不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃内烟酸的产生、消失及流通规律的研究

选用9只体重为35～43 kg安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊,随机分为3组,每组3只,分别饲喂三种不同氮源日粮(即豆粕、麻饼、尿素-麻饼型日粮),本试验通过非同位素标记烟酸的启动、连续灌注方法,测定绵羊瘤胃烟酸的产生、消失及流通速率。试验结果表明,饲喂豆粕、麻饼、尿素-麻饼型日粮的绵羊瘤胃烟酸的基本产生速率分别为2.50、2.69、2.92 mg/h。通过灌注的方法提高烟酸产量后,烟酸在瘤胃内的产生速率分别为5.06、5.09、5.62 mg/h;消失速率分别为1.90、1.77、2.65 mg/h;瘤胃内烟酸的外流速率分别为3.16、3.32、2.97 mg/h。     

蛋氨酸的生物学功能及其在鸡日粮中的应用

本文就蛋氨酸的生物学功能及其在鸡日粮中的应用作一综述。     

饲喂各种日粮时牦牛瘤胃液体与瘤胃食糜的外流速度

将７头体重１５０ｋｇ、带有瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的牦牛在两个试验中喂以不同的日粮以研究其瘤胃液体与食糜外流速度。试验Ⅰ，４头牛分两期喂给粗蛋白质为８％和１２％的等能（９．６ＭＪＭＥ／ｋｇ）日粮；试验Ⅱ，３头牛在一３×３拉丁方设计中喂给精粗比７：３、５：５、３：７及以菜籽饼、豌豆、蚕豆为主要氮源的日粮。结果表明：饲喂精粗比３：７日粮时，瘤胃液体外流速度（３．９％／ｈ）比饲喂其它日粮时明显低，其它日粮间无     

低蛋白质日粮在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

在国家重视生态环境保护和缺乏蛋白质饲料资源的背景下,低蛋白日粮已迎来良好的发展时机,成为畜禽养殖业今后发展的趋势。低蛋白日粮是根据蛋白质营养的实质和能量蛋白质氨基酸平衡理论,在不影响动物生产性能和产品品质的条件下,通过添加适宜种类和数量的工业氨基酸,配制成的蛋白质水平低、氮排放少,并能改善动物肠道健康和养殖环境的日粮。本文将探讨低蛋白日粮在不同生长阶段的猪和不同生产用途的鸡中的应用研究进展,以期为低蛋白日粮的推广应用提供理论依据。     

湿拌饲料对仔猪开食及生产性能的影响

本试验选经产大白×DVI系二元仔猪20窝,每窝在9头以上,分为两组,每组10窝,分别以干颗粒料与拌湿的颗粒料作为仔猪的开食料,通过饲养试验,研究湿拌饲料对仔猪开食及生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,饲喂湿拌饲料的仔猪,在14日龄全部开食;仔猪腹泻率,在7～21日龄,试验组比对照组高8.7%,而在21～35日龄与35～42日龄,试验组比对照组低9.4%与5.3%;仔猪个体重,21日龄时,试验组比对照组高1.1%(P>0.05);到35日龄与42日龄时,试验组比对照组分别高10.6%与7.9%(p<0.05);仔猪日增重,7～21日龄时,试验组比对照组高1.0%(P>0.05),而21～35日龄时,试验组比对照组低6.5%(P>0.05),在35～42日龄,试验组比对照组高1.8%(P>0.05)。     

The influence of stocking rate and grazing system on the crude protein content and digestibility of Tarchonanthus veld in the northern cape 1

Abstract

Four stocking rates (10, 7, 6 and 4 ha/large stock unit), in both rotational and continuous grazing, have been applied with cattle on Tarchonanthus veld. The crude protein content and digestibility of organic matter of handcut samples and herbage samples collected by means of oesophageal fistulated steers in the different treatments, were determined.

The results indicated that the crude protein content (3,9 to 6,7%) and digestibility (48,7 to 59,4%) of handcut samples was not representative of the diet of grazing cattle. The crude protein content of the samples collected by means of oesophageal fistulated steers varied from an average of 13,6%. (October to December) to an average of 5,3% (July and August). On average, the digestibility of the fistula collected samples varied between 60,4% (February to April) and 50,2% (July to October). The crude protein content of the fistula collected samples tended to increase with increasing stocking rate while digestibility declined. Both crude protein content and digestibility of the fistula collected samples did not differ significantly between rotational and continuous grazing.     

Pansteatitis (Steatitis, "Yellow Fat Disease") in the Cat: A Review Article and Report of Four Spontaneous Cases

Abstract— Pansteatitis was recognized in four cats fed a diet based mainly on oily fish. Except for fever, these cats had all the other typical findings of the disease, namely hyperesthesia, painful, nodular-to-irregular subcutaneous masses, neutrophilic leukocytosis, firm and discolored subcutaneous fat, and lobular and septal pyogranulomatous panniculitis with necrosis, mineralization, and ceroid pigment deposition. Three of the cats responded well to treatment and became clinically normal after 1 month, the fourth was lost to follow-up. Résumé— Une panstéatite a été reconnue chez 4 chats alimentés pricipalement avec du poisson gras. Exception falte de la fièvre, ces chats présentéalent les signes caractériqtiques de cette affection: hyperesthé-sie, douleur, masses sour-cutanées nodulaires á irrégullères, tissue adipeux sous-cutané dur et décoloré et pannicullte pyogranulomateuse septale avec nécrose, minéralisation et dépot de pigment céroïde. Trois des chats ont bien répondu au traitement et sont redevenus cliniquement normauz en un mois. Le quatrième n'a pas pu être suivi. Zusammenfassung— Bei 4 Katzen, die mit einer Diät ernährt wurden, die hauptsächlich aus fettreichem Fisch bestand, wurde eine Pansteatitis festgestellt. Mit Ausnahme von Fieber zeigten diese Katzen all die anderen typischen Symptome diesser Krankheit, nämlich Hypersästhesie, Schmerz, noduläre bis unregelmäßig geformte subkutane Gebilde, Leukozytose mit Neutrophilie, verhärtetes und farblich verändertes subkutanes Fett, lobuläre und septale pyogranulomatöse Pannikulitis mit Nekrose, Mineralisation und Einlagerung von zeroidem Pigment. Drei der Katzen sprachen gut auf die Therapie an und wurden nach einem Monat klinisch gesund. Bei der 4. Katze war der Krankheitsverlauf nicht weiter verfolgbar. Resumen En 4 gatos alimentados en una dieta basada fundamentalmente en pescado azul, se diagnosticó pansteataitis. Excepto por la aparición de la fiebre, éstos gatos presentaron los hallazgos clínicos típicos de la enfermedad, hiperestesia, dolor, nódulos o masas irregulares en el tejido subcutáneo, leucocitosis neutrofilica, grasa subcutánea descolorida y de consistencia firme, y paniculitis piogranulomatosa de tipo septal y lobular con la presencia de necrosis, mineralización y pigmento de deposición ceroide. Tres de los gatos respondieron favorablemente al tratamiento y llegaron a ser completamente normales despues de un mes, en el cuarto no se pudo hacer un seguimiento clinico.     

非淀粉多糖酶在玉米-豆粕型日粮中的应用

本文综述了玉米-豆粕型日粮的非淀粉多糖(NSP)种类与含量,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶的理论依据以及非淀粉多糖酶对玉米-豆粕日粮养分消化率和畜禽生产性能的影响。大多数的研究结果表明,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酶能不同程度地提高养分消化率和畜禽生产性能。     

Effects of Threonine in Low Protein Diet on Growth Performance and Plasma Biochemical Index of Pekin Duck

The present study was conducted to evaluate the threonine requirement for Pekin ducks in low protein diets by determining the effects of threonine on growth performance,carcass traits,and serum parameters.In total,240 1-day-old were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments with six replicate cages with eight duck for each treatment according to average body weight.They were fed low protein diets (17.65%) with 0.41%,0.48%,0.55%,0.62% or 0.69% threonine from 1 to 21 days of age,respectively.The results showed that threonine supplementation in low protein diets improved body weight,weight gain,feed intake,and breast muscle percentage,and reduced the ratio of feed to gain (P<0.01).Threonine supplementation in low protein diets had no influence on thigh muscle percentage,and the activity of ALT and AST,and the contents of TP,ALB,GLB and GLU in serum (P>0.05),but reduced the contents of CHO,TG,HDLC and LDLC in serum (P<0.05).The evaluated threonine requirement in low protein diets based on linear broken-line regression with weight,weight gain,feed intake,ratio of feed to gain,and breast muscle percentage were 0.594%,0.594%,0.595%,0.513% and 0.607%,respectively.In summary,the optimal dietary threonine levels would be 0.607% for Pekin ducks fed low protein diets from 1 to 21 days of age.Although which failed to support equal growth performance to that of high protein diets,it was possible to reduce nitrogen emissions.     

Nutritional value and physiological effects of soya-free diets fed to rats during growth and reproduction

The objective of the study was to assess the effects of substitution milk and egg for soya products in breeding diets for rats, with concomitant decrease of the dietary protein level and supplementation with amino acids. Soya-containing (S) and two soya-free (NS and NSA) diets were evaluated as protein and energy sources, and their effects on reproductive performance during two cycles, and on the quality of the offspring were assessed. Organ weights were registered in females and blood parameters were determined in males. In the offspring males from S and NS groups, plasma LH, testosterone and prolactin levels were measured on the 22nd and the 60th day of life. The S diet contained more protein of smaller concentration of methionine and cystine and lower biological value than both NS and NSA diets and promoted similar post-weaning growth rate, similar body weight changes of dams during gestation and lactation and slightly lower mating efficiency. Within each reproductive cycle, the number and individual and total body weight of newborn and weanling pups did not differ but in two cycles mean number of neonates per litter and mean litter weight were significantly lower on S than on NSA diet. Plasma concentration of hormones did not differ in 22-day-old offspring males while in the older ones LH and prolactin levels were higher in animals fed on S than on NS diet. It is concluded that replacing soya protein by milk and egg protein with concomitant lowering dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation does not impair the growth rate and tends to improve reproductive performance. Feeding soya-free vs. soya-containing diets differentiates hormonal status of young males.     

高能日粮条件下半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响

通过在正常日粮中添加高油脂来制备高能日粮,探讨高能日粮条件下,添加0、15、30、60mg/kg半胱胺(CS)对大鼠抗氧化功能的影响。试验结果表明:添加15、30mg/kg半胱胺均能显著提高大鼠抗氧化能力(P<0.05),30mg/kg半胱胺能使大鼠抗氧化能力恢复到接近正常日粮组水平,60mg/kg半胱胺对大鼠抗氧化能力的恢复无显著影响(P>0.05)。半胱胺添加的最适剂量为30mg/kg。     

低蛋白日粮技术在禽类生产中的应用

本文就低蛋白日粮在禽类生产中的应用作一综述。     

低蛋白质日粮中添加苏氨酸对北京鸭生长性能和血浆生化指标的影响

本试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计,通过测定不同日粮苏氨酸水平对1~21日龄北京鸭生长性能、屠宰性能和血浆生化指标的影响,研究低蛋白质日粮北京鸭苏氨酸需要量。240只1日龄雄性北京鸭按体重随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只北京鸭,分别饲喂苏氨酸水平为0.41%、0.48%、0.55%、0.62%和0.69%的低蛋白质（17.65%）日粮,试验期为1~21日龄。结果表明,低蛋白质日粮中添加苏氨酸可以提高北京鸭体重、日增重、采食量和胸肌率（P<0.01）,降低料重比（P<0.01）。低蛋白质日粮中添加苏氨酸对北京鸭腿肌率,血浆ALT和AST活性,以及TP、ALB、GLB和GLU含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但是降低了血浆CHO、TG、HDLC和LDLC含量（P<0.05）。用直线-断线回归模型以体重、日增重、采食量、料重比和胸肌率为指标,拟合1~21日龄北京鸭苏氨酸需要量分别为0.594%、0.594%、0.595%、0.513%和0.607%。综合试验结果,当日粮蛋白质水平为17.65%时,1~21日龄北京鸭苏氨酸需要量为0.607%,此时,虽不能满足北京鸭的最大生长性能,但可以降低氮排放。     

Pre-treatment of dietary plant feedstuffs with phytase and its effect on growth and mineral concentration in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Effect of phytase pre-treatment of dietary plant feed stuffs (PF) on growth and mineral concentration in common carp (C. carpio L.) was investigated. Diets used were: C0, diet with no supplement; CI, diet with incubated PF; CP0, diet supplemented with 3 g P/kg; CPI, diet with incubated PF supplemented with 3 g P/kg; Phyt0, diet fortified with 4000 U phytase/kg; PhytI, diet with PF incubated with 4000 U phytase/kg. Mean weight gain, SGR and FCR were the same (p < 0.05) in fish fed CP0, CPI or PhytI but less (p < 0.05) in other fish. Bone P was similar in fish fed CP0 (74.9), CPI (75.9) or PhytI (71.5 mg/g DM) but higher (p < 0.05) than in fish fed C0. Bone Ca and Mg were similar in fish fed CP0, CPI or PhytI but less (p < 0.05) in other fish. Bone Zn in fish fed C0, Phyt0 or PhytI was higher (p < 0.05) than that in fish fed CP0 or CPI. In conclusion, CP0, CPI and PhytI had the same effect, suggesting phytase pre-treatment as the most effective method. CPI did not have any advantage over CP0. Phytase increased mineral availability and utilization, which would minimize cost of mineral supplementation and discharges into the environment.     

The effect of different high‐fat diets on erythrocyte osmotic fragility,growth performance and serum lipid concentrations in male,Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Poultry diets are formulated with additional animal fat or vegetable oils to improve growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. High‐fat diet feeding in rats and fish has been shown to result in alterations in the phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of the erythrocyte membrane, in turn affecting erythrocyte osmotic fragility. In contrast, the few studies performed using high‐fat diet feeding in avian species show no changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility. This study made use of the Japanese quail as no data exists on investigation of this species with respect to high‐fat diet feeding and erythrocyte osmotic fragility. Fifty‐seven male quail were randomly divided into six groups and fed either a standard diet (commercial poultry feed) or one of five high‐fat diets (commercial poultry feed with 22% of either coconut oil, lard, palm oil, soya bean oil or sunflower oil on a weight/weight basis) for 12 weeks. All birds on the high‐fat diets were significantly heavier (p < 0.05) after the 12‐week feeding period, than when commencing the dietary intervention. Serum triglyceride concentrations of birds in all high‐fat diet groups were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than birds in the standard diet group, whereas only birds in the palm oil group had significantly lower (p < 0.05) serum cholesterol concentrations compared to the standard diet group. Fragiligrams of erythrocytes from birds in the various dietary groups were similar. High‐fat diet feeding with different types of additional fat did not affect the osmotic fragility of the quail erythrocytes. Feeding quail high‐energy diets of varying degrees of fatty acid saturation was well tolerated and did not seem to affect the overall health status of the birds. Resistance of avian erythrocytes to modification by excess dietary fat may be a general characteristic of avian erythrocytes.     

酵母培养物在动物日粮中的应用进展

酵母培养物(Yeast cultures,简称YC)作为动物的补充饲料已经有60多年的历史。YC是一种经过干燥的产品,既含有酵母菌又含有酵母菌赖以生长的培养基,YC含有丰富的维生素、酶、各种营养成分和某些重要的协同因子,在厌氧环境中能保持代谢活性,并能耐受干燥、加热和酸性等应激环境,在动物饲料中已应用多年,它具有使用方便、安全无毒、无副作用等优点。     

真菌产与细菌产木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、小肠绒毛形态和血液生化指标影响的比较

本文旨在探讨2种木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、消化器官发育、小肠绒毛形态和血液生化指标的影响。将1日龄健康黄羽肉鸡540羽随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每重复30羽。对照组饲喂玉米-小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验A组、B组分别饲喂基础饲粮+200 g/t真菌产木聚糖酶、基础饲粮+200 g/t细菌产木聚糖酶。试验期42 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,1)试验组平均日增重显著提高(P0.05),料重比均有一定程度的降低,其中试验A组显著降低(P0.05);2)试验组血清葡萄糖含量及碱性磷酸酶和肌酸激酶活性显著提高(P0.05),血清中甘油三脂、尿素氮含量显著降低(P0.05);3)试验组腺胃和胰腺相对重量显著降低(P0.05);4)试验A组、B组空肠绒毛高度分别提高了14.81%和11.04%(P0.05),空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值分别提高了16.61%和12.70%(P0.05)。由此可知,在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加200 g/t真菌或细菌产木聚糖酶,均能改善小肠绒毛发育和机体的免疫力,提高生长性能,且2种酶之间效果差异不显著。     

Feeding Hens During Alternating a.m. and p.m. Time Blocks to Induce Zero Egg Production During the Molt

There is a need to evaluate the position paper and guidelines set forth by the United Egg Producers (Washington, DC) and the American Veterinary Medical Association (Schaumburg, IL) on feeding practices and nutrient levels provided during a molt. This pilot study was undertaken to learn if a complete cessation of lay could be achieved with daily feeding while using an alternate morning and evening feeding schedule. This was an effort to mimic the fast that a bird experiences in a natural setting. The hens were fed the amount they would eat in 4 h during the morning one day and again the evening of the next day. Some hens ceased production in the third week and others in the fourth week, with zero production for all hens occurring during the fifth week. The return to 50% egg production was achieved from wk 7 to 8. Peak egg production occurred from the eleventh to twelfth weeks postmolt, reaching a level only 5 to 6 percentage points below the first cycle. This feeding protocol resulted in complete cessation of lay, allowing for a more uniform and complete restoration of the ovarian and oviductal tissues. This restoration is necessary for an effective economical postmolt period of egg production.     

谷物饲料蒸汽压片技术及应用

蒸汽压片技术具有提高机体对谷物饲料淀粉的消化率,降低有害微生物数量,改善畜产品品质以及减少畜禽粪便排泄量等特点。此文介绍了蒸汽压片技术的原理、加工工艺及其应用。