增大而增加,与树干直径和边材面积相关显著,相关系数分别为0.983和0.999.     

胡杨蒸腾耗水的单木测定与林分转换研究

利用热脉冲技术,在黑河下游额济纳天然绿洲内测定胡杨单木边材液流在不同位点、方位的变化,结果表明:液流速率随深度的增加而增大,在15 mm处达到最大值,随后随深度增加而减小,越靠近形成层,液流启动越早,减小滞后;在4个方位上,南、西面液流速率远远高于北、东面;南面比西面液流启动较早,下降较快;西面液流速率下降滞后于南面;在北与东面,2个方位液流速率变化不大.在此基础上,采用边材面积作为纯量,对胡杨近熟林耗水量进行了推算.胡杨林边材面积与胸径之间存在较高的相关性,两者之间的关系可以用幂模型很好地拟合.通过实测标准地的胸径分布,推算出林地边材面积的分布,利用热脉冲测定单木液流通量,推算出黑河下游胡杨近熟林年生长期(4-10月)耗水量为3 172 m3·hm-2.     

侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子

利用树干边材液流探针(TDP)和微型自动气象站对北京西山地区侧柏人工林树干秋季不同高度、不同方位、不同径阶边材液流及相关环境因子日周期变化动态进行连续观测,对环境因子与边材液流速率的相关性进行分析.结果表明:同一立木,树干上位边材液流启动早,上升快,到达峰值后随即急剧下降;树干下位边材液流启动时间明显推迟,且上升和下降缓慢;二者之间最大液流速率相差2倍以上.树干不同方位边材液流速率日变化进程有差异,其中南侧树干边材液流速率很低,北侧、西侧和东侧3个方位液流速率较高,边材液流速率与测定部位的边材宽度和冠幅关系不明确.单株树干边材液流速率与树干冠幅、树干直径和边材面积相关不显著,但液流通量随直径的增大而增大,不同径阶单木液流通量波动规律不尽相同.侧柏林分内部环境因子日周期变化规律明显,边材液流速率与主要环境因子相关显著,其中边材液流速率与空气湿度呈负相关,各径阶表现出相同的趋势;边材液流速率与太阳辐射强度和空气温度之间存在极显著的相关性,胸径大的立木呈正相关,胸径小的单株呈负相关;风速对边材液流速率有较大影响;20～40cm土壤层温度对树木耗水有显著的影响,大径阶立木表现为负相关,小径阶立木表现为正相关.以太阳辐射强度、气温、空气湿度、风速、不同层次土温等环境因子作自变量,以边材液流速率作因变量,经过逐步回归,建立侧柏边材液流速率与环境因子的多元线性模型,回归方程极显著.     

木麻黄南北方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响

利用TDP径流计对福建沿海木麻黄南北方位的边材液流动态进行长期监测，并同步检测空气温湿度、太阳辐射等环境因子，分析南北方位液流速率的相互关系、对蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示，木麻黄南北2个方位测得的液流速率存在显著差异和线性相关。木麻黄生长季（5～10月）内单株蒸腾耗水量与日总太阳辐射和昼间平均空气水汽压亏缺的指数饱和曲线拟合效果较好。采用单方位树干液流速率测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与2个方位的测算值相差18．19％。     

用测定木质部液流速度的方法确定树木蒸腾耗水量

本文介绍一种较为简便地测定树木蒸腾耗水量的方法,即在树干的木质部安装热脉冲发生器,定时发出热脉冲,在热源上方一定距离安装热电偶探测器,探测热脉冲到达的时间,确定液流速度,再用生长锥取木芯,测树干心材与边材的直径,计算边材输导面积,其液流速度与边材面积之积即为树冠蒸腾耗水速率,多日连测可以看出树木耗水日进程及季节进程的变化规律。     

用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量

采用热扩散式边材液流探针和环境自动监测系统对北京3种园林树木的树干液流及主要环境因子进行了一个生长季的同步观测.结果表明,3树种树干液流的日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,晴天的液流速率大于多云天和阴天,紫叶李和悬铃木的日耗水量明显大于元宝枫;对不同天气3树种每h的液流速率与相应的环境因子进行逐步回归分析.结果显示,影响3树种液流速率的主要环境因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度、辐射强度和5 cm土层温度,在不同天气里起主导作用的因子不同,环境因子与树干液流之间的数量关系能较好地预测树木的蒸腾耗水量.     

华北落叶松树干液流的个体差异和林分蒸腾估计的尺度上推

2005年6-10月在宁夏六盘山南侧的西峡林场,选择比较均匀的坡面(坡度45°),布设了20m×20m的华北落叶松固定标准地,应用热扩散茎流计连续测定13株树木的树干液流.结果表明:不同径级树木的树干日液流量存在较大差异,在6-7月,其值变化在11.17～24.46kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.298(n=5);在8-10月,其值变化在5.01～22.25 kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.454(n=13).方差分析表明,胸径和液流密度是2个显著影响树干日液流量变异的因子,前者主要通过决定树干边材面积来控制树干液流量大小,它可以解释变异方差的56.9%;树干液流密度可以解释变异方差的34.7%.相关性分析表明,树干液流密度与与林木个体的生长指标(树高、胸径、冠幅和边材面积)无显著相关关系,但与林木的空间指标--树冠重叠度呈显著线性负相关(r=-0.668),即树干液流密度随树冠重叠度增加而降低,说明树干液流密度主要受其林木所处的空间位置及周围树木遮荫影响而发生变化.最后,利用树干液流密度与树冠重叠度之间的关系,提出基于林木空间差异估计华北落叶松林分蒸腾量的方法,并与常用的基于边材面积的尺度转换方法进行对比.结果表明,2种方法估计的林分日蒸腾量的数值变化趋势基本相同,但基于林木空间差异的方法估计的华北落叶松林分平均日蒸腾量为1.15mm·d-1,而基于边材面积的方法的估计值为1.32mm·d-1,前者低于后者13.13%,说明不考虑林木空间特征可能会导致林分日蒸腾量估计值偏大.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.