转病毒移动蛋白及复制酶基因烟草的协生和重组风险分析

 对转化番茄花叶病毒 (ToMV)、烟草花叶病毒 (TMV)移动蛋白 (MP)基因和黄瓜花叶病毒P1株系(CMV P1)部分复制酶基因的 3种转基因烟草 ,分别接种马铃薯X病毒 (PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒 (PVY)、CMVRB株系 (CMV RB)和TMV。症状观察和ELISA测定发现 ,各病毒在转基因烟草和非转基因烟草上的症状及病毒浓度没有显著差异 ,表明这些病毒在转基因烟草上没有协生作用发生。对转化ToMVMP基因和转化CMV P1部分复制酶基因的转基因烟草 ,分别接种TMV和CMV RB ,定期进行生物学、ELISA和免疫捕获反转录PCR(IC RT PCR)检测 ,在 16个月的连续测定中未发现病毒重组现象。     

Construction of chimeric viruses based on pepper mild mottle virus using a modified Cre/loxP system

Cre/loxP, a site-specific recombination system, has been widely used for various purposes, including chromosomal translocations, generation of marker-free transgenic plants, tissue-specific activation of a reporter gene and efficient heterologous gene expression in plants. However, stable or transient expression of Cre recombinase in plants can cause chlorosis or necrosis. Here, we describe a modified Cre/loxP recombination system using a DNA fragment flanked with loxP sites in the same orientation in which necrosis induced by Cre recombinase in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was alleviated. The modified system was successfully used to create functional GFP-tagged pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and a chimeric virus with coat protein (CP) substitution assembled from separate pro-vector modules. Our results provide a new strategy and flexible technique to construct chimeric virus and infectious clones for plant viruses with large genomes.     

马铃薯卷叶病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆转化及其转基因后代的表达

根据GenBank中的马铃薯卷叶病外壳蛋白基因(PLRV-CP)全序列,设计一对特异性引物,以马铃薯卷叶病毒RNA为模板,克隆了马铃薯卷叶病外壳蛋白基因,在pBI121的基础上构建了植物表达载体。利用PLO(Poly-L-Ornithine)将PLRV-CP基因导入到马铃薯加工型品种大西洋的原生质体中,获得了转基因后代。在5株转化后代中扩增出长度为610bp的目标DNA片断,说明导入的外源PLRV-CP基因已经整合到马铃薯基因组中。Southern blot分析结果进一步证明了PCR结果的正确性。RT-PCR结果表明,在3株转化后代叶片中具有阳性表达。马铃薯卷叶病毒接种实验结果表明,转基因植株比对照有明显的马铃薯卷叶病抗性。     

Risk Assessment of Synergism and Recombination on the Transgenic Plants Containing Viral Movement Protein and Replicase Genes

The transgenic tobacco plants transformed with movement protein gene of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and partial replicase gene of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) P1 isolate (CMV-P1), were inoculated with Potato virus X, Potato virus Y, TMV and CMV isolate RB (CMVRB), respectively. Symptom observation showed there were no symptom differences in transgenic tobacco plants as compared with those in non-transgenic tobacco plants. ELISA also illustrated that the virus concentrations in the transgenic plants were similar to those in non-transgenic plants, indicating that no synergism is found in these plants. The transgenic tobacco plants expressing movement protein gene of ToMV or partial replicase gene of CMV-P1 were inoculated with TMV and CMV-RB, respectively. The local or systemic infected leaves were then used for elucidation of the possible virus recombination in transgenic plants with biological infectivity test, ELISA and immuno-capture RT-PCR. Within 16 months, no recombination was found between transformed genes and inoculated virus genomes. The research provides fundamental data for understanding of the possible risk of the transgenic plants expressing viral sequences.     

转烟草花叶病毒复制酶基因烟草的病毒抗性研究

对用根瘤农杆菌双质粒法导入烟草花叶病毒复制酶基因的转基因烟草后代的研究表明：转基因烟草抗烟草花叶病毒和马铃薯Ｘ病毒,但感染马铃薯Ｙ病毒,抗病毒的转基因烟草存在某种机制限制着病毒在植株内的转移,转烟草花叶病毒复制酶基因烟草植株内不产生该复制酶,其抗病毒的确切机制有等进一步研究。     

Formation of the hypersensitivity response due to the expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">FeSOD1</Emphasis> gene in tomato when it is inoculated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>

The activity of antioxidant enzymes and ultrastructural changes in tissues inoculated with P. infestans isolate have been studied in the previously developed independent transgenic lines of tomato with FeSOD1 gene and control plants. It is shown that the activity of superoxide dismutase is significantly higher in transgenic plants than that in control plants (nontransgenic plants). Chlorosis and obvious changes in tissue turgor were observed when the control tomato plants were inoculated, which indicates irreversible damages and unimpeded progression of infection. At the same time, the transgenic lines were characterized by the formation of clearly limited zones of damaged cells that rapidly arrested the infection. In addition, the damages differed from those in nontransgenic plants: the cells along the edges of the infection site were smaller and had heavy invaginations of the cell wall. The contacts between the cells were disrupted in this zone, but they were preserved in undisturbed zones of the tissue. Thus, the expression of the FeSOD1 transgene promotes the emergence of the resistance to P. infestans in tomato transgenic plants.     

Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene

A chimeric gene containing a cloned cDNA of the coat protein (CP) gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was introduced into tobacco cells on a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from which tumor inducing genes had been removed. Plants regenerated from transformed cells expressed TMV mRNA and CP as a nuclear trait. Seedlings from self-fertilized transgenic plants were inoculated with TMV and observed for development of disease symptoms. The seedlings that expressed the CP gene were delayed in symptom development and 10 to 60 percent of the transgenic plants failed to develop symptoms for the duration of the experiments. Increasing the concentration of TMV in the inoculum shortened the delay in appearance of symptoms. The results of these experiments indicate that plants can be genetically transformed for resistance to virus disease development.     

多抗PVY、TMV和CMV转基因烟草的培育

 【目的】利用RNA介导抗性培育抗多种植物病毒的转基因烟草。【方法】分别以马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）、烟草花叶病毒（TMV）和黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）全长衣壳蛋白（CP）基因为模板,通过设计PCR引物和亚克隆获得PVY CP 3′端长度100 bp、TMV CP 3′端长度100 bp和CMV CP 3′端长度200 bp的cDNA片段并拼接成嵌合基因,并以此为模板构建反向重复结构嵌合基因的植物表达载体pRHPTC。将pRHPTC通过冻融法导入农杆菌LBA4404,采用叶盘法转化烟草NC89,然后测定转基因烟草对3种病毒的抗性。【结果】经卡那霉素筛选和PCR检测,共获得276株转基因烟草。Southern和Northern blot分析表明,外源基因以不同拷贝数整合于烟草基因组中;不同转基因植株中病毒RNA的积累量存在显著差异。抗病性检测显示：23%左右的转基因植株表现出对3种病毒侵染的抗性。对转基因植株扩繁后代和T1代的抗性分析表明：多病毒抗性表现稳定。【结论】利用RNA介导的抗病毒基因工程可获得同时抗多种病毒的转基因烟草,其抗病性在T0代扩繁植株和T1代植株中得到稳定遗传。     

柑橘衰退病毒基因p23 RNAi载体的构建及转化

【目的】构建柑橘衰退病毒(Citrus tristeza virus,CTV)含p23的RNAi载体,以获得具有抗性的柑橘转基因植株。【方法】基于转化病毒基因介导抗性,根据NCBI公布的CTV基因组序列,查找p23保守序列,设计并克隆两条不同长度的片段。对两条片段和植物表达载体p BI 121进行双酶切和连接来构建RNAi载体。初步预测所构建的载体发生RNAi抗病毒的可行性。利用农杆菌介导的瞬时表达技术将含RNAi载体的农杆菌注射入CTV指示植物墨西哥莱蒙的叶片,利用GUS组织化学染色法观察叶片中载体发生瞬时表达的情况。发生瞬时表达的叶片接种CTV T36基因型,利用酶联免疫反应(ELISA)检测病毒含量。同时,提取叶片的RNA并反转录为c DNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR(q-PCR)检测CTV p20,通过该基因的表达量反映叶片中的病毒含量。通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化将RNAi载体转入大红甜橙实生苗上胚轴节间茎段,抗生素筛选得到的芽嫁接至枳橙实生试管苗。提取大红甜橙叶片的DNA,通过PCR扩增确定其是否为转基因阳性;目的基因检测为阳性的植株二次嫁接至温室保存的酸橙实生苗;根据插入的p23基因序列设计q-PCR引物,检测转基因植株中p23的表达情况。取CTV T36基因型寄主的带皮芽,用腹接法接种大红甜橙转基因植株。取接种后新萌发枝梢上的叶片,用检测瞬时表达叶片同样的方法分析植株的抗病性。对于第1次接种后未检测出病毒感染的植株,进行第2次接种并检测分析。【结果】克隆得到CTV p23 513 bp的长片段和291 bp的短片段,与载体p BI121连接后成功构建含发夹结构的来自病原且能靶向目的基因的RNAi载体,命名为p23-RNAi。注射p23-RNAi的墨西哥莱蒙叶片经GUS染色后能够产生蓝色斑点,表明农杆菌p23-RNAi可以在叶片中发生瞬时表达;接种CTV后第15和30天,瞬时表达p23-RNAi的墨西哥莱蒙叶片ELISA检测结果均为阴性,同时q-PCR检测结果显示其CTV p20的积累水平和增加速度明显低于对照植株,表明瞬时表达的p23-RNAi在一定时间内可以对CTV的侵染产生抑制。p23-RNAi经农杆菌介导遗传转化大红甜橙获得抗性芽,通过普通PCR的扩增结果证明得到7个转基因植株;q-PCR检测结果进一步表明7个转基因植株间p23的含量呈现一定差异,植株E的含量最高,其次是C、F、H、A、B和G。接种CTV后,p20的表达量在7个转基因植株间也表现出一定差异,表达量最高的是植株A,其次是G、F、E、B、H、C,且与对照植株相比,呈现不同程度的抗病性。转基因植株对病毒的抗性与外源基因的表达水平没有相关性,外源基因表达水平最高的植株E并没有表现强的CTV抗性。经过两次病毒接种,转基因植株C在接种后具有完全抗性。【结论】p23-RNAi载体能引起植物抗柑橘衰退病毒;瞬时表达技术可快速鉴定RNAi载体的抗病性,有利于筛选高效率的RNAi载体。     

The Function Identification of the Candidate Disease-Resistance Gene in Cabbage

In order to understand the function of TuR2, a candidate disease-resistance gene was isolated from cabbage, we transformed it into mustard （Brassicajuncea L. Linshicaoyaozi） which was susceptible to TuMV through Agrobacterium tumefacine-mediated method. Transgenic plants were detected by Southern blotting and Northern blotting. Our results confirmed that the TuR2 gene had been integrated into the mustard genome, and it showed different expression levels among primary transplants （T0）. The primary transplants （T0） and the first progenies of transgenic plants （T1） were inoculated with TuMV in a greenhouse. The transgenic plants had high TuMV-resistance, whereas the serious virus disease symptom was observed in CK （no transformation plants）. The TuR2 gene in the first progenies of transgenic plants （T1） showed dominant monogenic inheritance. Compared with CK, the progenies containing TuR2 gene had stronger resistance to TuMV. The TuR2 gene which was isolated from cabbage had the function of TuMV-resistance.     

菊花转基因研究进展

从菊花遗传转化受体的建立和菊花转基因体系的建立两方面综述了建立菊花的遗传转化体系的研究情况，后者包括抗生素的选用、转化再生植株的筛选、共培养时间、农杆菌菌株的选择。同时对近10年来在菊花遗传转化方面所作的研究工作进行了综述，包括转NPTⅡ基因和GUS基因，转改变花色、花型、花期基因，转抗病、抗虫、抗病毒基因和提高耐寒性基因。提出了转基因菊花存在的问题，并就其前景进行了展望。     

Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants

The luciferase gene from the firefly, Photinus pyralis, was used as a reporter of gene expression by light production in transfected plant cells and transgenic plants. A complementary DNA clone of the firefly luciferase gene under the control of a plant virus promoter (cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter) was introduced into plant protoplast cells (Daucus carota) by electroporation and into plants (Nicotiana tabacum) by use of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing plasmid. Extracts from electroporated cells (24 hours after the introduction of DNA) and from transgenic plants produce light when mixed with the substrates luciferin and adenosine triphosphate. Light produced by the action of luciferase was also detected in undisrupted leaves or cells in culture from transgenic plants incubated in luciferin and in whole transgenic plants "watered" with luciferin. Although light was detected in most organs in intact, transgenic plants (leaves, stems, and roots), the pattern of luminescence appeared to reflect both the organ-specific distribution of luciferase and the pathway for uptake of luciferin through the vasculature of the plant.     

双抗TMV CMV辣椒转基因工程植株的再生及抗病毒鉴定

本研究在已构建ＴＭＶｃｐ和ＣＭＶｃｐ双价植物表达载体,建立辣椒高效遗传转化体系 的基础上,以农杆菌介导的转化法转化辣椒栽培品种：农大４０及湘研一号,对获得的５２株抗卡 那霉素再生植株进行点杂交鉴定及ＰＣＲ检测,点杂交获得１６株ＴＭＶ和ＣＭＶｃｐ基因同时表 现阳性的植株,ＰＣＲ检测发现有２株为假阳性。进一步温室攻毒试验表明,有７株转基因辣椒植 株对ＴＭＶ和ＣＭＶ同时表现免疫。     

Overexpression of the Suaeda salsa SsNHX1 gene confers enhanced salt and drought tolerance to transgenic Zea mays

Maize is one of the most important crops worldwide, but it suffers from salt stress when grown in saline-alkaline soil. There is therefore an urgent need to improve maize salt tolerance and crop yield. In this study, the SsNHX1 gene of Suaeda salsa, which encodes a vacuolar membrane Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter, was transformed into the maize inbred line 18-599 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic maize plants overexpressing the SsNHX1 gene showed less growth retardation when treated with an increasing NaCl gradient of up to 1%, indicating enhanced salt tolerance. The improved salt tolerance of transgenic plants was also demonstrated by a significantly elevated seed germination rate (79%) and a reduction in seminal root length inhibition. Moreover, transgenic plants under salt stress exhibited less physiological damage. SsNHX1-overexpressing transgenic maize accumulated more Na⁺ and K⁺ than wild-type (WT) plants particularly in the leaves, resulting in a higher ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ in the leaves under salt stress. This result revealed that the improved salt tolerance of SsNHX1-overexpressing transgenic maize plants was likely attributed to SsNHX1-mediated localization of Na⁺ to vacuoles and subsequent maintenance of the cytosolic ionic balance. In addition, SsNHX1 overexpression also improved the drought tolerance of the transgenic maize plants, as rehydrated transgenic plants were restored to normal growth while WT plants did not grow normally after dehydration treatment. Therefore, based on our engineering approach, SsNHX1 represents a promising candidate gene for improving the salt and drought tolerance of maize and other crops.     

水稻转基因再生植株及其后代抗虫性筛选测定研究

采用基因枪转化系统，将CpTI(豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂）抗虫基因转入水稻愈伤组织中，经过抗生素筛选得到了再生植株。我们用这些转基因水稻再生植株及其后代的分蘖茎段对玉米螟（Ostrinia nubilalis)进行室内喂养，通过比较虫体死亡率及虫体生长长度，测定转基因水稻再生植株的抗虫性。1997－1999年共进行3个世代5次的室内测定。从121株F0代转基因植株中选出抗虫性较好的植株15株。从F1代的15个株系中，又筛选出了7个株系40个单株；在F2代的14个株系中共选出37株抗虫效果表现较好的植株。对37株中的19株进行了分子检测（PCR扩增），从中检测出5份材料为纯合体，14份材料有分离现象。研究结果表明：该富内喂养玉米螟并进行抗虫测定的方法是可行的；抗虫基因在转基因水稻再生植株中已经获得表达并且可以遗传。     

外源基因在转基因抗虫油菜中的遗传行为

为了选育出稳定的转基因抗虫油菜新品种，采用卡那霉素抗性分析和PCR检测技术对转基因抗虫油菜中Bt杀虫蛋白基因的遗传行进行了研究，连续三代的研究结果表明，Bt杀虫蛋白基因以单拷贝、杂合地整合到转基因植株（T01，T02，T03，T05，T06，T07，T08）的基因组中，并稳定地遗传给后代，纯合转基因株系杂交分析表明，在不同T0转基因植株中Bt杀虫蛋白基因整合位点是不同的，T01和T05或T03和T08的Bt杀虫蛋白若整位点是同源染色体的不同座位，而其他转基因植株的Bt杀虫蛋白若整位点是在非同源染色体上。     

外壳蛋白基因片段介导的高抗TuMV研究

为了获得对芜菁花叶病毒（TuMV）高度稳定的抗性,选取TuMV的外壳蛋白（CP）基因近3′端保守区共377 bp的核苷酸序列,构建了抗TuMV的发卡结构RNAi载体,并转化了TuMV的天然宿主拟南芥。转基因植株用北京地区TuMV主要流行的强致病株系BJ-C4人工接种。鉴定的8个转基因株系中有3个株系表现出对TuMV的高度抗性。定量PCR结果显示,高抗转基因株系体内几乎检测不到病毒的积累。