Comparison of Rhizosphere Impacts of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Differing in Phosphorus Efficiency on Acidic and Alkaline Soils

A glasshouse study was conducted to compare the rhizosphere characteristics of two wheat genotypes, Xiaoyan54 (XY54) and Jing411 (J411) on two soils. The results showed that supplying phosphorus (P) increased the biomass and P content of two wheat lines significantly on alkaline soil, but P fertilization altered their biomass and P content on acidic soil only slightly. XY54 decreased rhizosphere pH more significantly than J411 on Fluvo-aquic soil without P addition, but similar acidity ability was shown when P applied. On red soil, two wheat genotypes showed similar rhizosphere pH. Two wheat lines showed similar rhizoshphere phosphatase activity on alkaline soil, whereas XY54 demonstrated greater rhizoshphere phosphatase activity than J411 on acidic soil. Rhizoshphere phosphatase activities of two wheat lines on acidic soil were greater than alkaline soil. Therefore, stronger acidity on alkaline soil and greater phosphatase activity on acidic soil are principal rhizosphere mechanisms for XY54 to adapt to low-P soils.     

Growth,phosphorus uptake,and rhizosphere microbial‐community composition of a phosphorus‐efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH

In a pot experiment, the P‐efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Goldmark was grown in ten soils from South Australia covering a wide range of pH (four acidic, two neutral, and four alkaline soils) with low to moderate P availability. Phosphorus (100 mg P kg^–1) was supplied as FePO₄ to acidic soils, CaHPO₄ to alkaline, and 1:1 mixture of FePO₄ and CaHPO₄ to neutral soils. Phosphorus uptake was correlated with P availability measured by anion‐exchange resin and microbial biomass P in the rhizosphere. Growth and P uptake were best in the neutral soils, lower in the acidic, and poorest in the alkaline soils. The good growth in the neutral soils could be explained by a combination of extensive soil exploitation by the roots and high phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, indicating microbial facilitation of organic‐P mineralization. The plant effect (soil exploitation by roots) appeared to dominate in the acidic soils. Alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in acidic soils were lower than in neutral soils, but strongly increased in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil, suggesting that microorganisms contribute to P uptake in these acidic soils. Shoot and root growth and P uptake per unit root length were lowest in the alkaline soils. Despite high alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in the alkaline soils, microbial biomass P was low, suggesting that the enzymes could not mineralize sufficient organic P to meet the demands of plants and microorganisms. Microbial‐community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester (FAME) analysis, was strongly dependent on soil pH, whereas other soil properties (organic‐C or CaCO₃ content) were less important or not important at all (soil texture).     

Response of phosphomonoesterases in soils to chloroform fumigation

The chloroform fumigation technique has been successfully employed to quantify intracellular and extracellular urease and arylsulfatase activities in soil. In this study, the same approach was evaluated for its ability to differentiate between various pools of phosphomonoesterase activities in soils and reference proteins purified from plant and microbial sources. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were assayed in 10 surface soils and reference proteins at their optimal pH values before and after chloroform fumigation and in the presence and absence of toluene. Chloroform fumigation decreased the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in soils, on average, by 6 and 8%, respectively. Similarly, the activities of two purified reference enzyme proteins were decreased after fumigation, with acid and alkaline phosphatase activities exhibiting a reduction of 17 and 8%, respectively. Toluene treatment caused an increase in the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases by 8 to 18% in nonfumigated soils, but showed no effect in the fumigated soils. Average enzyme protein concentrations, calculated for the 10 soils based on the activity values of the soils and the specific activity of the purified enzymes (i.e., activity values per mg protein), were 22.5 and 2.1 mg protein (kg soil)^—1 for acid and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. The decrease in enzyme activity by the fumigant was either by direct denaturing of the periplasmic and extracellular portion of the particular protein after lysis of the microbial cell membrane, by absorption and/or inhibition of the released phosphomonoesterases by organic and inorganic constituents or by degradation of the protein by soil proteases. The ratios of acid phosphatase protein concentrations relative to organic C in six soils were significantly, but negatively correlated with soil organic C, suggesting differences in organic C quality. Comparison of the activity values of soil phosphatases with those of the protein concentrations present in soils indicated that alkaline phosphatase has greater catalytic efficiency than does acid phosphatase.     

Phosphomonoesterase,phosphodiesterase, phosphotriesterase,and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities in forest soils in an alpine area: effect of pH on enzyme activity and extractability

We investigated different types of phosphatase activity (phosphomono-, phosphodi-, phosphotriesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase) in five forest soils in Vorarlberg, Austria. Phosphatase activity was determined both in soils and in soil extracts prepared with different solutions (distilled water, 0.1M sodium pyrophosphate at pH 7, 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer/1M KCl at pH 6.5, and a modified universal buffer at pH 4, 6.5, 9, and 11). High phosphomonoesterase activity in these soils indicated a severe deficiency in available P. Acidic phosphomonoesterase prevailed over alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity. Phosphodiesterase was highest in the least acidic soil but no general trend towards an optimum pH was recognized. Phosphotriesterase activity was observed in only two of the five soils and favoured an alkaline optimum pH; this activity was not detected in strongly acid soils. Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was high in soils with no phosphotriesterase. Phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities were much lower in soil extracts than in soils.     

Phosphatases in soils

Most studies on phosphatase activity in soils have been concerned with acid phosphatase. This study was conducted to determine the activity of phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases), phosphodiesterase, and “phosphotriesterase”. The results indicate that acid phosphatase is predominant in acid soils and that alkaline phosphatase is predominant in alkaline soils. With universal buffer, the pH optima of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase were at pH 10. The activities of these phosphatases in soils were much lower than those of the acid and alkaline phosphatases. Studies on the effects of various soil treatments on the activity of phosphatases in soils indicated that air-drying increased the activity of acid phosphatase and phosphotriesterase, decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, but did not affect the activity of phosphodiesterase. Steam sterilization of soils at 121 C for 1 h inactivated alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and phosphotriesterase, but did not completely inactivate acid phosphatase. Addition of toluene to the incubation mixture did not markedly affect the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, but increased the activity of phosphotriesterase in soils.Studies of the kinetic parameters of phosphatases in the soils studied showed that the K_m values ranged from 1.11 to 3.40 mm for acid phosphatase. from 0.44 to 4.94 mm for alkaline phosphatase, and from 0.25 to 1.25 mm for phosphodiesterase. Expressed as μg p-nitrophenol released·h^?1·g^?1 soil, the V_max values ranged from 200 to 625 for acid phosphatase, from 124 to 588 for alkaline phosphatase, and from 46 to 127 for phosphodiesterase. The substrate of phosphotriesterase (tris-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) is insoluble in water; hence, the K_m and V_max values of this enzyme in soils could not be determined.     

我国主要土壤剖面酶活性状况

本世纪五十年代以来,由于科学的发展以及新技术的引入,土壤酶的研究愈来愈为人们所重视。试验研究已证明,土壤酶是土壤的组成分之一。     

Soil pH and phosphatase activity

Abstract

Approximately twenty years before this study, a site that consisted of a mixed oak forest was harvested, cleared, and divided into three treatment areas consisting of approximately 20 acres each. The three areas were planted to oak (forest), grass (grassland) and corn (agricultural) respectively. The influence of pH on the rate of phosphatase activity was determined over a broad range of soil pH in soil sampled from each treatment area. Phosphomonoesterase activities were measured at a pH of 2 through 12 and phosphodiesterase activities determined at a pH of 4 through 12. In the forest soil only a acid phosphomonoesterase was detected whose pH optima was maximal at the measured soil pH of 4.9. A neutral phosphomonoesterase was found in the grassland soil, pH 6.6, with a broad pH optima ranging from 4.6 to 7.0, while the detection of an acid phosphatase and a alkaline phosphatase, with a pH optima of 4.8 and 11.0 respectively, was found associated with the agriculture soil with a measured pH of 7.2. Phosphodiesterase activity was optimum or near optimum at the measured pH of each soil examined. The released phosphatases apparently have different pH optima in relation to maximal activity suggesting the presence of different kinds of phosphomonoesterases and phosphodiesterases and perhaps that the enzymatic reaction in soil is catalyzed by more than one enzyme or by multiple forms of the same enzyme. The results of the study would indicate that a relationship exists between soil pH and (1) the synthesis and release of phosphatases in soil, (2) the complexion of the organisms producing the enzymes and (3) phosphatase stability or conformation. Based upon the results of the study, the analysis of phosphatase activity at the measured soil pH would seem to be a necessary part of any investigation designed to determine the contribution of phosphatase enzymes to the cycling of P.     

The use of biological methods to determine the microbiological activity of soils under cultivation

Summary In Ap horizons of typical arable soils under cereals in Northwest Germany, biological activity was estimated by measuring microbial activity. Twelve soils on local farms and six soils on a research farm were analysed. Microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity were compared with the biological availability of P, an index describing the relationship among several P fractions that has been used in ecological agriculture. The correlation between the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity was strong but the correlation between the biological availability of P and the enzyme activities was weak. In contrast, in the farm fields, there was a significant correlation between the microbial biomass and the biological availability of P. The correlation between the biological availability of P and pH was highly significant (r=0.65–0.93^***). Explanations for these correlations are discussed and proposals for further investigations are made. (1) Is the pH effect a direct chemical one or an indirect biological one? (2) Which soil organisms affect the biological availability of P in contrast to the microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity? (3) Is the method suitable for the investigation of all arable soils?     

Changes in soil biological activities under reduced soil pH during Thlaspi caerulescens phytoextraction

Phytoextraction of soil Cd and Zn may require reduction in soil pH in order to achieve high metal uptake. Reducing the pH of high metal soil, however, could negatively affect soil ecosystem function and health. The objectives of this study were to characterize the quantitative causal relationship between pH and soil biological activities in two Zn and Cd contaminated soils and to investigate the relationship between metals and soil biological activities under low pH. Soils were adjusted to five or six different pH levels by sulfur addition, followed by salt leaching. Thlaspi caerulescens was grown for 6 months, and both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil biological activities were tested after harvest. Reducing pH significantly lowered soil alkaline phosphatase activity, arylsulphatase activity, nitrification potential, and respiration. However, acid phosphatase activity was increased with decreasing pH. The relationship between soil biological activities and pH was well characterized by linear or quadratic regression models with R² values ranging from 0.57 to 0.99. In general, the three enzyme activities, nitrification potential, and the ratio of alkaline phosphatase to acid phosphatase activity were very sensitive indicators of soil pH status while soil respiration was not sensitive to pH change. The rhizosphere soil had higher biological activities than non-rhizosphere soil. The negative effects observed in the non-rhizosphere soil were alleviated by the rhizosphere influence. However, rhizosphere soil after 6 months phytoextraction showed lower nitrification potential than non-rhizosphere soil, probably due to substrate limitation in our study.     

Microbiological rates and enzyme activities as indicators of functionality in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar toxic spill

This study focused on the potential of using soil enzyme activities and general microbiological rates (respiration, N-mineralisation, nitrification) to evaluate the quality of soils affected by a pyrite mud spill which contained high concentrations of heavy metals. The quality of soils after restoration was estimated by comparing enzyme activities and general microbiological rates in three different types of experimental field plots: (i) non-polluted, (ii) polluted but restored, and (iii) polluted but un-restored soils. Non-polluted soils showed the highest levels of enzyme activity. Significant differences were detected for acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and urease activities between all types of plots. However, arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase activities showed no significant differences between the restored plots and polluted but un-restored plots. Geometric mean statistics were used as an index of soil quality in terms of overall: (i) bioavailable heavy metal concentrations, (ii) assayed enzyme activities, and (iii) general microbiological rates, in order to compare plots differing in the degree of pyritic mud pollution. The results indicate that it is important to consider these three criteria in to estimate the soil quality of heavy-metal contaminated soils. Typically, enzyme activities were negatively correlated with bioavailable Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations, but positively with soil pH values. In contrast, pH values were negatively correlated with bioavailable concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. It is unclear if the generalised lower enzyme activities found in restored soils, compared to non-polluted soils, is promoted by pH or bioavailable heavy metals concentrations, or a combination of both.     

碳酸钙和根际作用对酸性红壤解磷微生物丰度的影响

选用玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,设置不添加碳酸钙(CK)、每千克土添加0.3g碳酸钙(Ca-0.3)和0.5g碳酸钙(Ca-0.5)3个碳酸钙处理,以相应处理未种植物土壤为非根际对照土壤,研究了碳酸钙和根际作用对酸性红壤磷酸酶活性及解磷微生物相关功能基因phoC和phoD丰度的影响。结果表明:碳酸钙添加能有效改善玉米生长,促进地上部氮、磷、钾和钙的吸收。土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,表明酸性土壤中ACP在矿化有机磷方面占主导地位。根际土壤ACP、ALP活性和phoD基因拷贝数均显著高于非根际,而仅Ca-0.5处理ALP活性和phoD基因拷贝数显著高于CK,说明根际效应强于碳酸钙处理。phoC基因拷贝数与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量存在显著相关性,ALP活性和phoD基因拷贝数与土壤pH及铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、交换性钙含量均存在显著相关性。可见,碳酸钙和根际作用均影响酸性土壤解磷微生物功能和丰度,但根际效应更加明显,这些作用与土壤理化因子的改变密切相关。     

基于不同方法测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的比较

土壤酸性磷酸酶与有机磷的矿化及植物的磷素营养关系最为密切。目前国内学者在测定酸性磷酸酶活性时主要参照关松荫《土壤酶及其研究法》中以磷酸苯二钠为基质的测定方法,而国外学者主要参照Dick《Methods of Soil Enzymology》中以对硝基苯磷酸二钠为基质的测定方法(PNPP)。但是,在以磷酸苯二钠为基质测定生成物的过程中,常出现显色程度不明显的问题;另外,采用不同基质测定酸性磷酸酶活性也造成了测定方法选择的困难。为合理选择土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的测定方法,本研究选用酸性、中性和碱性土壤各10个土样,分别采用以磷酸苯二钠为基质,且在显色阶段分别加入pH5.0醋酸盐缓冲液(DPP 1)和pH9.4硼酸盐缓冲液(DPP 2)的方法,以及PNPP方法测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性。同时也研究了不同pH缓冲液和苯酚浓度对生成物显色反应的影响。结果表明:以磷酸苯二钠为基质、在显色反应阶段加入pH≤6的缓冲液时,苯酚和2,6-二溴苯醌氯亚胺不显色;当加入pH≥8的缓冲液时,两者之间显色且苯酚浓度和吸光值的Pearson相关系数极显著。这说明pH低是导致高苯酚浓度和2,6-二溴苯醌氯亚胺显色效果差的一个主要原因。此外,采用PNPP方法测定时,在酸性、中性和碱性土壤中,10个样本酸性磷酸酶活性的变异系数分别较DPP 2增加了70.04%、42.44%和21.17%;极差分别是DPP 2的27.18倍、26.85倍和39.43倍。总之,如果选用磷酸苯二钠为基质测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,应在显色阶段加入碱性硼酸盐缓冲液;选用对硝基苯磷酸二钠为基质,是更为简单和灵敏的方法。     

缓冲液种类对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

土壤酸性磷酸酶影响土壤有机磷矿化。选择不同的缓冲液种类和不同p H值测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,可影响数据的可比性。为明确缓冲液及p H值对不同土壤磷酸酶活性的影响程度,选取p H值4～8的土壤样本,测定了在醋酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸盐缓冲液和MUB缓冲液3种不同培养条件下酸性磷酸酶活性变化。结果表明,采用MUB缓冲液条件可获得较稳定的土样区分序列,且与缓冲液的p H值的变化无关。在醋酸盐缓冲液和柠檬酸盐缓冲液条件下,不同p H值范围的不同土样之间土壤酸性磷酸酶活性变异系数变化剧烈,而采用MUB缓冲液获得的变异系数较其他缓冲液大,且趋势平稳。综合考虑,进行土壤酸性磷酸酶活性测定,可优先选用MUB缓冲溶液。     

设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响

【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同pH和初始C/NO₃–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤pH分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测pH分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理 (CK) 外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐 (C/NO₃–) 的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种pH条件下均设置 4 个 C/NO₃– 水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统 (Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的 N₂O、NO、N₂和CO₂浓度的动态变化,通过计算N₂O/(N₂O + NO + N₂)指数估算反硝化过程N₂O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的pH能显著减少设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO的产生量,酸性 (pH 5.63) 土壤的N₂O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO₃– 比下均显著高于中性 (pH 6.65) 和碱性 (pH 7.83) 土壤 (P < 0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO₃– 下有利于减少反硝化过程N₂O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤pH和初始C/NO₃– 比对土壤N₂O的产生有极显著的交互效应 (P < 0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N₂的产生速率 (P < 0.05),且与对照相比,不同pH的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N₂O向N₂的转化。在不同初始C/NO₃– 下碱性土壤的CO₂产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO₂产生量 (P < 0.05)。酸性土壤的N₂O产物比在不同初始C/NO₃– 下均极显著高于碱性土壤 (P < 0.01),且不同初始C/NO₃– 下的土壤N₂O产物比随pH的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】土壤pH降低是设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N₂O的产生量减少。土壤pH升高和初始C/NO₃– 增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N₂O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤pH和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。     

太湖地区典型水稻土FDA水解酶活性的剖面分布特征

本文主要对太湖地区12个典型水稻土剖面的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性及其它相关酶活性进行了分析。耕作层的FDA水解酶活性最高,随土层加深活性明显下降,其中部分土壤在犁底层已经很难检测到其活性。部分样点的酶活性在剖面中呈明显的梯度下降趋势。高产水稻土壤表层FDA水解酶活性差异较大,在50～100g/(g.h)范围内,多数为60～80g/(g.h)。土壤酶活性最高与最低间的差异达到近一倍左右。同时FDA水解酶活性与-葡糖苷酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性之间有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与碱性磷酸酶呈显著相关(P0.05);与土壤养分指标如全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机碳之间有极显著相关性,与土壤pH呈显著负相关(P0.01)关系。     

pH regulates key players of nitrification in paddy soils

Increasing lines of evidence have suggested the functional importance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) rather than bacteria (AOB) for nitrification in upland soils with low pH. However, it remains unclear whether niche specialization of AOA and AOB occurs in rice paddy wetlands constrained by oxygen availability. Using DNA-based stable isotope probing, we conclude that AOA dominated nitrification activity in acidic paddy soils (pH 5.6) while AOB dominated in alkaline soils (pH 8.2). Nitrification activity was stimulated by urea fertilization and accompanied by a significant increase of AOA in acid soils and AOB in alkaline soils. DNA-based stable isotope probing indicated significant assimilation of ¹³CO₂ for AOA only in acidic paddy soil, while AOB was the solely responsible for ammonia oxidation in the alkaline paddy soil. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that AOA members within the soil group 1.1b lineage dominated nitrification in acid soils. Ammonia oxidation in the alkaline soil was catalyzed by Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB, suggesting that the physiological diversity of AOA is more complicated than previously thought, and soil pH plays important roles in shaping the community structures of ammonia oxidizers in paddy field.     

Does salinity enhance Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase?

The aim of this study was to provide data to assess the additive effects of soil salinity on the toxicity of Cd to soil alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). Two soils (Langroud acid soil and Shervedan calcareous soil) were artificially salinized with NaCl. The natural and salinized soils were treated with CdSO₄ solutions to give a Cd concentration in the range 3–5000 mg kg^?1. Soil alkaline phosphatase activity was measured after 3 days of incubation. Salinity enhanced the extractable Cd concentration in both Langroud and Shervedan soils. The percentage of soil alkaline phosphatase activity inhibited by Cd was significantly increased from 27.8 to 45 in the Langroud acid soil as salinity increased from natural levels to 28 dS m^?1. An increase in the inhibition percentage was not observed in the Shervedan soil. Lower values for the ecological dose causing 50% inhibition (ED₅₀) under saline conditions in the Shervedan soil supported the hypothesis that Cd may be more toxic to soil alkaline phosphatase when the soil is more saline. We conclude that Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase is salinity dependent and that higher Cd concentrations under saline conditions are probably responsible for the enhanced Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase.     

秦岭山脉典型林分土壤酶活性与土壤养分关系的探讨

秦岭作为我国南北方气候的分界线,其上生长着许多独特林分,加之未受到人为活动扰动,故对其包括土壤酶及养分等在内的土壤效应研究具有重要参比性,且可为揭示不同林分的土壤效应及筛选最优林分奠定基础。选取秦岭不同海拔生长的五种典型林分(锐齿栎、油松、华山松、云杉及松栎混交)土壤,分析了7种土壤酶活性和养分变化特征,并探讨了二者间关系及林分的影响。结果表明:不同林分下土壤养分及酶活性变化差异较大,土壤性质强烈受到林分种类及海拔等生态环境条件的影响,其中云杉土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、缓效钾含量均较高,是秦岭山脉生长较好的树种之一;且土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮等养分变化规律较一致;土壤碱性磷酸酶、荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶及总体酶活性(TEI)与土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关,表明林分和海拔对这三种酶的影响与养分是一致的;采用单独土壤酶活性与土壤酶和化学性质复合开展的主成分分析结果一致,获得的综合得分与上述三种酶类达显著或极显著正相关,揭示出它们在一定程度上可表征森林土壤的质量水平,且单一酶类中土壤碱性磷酸酶活性可更容易、简便地反映土壤肥力状况的变化。     

拉巴豆在不同土壤上的结瘤效应、饲用品质

选择重庆市4种具有代表性的土壤（灰棕紫泥两种、红棕紫泥和灰岩黄壤各一种）,接种促生根瘤菌,研究了拉巴豆的结瘤性能、生长情况、光合速率、营养品质及矿质养分等。结果表明,在微酸性和酸性灰棕紫泥土壤上,拉巴豆的生长、生理、光合、产量和品质显著优于灰岩黄壤和红棕紫泥。在微酸性灰棕紫泥（pH 6.14）和灰岩黄壤（pH 6.45）上,接种根瘤菌能形成根瘤,但在酸性灰棕紫泥（pH 4.09）和碱性红棕紫泥（pH 7.50）上,形成根瘤极少或不形成根瘤,说明土壤酸碱度过高和过低均抑制根瘤形成。接种根瘤菌形成根瘤之后,不同程度地改善了拉巴豆氮、磷营养,提高了其净光合速率,促进了生长,增加了生物量,改善了品质。拉巴豆生物量,氮、磷吸收量,收获后土壤有效氮、磷含量与根瘤重量呈显著正相关,故根瘤重量可反映根瘤活性。此外,在微酸性灰棕紫泥土壤中,拉巴豆的根瘤数量虽然比灰岩黄壤少53.32%,但根瘤体积较大,根瘤重量为灰岩黄壤上的1.66倍,接种效应总体上优于灰岩黄壤。所以,在重庆市的拉巴豆栽培中,选择微酸性和酸性灰棕紫泥,并接种根瘤菌有益于高产优质。     

氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和养分有效性的影响

在新疆石河子进行了2年不同氨基酸有机肥施用量的大田试验,测定棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和有效养分含量。结果表明,棉花根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性高于非根际,且脲酶、纤维素酶活性达到显著差异。新陆早8号根际过氧化氢酶活性高于新陆早12号,但蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性低于新陆早12号。根际碱解N呈显著降低,速效P呈增加趋势。膜下滴灌根际和非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、土壤pH及非根际的碱解N、速效P、根际的速效K较淹灌高,而土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、根际碱解N、速效P、非根际的速效K较淹灌低。氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性都有增加作用。土壤pH随着有机肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,根际低于非根际。氨基酸有机肥增加了土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K含量。