水分胁迫对几种果树甜菜碱含量的影响

以桃、草莓、板栗和苹果4个树种为试材，测定水分胁迫下其叶片、茎以及根中甜菜碱含量，结果表明：在正常供水条件下，各树种的叶片、茎和根中都有一定量的甜菜碱，不同树种、同一树种的不同部位甜菜碱的含量均不同，其中板栗的甜菜碱含量最高，苹果的含量最低；叶片的甜菜碱含量最高，根部的含量最低。水分胁迫下，各树种的甜菜碱含量都显著增加，但变化幅度不同。甜菜碱含量的变化依胁迫程度而不同。     

水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以三年生'赤霞珠'葡萄为试材,通过控制灌溉量,以黎明前叶片水势(ψb)反映胁迫程度,设置无水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫3个处理,研究了'赤霞珠'葡萄新梢基部(叶1)、下部(叶2)、中部(叶3)、中上部(叶4)、上部(叶5)叶片的糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性,以期明确水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性的影响.结果 表明:中度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均高于对照组,处理前期还原糖含量低于对照组;处理中后期还原糖含量高于对照组;重度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖含量低于对照组、还原糖含量高于对照组;在处理前期,叶3～5可溶性糖含量高于对照组,后期各叶龄叶片可溶性糖含量逐渐低于对照组;中度水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,而重度水分胁迫降低了不同叶龄叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS);水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片中性转化酶(NI)活性、不同叶龄叶片蔗糖合成酶(SS)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性;中度水分胁迫有利于不同叶龄叶片糖分的积累及相关代谢酶活性的提高.     

水分胁迫对‘赤霞珠’不同叶龄叶片光合特性的影响

【目的】探究水分胁迫对葡萄不同叶龄叶片光合及荧光变化规律的影响。【方法】以3 a(年)生‘赤霞珠’葡萄(Vitis vinifera‘Cabernet Sauvignon’)为试材,由黎明前叶片水势(ψb)反映胁迫程度,设置对照(无水分胁迫,CK)、中度水分胁迫(T1)和重度水分胁迫(T2)三个处理,测定‘赤霞珠’葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶面积、叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及Ru BP活化酶和果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶活性。【结果】葡萄叶片叶龄为80 d时,叶面积趋于稳定,T2显著降低了各叶龄叶片的面积,T1与CK无显著性差异;葡萄叶片SPAD值随叶龄的增加而增大,且T1增加了各叶龄叶片SPAD值,T2则降低;Pn、Gs、Tr、Ru BP活化酶和果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶活性随葡萄叶片叶龄的增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并且随水分胁迫程度的增加下降程度增大;水分胁迫不同程度地降低了各叶龄叶片Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、q P,而Fo显著增加,T2增加了各叶龄叶片的NPQ,但随着叶龄的增加,T2叶片NPQ又显著低于其他两个处理。【结论】随‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片叶龄的增加,光合能力呈先上升后下降的趋势,当葡萄叶片叶龄为60~90 d时,光合能力最强。水分胁迫降低了各叶龄叶片的光合效率,重度水分胁迫会阻碍葡萄幼龄叶片的正常发育,并加速老龄叶片的衰老。     

外源甜菜碱对葡萄幼苗抗高温胁迫能力的影响

以1a生酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠扦插苗为试材,研究了不同浓度的外源甜菜碱(GB)对提高葡萄幼苗抗热性的影响。结果表明,在高温胁迫下,叶面喷施不同浓度的GB均能显著降低葡萄幼苗叶片脯氨酸的含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量,维持较低的膜透性,提高葡萄幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,从而提高了葡萄幼苗的抗高温胁迫能力。证明GB对减轻高温胁迫引起的伤害,提高葡萄幼苗的抗热能力具有积极的作用。在所设4种GB浓度中以5.0mmol/L处理效果为佳。     

丛枝菌根真菌对葡萄幼苗抗旱性的影响研究

研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对葡萄幼苗水分代谢及抗旱性的影响,结果表明:正常供水条件和干旱条件下AMF都能影响葡萄苗的水分代谢,改善叶片水分状况,增强蒸腾作用,从而增强其抗旱能力;而干旱胁迫下AMF改善葡萄苗水分状况的作用明显强于正常供水条件下,表明AMF在逆境条件下作用更明显;通过对葡萄苗膜保护系统的影响研究,发现AMF能增强葡萄苗叶片膜保护酶活性,降低植株叶片膜脂过氧化程度,从而缓解干旱对质膜透性的破坏,增强葡萄植株的抗旱性。     

硒对水分胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化指标的影响

研究硒对水分胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片主要抗旱生理生化指标的影响,以期为探索硒元素在葡萄耐旱生产中的应用提供参考依据。以1 a生酿酒葡萄赤霞珠扦插苗为试材,开始水分胁迫后以清水喷施为对照,用0.5mg.L-1（T1）、1.0 mg.L-1（T2）、1.5 mg.L-1（T3）的亚硒酸钠溶液喷施葡萄叶片正反面,定期采样测定...     

等渗透势干旱、盐、碱胁迫下枣和酸枣叶片气体交换的响应

对等渗透势不同种类胁迫(干旱、盐、碱),枣和酸枣叶片气体交换均表现为比较相似的响应.与对照相比,历经60天的干旱、盐或碱胁迫后,5个枣品种及酸枣叶片气体交换响应总体表现为光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(Gs)及气孔限制值(Ls)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增大,但品种、处理、参数间差异明显:Pn减小幅度最大,Ls减小幅度最小;抗逆性强的品种降幅明显较小,以酸枣变幅最小,次为大瓜枣,金丝小枣变幅中等,冬枣、梨枣、泗洪大枣的这些参数的稳定性明显较低,诸参数的响应特性与枣品种综合抗逆性基本一致;碱胁迫的抑制效应大于干旱胁迫或盐胁迫,但相同渗透势下,干旱或盐、碱胁迫间叶片气体交换同一参数的差异不大,尤其渗透势降至-1.15 MPa差异更小;在同类胁迫下,渗透势为-1.15 MPa对气体交换的影响明显大干-0.30 MPa.     

外源褪黑素对臭氧胁迫下‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片光合作用的影响

以盆栽‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,浇施浓度为100 nmol·L~(-1)的外源褪黑素(melatonin)后,在110 n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度胁迫下,测定葡萄叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,并结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析葡萄叶片光合性能的变化。结果表明:浇施褪黑素提高了臭氧胁迫下叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a/b的比值,提高了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和叶片单位面积有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CSm),以及捕获的激子将电子传递到Q_A以后的其他电子受体的概率(Ψ_o),从而缓解了臭氧胁迫下的光抑制程度。结论:外源褪黑素缓解了臭氧胁迫下葡萄叶片叶绿素的降解,通过调节光系统的能量分配,缓解了臭氧胁迫对光合作用的伤害。     

水分胁迫对马瑟兰葡萄果实挥发性物质合成的影响

【目的】探明水分胁迫对马瑟兰葡萄果实挥发性风味物质的影响。【方法】以5年生马瑟兰葡萄为试材，根据黎明前叶片水势设置三个水分处理：对照为无胁迫、轻度胁迫（T1）和中度胁迫（T2），通过控制灌水量使植株维持在目标范围内。分别测定各处理葡萄果实挥发性有机化合物及其相关基因表达等指标。【结果】在马瑟兰葡萄成熟期，对照、轻度和中度水分胁迫分别检测出挥发性有机化合物41、45和36种；轻度胁迫（T1）可显著提高果实挥发性物质种类，分别较对照和中度胁迫（T2）提高了9.7%和25.0%。与对照相比水分胁迫下更有利于葡萄果实中VvCCD1的表达，但不利于VvGPPS和VvHPLA的表达。【结论】适度的水分胁迫可以促进果实中挥发性有机化合物种类和含量的增加。     

不同施氨水平下盐胁迫对灵武长枣苗木光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了盐胁迫（50、150、200mmol／L）下不同浓度氮（100、200、300mg／kg）对灵武长枣苗木植株叶片叶绿素含量、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、净光舍速率、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫显著降低了灵武长枣苗木的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率,提高了胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率,氮素浓度为200mg／kg时,提高了叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率,缓和了胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率的增大趋势。氮素可以在一定程度上增强盐胁迫下灵武长枣苗木的光合能力。     

Water stress induces in pear leaves the rise of betaine level that is associated with drought tolerance in pear

Summary

Mild water stress signi®cantly induced the accumulation of betaine in the leaves of young pear plants (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. `Suly'). The betaine induced by water stress in mature leaves was maintained for about two weeks of re-watering after water stress, and gradually declined two weeks after the relief of water stress, dropping to the normal level one month later. Exogenously foliar-applied betaine slightly improved the shoot growth and the ability of the leaves to resist dehydration, alleviated wilting of leaves under water stress, and promoted recovery of leaves from wilting after re-watering. These ®ndings indicate that the accumulated betaine induced by water stress was associated with drought tolerance in pear.     

乙酰丙酸钾对黄士高原山地红枣生长发育及产量品质的影响

选用9 a生盛果期矮化密植梨枣树为试验材料,研究乙酰丙酸钾叶面喷施对黄土高原山地红枣生长发育及产量品质的影响.结果表明:叶面喷施稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾,对枣树的生长发育、产量和品质都有明显的促进作用,建议在黄土高原区红枣实际生产中采用稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾喷施.     

新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素周年吸收规律研究

为探究新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素的周年吸收规律,以4年生‘无核白’葡萄为试材,采用密闭式营养液循环供给系统栽培,避免了水分和矿质元素的流失,并设置低、中、高浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5倍标准配方浓度)的Hoagland营养液处理。在葡萄植株的生长发育过程中持续测定营养生长(新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶片面积)和生殖生长(果粒横径、果粒纵径、单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸)指标,检测和计算了不同发育阶段葡萄植株对水分和矿质元素的吸收量,并测定葡萄叶片和果实中矿质元素的含量变化。结果表明,中浓度营养液栽培的‘无核白’葡萄长势中庸,果实品质最佳,作为吐鲁番地区葡萄水分和矿质营养吸收量的参考依据,其生理需水量为每年4 149.5m~3·hm~(-2),矿质元素每公顷的吸收量分别为N 227.9 kg,P 22.9 kg,K 325.9 kg,Ca 341.8 kg,Mg 117.8 kg,Fe 1.9 kg,Mn 460.6 g,Cu 182.3 g,Zn 198.1 g,B 728.3 g。花后47~75 d,‘无核白’葡萄植株的水分和矿质元素吸收速率最大。叶片和果实中的矿质元素含量总体呈高浓度营养液处理中浓度营养液处理低浓度营养液处理的趋势。     

Thermal imaging to detect spatial and temporal variation in the water status of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Thermal imaging can detect variation in stomatal conductance and therefore spatial variation in the water status of grapevine. Temporal variation can also be assessed, using indices that relate canopy temperature to reference temperatures, but, as yet, there is no standard approach to obtain these reference values. Also, the potential of above-canopy imaging is uncertain for vine rows with mainly vertically oriented leaves. Thermal images of the side (vertical leaves) and top (horizontal leaves) of ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevine rows were captured on different dates and in different plots in a vineyard in the Rioja, Spain. Reference temperatures were determined separately (i) as the temperature of artificial leaves placed in the grapevine canopy, or (ii) by calculation from the leaf energy budget. With respect to imaging the side of grapevine rows, the two approaches exhibited similar potential to indicate variation in stomatal conductance or stem water potential within a single date and time of day. Over different dates (implying temporal as well as spatial variability) and both sides of the grapevines, the use of the artificial surfaces resulted in stronger correlations between thermal indices and physiological variables than the application of energy budget models. The use of such reference surfaces would allow a standardised approach to thermography. Imaging the top of rows produced some highly significant correlations between thermal indices and physiological variables. Modified artificial leaves could be developed to standardise the determination of reference temperatures, at the same spatial resolution as the leaves of interest. That imaging the top of grapevine canopies provides useful information on water status suggests that aerial imaging could be used to assess spatial variation in water status across entire vineyards.     

黄金梨和鸭梨叶片光合作用的光抑制及其恢复的比较研究

 以黄金梨和鸭梨的连体和离体叶片为研究材料, 在自然光强和模拟光强下测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明: 黄金梨和鸭梨连体叶片经午间强光处理后, 净光合速率( P_n) 、表观量子效率(AQY) 和光系统Ⅱ ( PSⅡ) 的光化学效率(F_v /F_m ) 降低, 初始荧光( F_o ) 升高, 且其降低或升高的幅度随着光强的增强而加大, 说明强光胁迫使叶片发生了光抑制; 黄金梨和鸭梨离体叶片的光抑制程度均随着强光照射时间的延长而加重, 但是在光强减弱或在弱光下恢复2～4 h, 均可基本恢复到正常值, 说明仅强光引起的光抑制是可逆的; 对DTT处理的叶片进行强光处理, 其F_v/F_m比未吸入DTT的叶片低, F_o比对照高, 说明依靠叶黄素循环进行热耗散是梨树叶片防御强光破坏光合机构的重要途径之一; 黄金梨对强光胁迫的忍耐能力和恢复能力较鸭梨弱, 说明梨树光抑制程度品种间有差异。     

CaCl_2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣苗AsA-GSH循环的影响

以酸枣(Ziziphus acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng et M.J.Liu)水培实生幼苗为试材,研究了CaCl_2对NaCl胁迫下其根、茎、叶中抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明:与对照(日本园试配方营养液)相比,NaCl处理下根和叶中AsA含量升高,MDHAR活性升高,APX活性下降;根、茎、叶中GSH含量升高。NaCl+CaCl_2处理与NaC处理相比,根和茎中AsA含量进一步升高,叶中AsA含量下降,叶中APX下降,根中MDHAR活性进一步升高,茎和叶中DHAR活性升高;根和叶中GSH含量下降。外源CaCl_2可能通过提高酸枣实生苗根、茎和叶中AsA再生关键酶MDHAR和DHAR活性,促进根和茎中AsA的再生与生物合成,从而提高根、茎清除过量H_2O_2的能力,缓解NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗根和茎部的伤害。     

Effect of alleviating products with different mode of action on physiology and yield of olive under drought

Two years old self-rooted Koroneiki olive trees (Olea europaea L.) were subjected to two irrigation regimes, i.e. the fully irrigated and the severely water stressed trees, while they were treated with three alleviating products of different mode of action. The products used were the osmolyte glycine betaine, the antioxidant Ambiol and the heat and irradiance reflecting kaolin clay particles. The effects of product application and water regime on leaf characteristics, shoot and root growth, photosynthesis, leaf compatible solids (carbohydrates) concentration and yield were evaluated. All products applied, exhibited significant alleviating action, based on the relative alleviation index. Irrigated trees exhibited greater growth than drought stressed ones, while the ameliorating products maintained the water content of the leaves under drought conditions and resulted in lower leaf tissue density. On the other hand carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and intrinsic water use efficiency were significantly reduced under drought stress, while the opposite stood for intercellular CO₂. Drought stress resulted in elevated sucrose leaf concentration, while the application of Ambiol increased stachyose concentration and that of glycine betaine did the same with the mannitol concentration. Among the alleviating products tested in this experiment Ambiol and glycine betaine had a significant positive effect on leaf water content, photosynthesis and yield under both drought and well irrigated conditions.     

水氮互作对红枣光合特性与产量的影响

以滴灌为条件、设置不同水肥处理,研究水氮互作对红枣光合、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:土壤中增施氮素有利于枣树叶片的净光合速率,而增加土壤水分则会导致枣树叶片的蒸腾速率增大;在设计水平范围内,增加土壤含水量会降低红枣果实的单果重和果形指数;水和氮的产量效应趋势均呈抛物线形,水的正效应和负效应都相对明显,而氮肥的正效应明显,负效应平缓;土壤水分和氮素含量过高会降低红枣果实还原糖与VC含量,蛋白质的含量却随着土壤中氮肥量的增加而增加。     

干旱胁迫对苹果叶片中甜菜碱和丙二醛及脯氨酸含量的影响

以盆栽的富士／八棱海棠和新红星／八棱海棠苹果为试材，初步探讨了不同土壤水分状况下甜菜碱含量的变化及其与抗旱性之间的关系。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下，供试品种叶片内的甜菜碱和丙二醛含量均随着胁迫程度的增加呈显著上升趋势，而脯氨酸则是先减少后随着干旱程度的加重含量明显增加。苹果叶片中的甜菜碱含量与丙二醛含量呈正相关，相关系数为0．9130—0．9853，表明甜菜碱含量也是与果树抗旱性密切相关的生理指标。     

葡萄叶片光合速率日间降低内外因调控的研究

土壤水分充足时,葡萄日间光合速率的下降主要归因于CO2叶肉阻力的升高;光照、叶温和大气湿度可以影响气孔对CO2的阻力,但主要通过影响叶肉阻力来影响光合速率。‘巨峰’和‘长相思’葡萄具有不同的光合作用光响应曲线及其特征参数。