钠钾替代对不同基因型棉花钾利用效率的影响

【目的】钾是植物生长发育所必需的营养元素之一,缺钾影响棉花的生长。钠与钾有一些相同的生理功能,钠钾替代和协同作用是提高作物钾效率有效途径之一。研究钠钾替代对不同基因型棉花钾效率的影响,旨在为生产中科学高效利用钾肥提供依据。【方法】于2013~2014年在华中农业大学利用盆栽试验,筛选并获得了钾高效高增产潜力棉花基因型103和钾低效低增产潜力棉花基因型122为试验材料,采用营养液培养对不同K+、Na+浓度处理条件下棉花苗期农艺性状(株高、根长和叶片数)、干物质积累与分配、各部位(根、茎、叶和柄)钾钠含量和钾钠积累量等进行了研究,探讨了钠钾替代作用对其钾素利用效率的影响。【结果】缺钾的条件下,施钠增加了两个基因型的根长,且103增加的幅度大于122;增加了103和122各部位干重和根冠比,而减少了根和茎的钾含量,对各部位钾积累量影响不明显,施钠还能显著提高基因型棉花103的钾利用效率,其为不施钠时的1.37倍。另外,适钾的条件下施钠,两个基因型的根长都有所增加,且103增加的幅度大于122;103和122各部位干重和总干重都显著增加,但二者根和叶钾含量显著降低,除了叶和柄其他各个部位的钾积累量都不同程度的提高;同时,103和122的钾利用效率均增加,103增加了28%,大于122的19%。此外,钾钠交互作用对根长和株高的相对生长速率,各部位干物重和根、叶中钾、钠含量和积累量以及全株钾利用效率都有显著影响。【结论】无论是否施钾、施钠均能增加两个基因型棉花的根长,通过促进根系的伸长来提高棉花对钾的吸收和生物量的积累。缺钾时施钠显著增加了103的钾效率,且适钾时施钠高效基因型103的钾效率增加幅度大于低效基因型122,表明钠钾替代和协同效应对钾高效基因型103比低效基因型122更显著。     

钾对不同钾效率棉花基因型叶片解剖结构的影响

以钾高效高潜基因型HG103和低效低潜基因型LG122为材料,在盆栽条件下研究了钾对不同棉花基因型叶片解剖结构的影响。结果显示:花铃期施钾条件下HG103上部叶主叶脉的上、下表皮细胞排列较LG122紧密和整齐,而下部叶片则相反;缺钾后HG103上部叶主叶脉比LG122发育得好;HG103叶脉维管束木质部具有较多导管数,利于养分和水分等的运输,而LG122木质部导管数相对较少;HG103上部叶叶脉的韧皮部比LG122较为发达,利于光合产物运输。花铃期施钾条件下HG103上部叶的叶肉细胞结构与LG122差别不大,下部叶的栅栏组织则没有LG122排列的整齐。缺钾时,HG103上部叶叶肉的上表皮细胞比LG122排列的较为整齐,栅栏组织和海绵组织形状较规则;而下部叶LG122栅栏组织和海绵组织比HG103分化得好。     

嫁接对不同棉花基因型钾效率的影响

采用全生育期土培盆栽试验,在研究2个棉花基因型钾吸收效率和利用效率的基础上,对未嫁接和经嫁接的自根苗(接穗和砧木为同一基因型)处理的棉花干物质和钾的积累、分配进行比较。结果表明:自根苗植株与未嫁接植株相比,不同棉花基因型在不同钾水平下干物质和钾的积累及分配不同。高效基因型103经过嫁接后营养器官中的干物质和钾比例增加,生殖器官中的干物质和钾减少,产量和钾利用指数下降;低效基因型122经过嫁接后营养器官中的干物质和钾比例减少,生殖器官中的干物质和钾增加,产量和钾利用指数升高。吸收效率因钾水平而异,高效基因型103嫁接后施钾时吸收效率降低,缺钾时升高;而低效基因型122嫁接后施钾时吸收效率升高,缺钾时降低。嫁接对不同棉花基因型产生的效应不同,通过嫁接使不同棉花基因型物质分配趋于平衡。     

不同棉花品种钾素吸收利用差异的比较

采用砂培方式,对苗期筛选出的钾高效的新陆早6号、新陆中15号、新海16号,钾低效的石K7、新陆早10号等5个棉花品种进行了钾吸收与利用效率差异比较。结果表明,在不施钾和施钾条件下,钾高效与钾低效棉花品种在各时期的含钾量、钾积累量和地上部分干物重存在显著差异性。其中,以不施钾条件下钾高效品种新陆中15号表现最为突出,其整个培育期的含钾量、钾积累量和地上部分干物重分别是钾低效品种石K7的1.17、1.47和1.25倍。不同棉花品种钾利用指数也存在差异,以施钾条件下差异明显;生长80、120和140 d,钾高效品种新路中15号钾利用指数分别是钾低效品种石K7的1.40、1.31和1.34倍。     

钾对不同基因型玉米生长、体内钾循环和分配的影响

钾素循环和再利用对维持植物生长和提高钾利用效率非常重要。本文以杂交玉米豫玉23和兴农998为供试作物,采用供应高钾（1.85 mmol/L）和低钾（0.1 mmol/L）营养液的石英砂培养方法,研究不同基因型玉米各器官干重和钾积累及分配、 体内钾在木质部和韧皮部中的循环、 流动及钾效率等。结果表明,低钾处理10 d后,与高钾处理相比,低钾降低两玉米品种各器官干重净增量、 钾浓度、 钾积累量、 钾吸收效率和木质部中钾的运输量,增加钾利用效率和源叶中韧皮部输出的钾,提高钾通过韧皮部的再循环量及占木质部运输总量的比例。低钾处理的豫玉23和兴农998上部叶均为钾库,钾积累量的38.5%和70.3%是由各自中、 下部叶韧皮部输出的钾供给,但体内光合产物和钾向上部叶的运输是不完全同步的过程。两品种比较,低钾处理下的豫玉23较兴农998干重净增量提高,在于前者具有较大根量、 较高钾吸收速率和较多钾素吸收量,木质部中有更多的钾通过叶片韧皮部输出进行循环运输进入上部叶;但豫玉23对介质中钾的吸收大于体内钾的再利用。钾营养高效基因型玉米应该具有较强的吸收和利用体内钾的能力。     

高硼胁迫对纽荷尔脐橙幼苗微量元素吸收与分配的影响

研究高硼胁迫对纽荷尔脐橙幼苗微量元素(B、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mo)吸收与分配的影响,以期为脐橙的硼肥营养生理和生产中科学施用微量元素提供理论依据。以纽荷尔脐橙幼苗为试材,利用营养液培养方法进行高硼处理(B:200μmol/L)和适硼处理(B:20μmol/L,对照),测定根、砧木茎、上部接穗茎、下部接穗茎、上部叶、下部叶6个部位微量元素的含量,并计算各部位微量元素积累量和分配率。高硼胁迫下纽荷尔脐橙幼苗根干物重显著下降,其他部位干物重没有明显变化,且各部位B含量和积累量均显著增加,B在叶片中的分配率也明显提高。Mn、Fe、Zn、Mo主要在根部富集,高硼胁迫使各部位中的Mn含量显著下降,根部Fe含量和积累量也显著降低,但各部位中Mn、Cu、Mo的分配率无明显变化;高硼胁迫显著降低了下部叶Cu含量,也使上部接穗茎Zn含量和积累量显著下降,并且根部和砧木茎Mo含量显著增加。     

低磷胁迫对水稻地上部氮、钾吸收和积累的影响

在盆栽土培条件下,采用耐低磷水稻基因型508T、580T、99011T和99112T及低磷敏感基因型99012S和99056S为材料,研究了不同生育时期,低磷胁迫对水稻氮、钾吸收和积累的影响。结果表明,在分蘖期,低磷处理对水稻体内氮、钾含量的影响较小,但低磷敏感基因型水稻受影响较大;孕穗期,除508T的氮含量变化不明显外,其它基因型体内氮、钾含量均显著增加。在这两个时期,低磷敏感基因型99012S氮、钾含量的变化幅度在所有基因型中最高,而另一个低磷敏感基因型99056S则相反。至成熟期,由于受吸收效率和转运效率的共同影响,不同基因型水稻体内氮、钾含量的变化趋势明显比生育前期复杂,耐低磷基因型水稻茎叶的氮、钾含量与低磷敏感基因型没有明显的差异。在生育前期,耐低磷基因的氮、钾积累量显著高于低磷敏感基因型;生育后期,耐低磷基因型的绝对积累量优势消失,但相对积累量优势变大。     

不同基因型大麦对钾的吸收、积累及分配特性

通过不同供钾水平的土培试验,研究了钾高效基因型大麦Sandrime和钾低效基因型大麦ACWestech对钾素的吸收、积累和分配特性。结果表明：在各生育期,钾高效基因型Sandrime株高和生物量均大于钾低效基因型AC Westech,根冠比小于低效基因型,但钾低效基因型缺钾症状比高效基因型严重;不同钾效率基因型大麦各器...     

钾高效基因型棉花的筛选及其生理机制的研究

通过营养液培养,设缺K和适K处理,进行棉花苗期培养,以苗期干物质的K效率系数(-K/ K)评价K效率差异,从86个不同系谱的棉花品种中分次逐步筛选,获得4个候选品种.对候选品种进行全生育期土培试验,设施K和不施K处理,获得皮棉产量,以皮棉产量的K效率系数(-K/ K)来反映品种间的K效率差异,确定103为K高效高潜力基因型,122为K低效低潜力基因型,163和165为K高效低潜力基因型.103具有较强的吸收土壤速效K、活化土壤缓效K的能力,并以较低的K含量往繁殖器官运输分配,建成较多的子棉和皮棉,这可能是其K高效的机制之一.     

富钾烤烟品种成熟期钾素代谢特征研究

【目的】 研究富钾烤烟品种成熟期钾素代谢特征,有助于了解烟草高效吸收钾的机理,为富钾烤烟基因型的筛选提供参考依据。 【方法】 选用富钾烤烟品种ND202和常规品种K326、NC89进行盆栽试验, 分析了不同烤烟品种生长过程中非根际和根际土壤速效钾含量的变化,成熟期根系生理特性差异,成熟期不同部位钾积累量、钾离子通道和转运体基因表达差异。 【结果】 富钾品种ND202成熟期叶片中的钾积累量极显著地高于K326和NC89,茎和根中的钾积累量品种间差异不显著,ND202全株钾积累量最高,达到10.18 g/株,分别比NC89和K326高109.90%和90.28%,差异达极显著水平。成熟期ND202的平均根鲜重和根体积显著高于K326,根系活力显著高于NC89。ND202根际土壤速效钾含量分别在团棵期极显著低于NC89,在旺长期极显著低于K326,在成熟期极显著低于2个品种,非根际土壤速效钾在成熟期极显著高于NC89和K326。成熟期内流型钾离子通道基因NKT1和NtKC1在不同品种不同部位的相对表达量不同,ND202上部叶中的NKT1表达量显著高于K326和NC89,根、上部叶和中部叶中NtKC1的相对表达量极显著高于NC89和K326,ND202的钾离子通道基因NtTPK1在根、中部叶中极显著高于NC89和K326,有利于钾离子的吸收;ND202下部叶中外流型钾离子通道基因NTORK1的相对表达量极显著低于NC89和K326,钾素外排较少有利于钾含量的提高;钾转运体基因NtHAK1和NtKT12在不同品种不同部位的相对表达量不同,ND202在根、上部叶和中部叶中NtHAK1的相对表达量,在根和上部叶中NtKT12的相对表达量均极显著地高于K326和NC89,有利于钾素运转和积累。 【结论】 富钾品种ND202具有成熟期根系较发达,根系吸收能力较强,钾离子通道和转运体基因相对表达量较高,叶片中钾积累量较大的特征。      

不同钾硼水平下棉花生长及钾硼利用效率的差异

用鄂抗8号棉花为试验材料,以水培的方法研究了不同钾、硼水平下棉花的生长状况及钾、硼的利用效率。结果表明:与正常处理(K 20 mg/L,B 0.2 mg/L)棉花相比,(1)缺钾(K 2 mg/L,B 0.2 mg/L)阻碍棉花地上部正常生长、干物质的积累,叶绿素合成受阻,但促进了根的伸长,缺钾不利于棉株对硼的吸收和利用,增加钾供应量可以促进硼的吸收利用。(2)缺硼(K 20 mg/L,B 0.002 mg/L)不利于棉株生长,棉株干物质积累量减少,不利于棉花对钾的吸收利用。(3)缺钾缺硼(K 2 mg/L,B 0.002 mg/L)时,棉花的生物量、SPAD值和钾、硼积累量均显著降低,钾的利用效率升高了143%,但对硼的利用受到抑制。研究结果表明,缺钾阻碍棉花对硼的吸收利用,缺硼不利于棉花对钾的吸收利用,而缺钾缺硼时,棉花对钾的利用受到促进,对硼的利用受到抑制。     

EVALUATING POTASSIUM-USE-EFFICIENT COTTON GENOTYPES USING DIFFERENT RANKING METHODS

Identification of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes efficient in potassium (K) uptake and utilization, under K-deficient conditions represents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for low-K-input agriculture. It would reduce the costly input of K-fertilizers and manage K resources in agro-ecosystems. We ranked 25 cotton genotypes for their K use efficiency under deficient and adequate K regimes in hydroponics, using two different methods. K deficiency generally reduced cotton growth; however, K-efficient genotypes accumulated more biomass due to higher K uptake. Genotype NIBGE-2 exhibited excellent adaptation potential in terms of high shoot dry weight under both K regimes and ranked as the only most desirable, “efficient-responsive” genotype. Genotype CIM-506 produced low shoot dry weight under low K condition and ranked as “non-efficient.” Genotype Desi okra produced low shoot dry weight at adequate K level and ranked as “non-responsive.” Genotype ranking using two different methods ensured the validity of results.     

Differences in Growth and Potassium-Use Efficiency of Two Cotton Genotypes

To study the differences in growth and potassium (K)–use efficiency of two different K-use-efficiency cotton genotypes, a pot experiment was conducted in 2007. Experimental materials include two cotton genotypes (HG103 and LG122) and two K application levels (0 and 0.23 g kg^–1 soil). The initial dates of various growth stages, plant heights, numbers of leaves, squares, and bolls, and the amount of litter during the whole growing season were recorded. The distribution and accumulation of dry matter and K content in various organs were measured to compare the differences in K-use efficiency. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two genotypes and K levels were found in initial bolling time. At the reproductive growth stage, the plant heights and leaf number of HG103 were less than those of LG122. Greater numbers of squares and bolls were recorded from HG103 than LG122 with K application. Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed in dry matter and K contents in each organ in the two genotypes and K-application levels. The seed cotton yields of HG103 were 3.24 times larger than those of LG122 with K application and 1.77 times larger than those of LG122 with the marginal K treatments. Reproductive-to-vegetative ratios (RVR) and harvest indices (HI) of LG122 were less than those of HG103 whether K was applied or not. The ratios of K in reproductive organs to vegetative organs for LG122 were 0.47 and 0.51 with K application and the marginal treatments, respectively, and for HG103 were 0.66 and 0.75 respectively. The K accumulations in root, stem, and litter of LG122 were more than those of HG103, whereas those in leaves and bolls were less than those of HG103. These results indicated that HG103 transferred more photosynthesis products and K to cotton reproductive organs than LG122.     

不同基因型抗虫棉氮磷钾养分吸收与分配特征

【目的】探讨不同抗虫棉品种植株干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累分配特点,为制定棉花高产栽培管理措施提供依据。【方法】在大田条件下,选用三个抗虫棉品种(冀棉169、鲁棉研21号和岱字棉99B)为研究对象,比较研究了三个品种的干物质积累与氮磷钾吸收特性。【结果】冀棉169产量最高,两年分别比鲁棉研21号提高了27.9%和25.5%,分别比岱字棉99B提高了65.9%和41.1%。三个品种单铃子棉重的变化趋势与产量一致,而单株结铃数和衣分则不同。冀棉169棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量均较高,尤其在生育中后期,营养器官保持最高的氮磷钾养分积累量,促使其干物质积累量显著高于其他两个品种,为棉铃发育提供了充足的物质基础,铃叶比较大,因此结铃最多,单铃子棉重最大,皮棉产量最高,使得养分利用效率也最高。鲁棉研21号棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量均最低,主要是由于营养器官氮磷钾养分快速积累期结束最早,加之向棉铃分配比例最高,从而限制了营养器官的生长发育,影响生育中后期棉铃的发育,使之不仅结铃数最少,单铃子棉重较小,产量也较低。岱字棉99B棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量虽最高,但其快速积累期出现在盛花期以后,棉株贪青,结铃数虽较多,但单铃子棉重最小,使之产量最低,养分利用效率也最低。【结论】不同年代抗虫棉品种产量提高的主要原因是单铃子棉重的增加,其次是单株结铃数的提高。单铃子棉重和单株结铃数的增加主要归因于棉株总生物量和向生殖器官转运量的协同提高,特别是生育中后期保持高的同化物和生殖器官运转比例;而生物量的增加依赖于养分积累量和利用效率的提高。     

Potassium Substitution by Sodium in Root Medium Influencing Growth Behavior and Potassium Efficiency in Cotton Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Potassium (K) deficiency affects cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth. Sodium (Na) can substitute K for some non-specific functions in plants. Four cotton genotypes were evaluated for their growth rates and K use efficiency grown at various K:Na. The cotton genotypes and treatments had significant (p < 0.01) effect on biomass production, growth rate related parameters, K use efficiency, and K: Na ratio. Maximum total dry matter (2.57 g plant^-1) was accumulated by ‘NIBGE-2’ and minimum (1.91 g plant^?1) was by ‘FH-1000’. Maximum K:Na ratio in shoot was obtained by ‘MNH-786’ and minimum was by ‘NIBGE-2’when 1/3rd K was replaced with Na. Genotypes and various treatments significantly (p < 0.05) influenced specific utilization rate (SUR) and K transport rate (KTR). There was a significant relationship (R² = 0.84, n = 60) between shoot dry matter and K: Na ratio in shoot. Overall, the growth was better when K and Na were added in ratio of 3:1.     

Cotton response to zinc fertilizer

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) response to zinc (Zn) fertilization in terms of plant growth and development and yield components. Therefore, the effects of Zn fertilizer (ZnSO4) on cotton plants were investigated in both field experiments and pot trials. Application of zinc sulfate promoted nutrient (N, P, and K) uptake, utilization, and metabolism, slightly increased root and shoot growth, bloom, dry matter production, and improved cotton quality.     

苋菜对钾素吸收和利用上的基因型差异

The kinetics of K^ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth(Amaranthus spp.),an ancient pseudo-cereal that produces a large biomass and a rich source of health nutrients and mineral elements,were studied by means of ion depletion technique and pot experiments.Grain amaranth had a high affinity for K^ absorption comparison with corn and cotton.However,there were differences among Amaranthus spp.in Kabsorption and utilization.Some cultivars such as R104,CX-4,Du001,Hy015 and Hr029 which had a higher rate of K absorption and stronger affinity for K^ were typical varieties with high K-use efficiency(KUE).The results showed that high KUE cultivars grew quickly,possessed stronger ability to take up soil slowly available K and Mineral K,and did not respond to K fertilization in the soil with low available K.Correspondingly,grain amaranth cultivars CX-77,Cr024,Vd001,Re003 and Sn003 were relatively low in KUE,Compared with high KUE cultivars,they took up more soil available K and both of their dry matter accumulation and K uptake responded to K applied significalty.