不同龄组马尾松人工林生物量及生产力的研究

对桂中丘陵区不同龄组马尾松人工林的生物量及生产力进行了研究．结果表明：幼龄林（８ａ生）生物量为３２．０ｔ／ｈｍ２，中龄林（１４ａ生〕为１０８．０ｔ／ｈｍ２、近熟林（２３ａ生）为１８６．６ｔ／ｈｍ２，成熟林（３８ａ生）为１９７．４ｔ／ｈｍ２；林分平均净生产量分别为４．００ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．７．７１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ、８．１２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ和５．８０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．     

尾叶桉幼林地上部分生物量及养分循环的研究*

论述了２－３年生尾叶桉幼林地上部分生长、生物量积累和生物量在树木各器官及各径阶中的分配，林分净生产量，树木各器官及凋落物的养分含量和林分的养分循环。２年生时林分的生物量为２２．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，其中干材占６０．２％，皮占８．９％，枝占１４．７％，叶占１６．２％。３年生时林分生物量为４０ｔｈｍ＾２，其中干材占６３．６％，皮占７．７％，枝占１４．１％，叶占１４．６％。年净生产量为２０．５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，约     

梯形整地桉松混交林模式的水文生态功能

１９８２～１９９１年，对广西宜山县庆远林场不同整地方式及其不同植被类型的水文要素进行对比观测研究。结果表明，梯形整地桉松混交林模式具有显著的涵养水源、保持水土功能；与其他植被类型相比较，具有以下几点显著的差异：ａ．森林群落冠层的年截留水量为２３０．１ｍｍ，占降水量的１８．４％，比其他森林群落增加截留量１２．０％～５７．１％。ｂ．枯枝落叶层贮量及其最大持水量分别为７．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和２３．０ｔ／ｈｍ２，是其他植被类型的１．４～６．４倍。ｃ．土壤层的最大贮水量为５１１．５ｍｍ，比其他植被类型增加贮水６．６％～１１．８％。ｄ．林地水、土流失量分别为４．６ｍ３／（ｈｍ２·ａ）和０．６３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），比其他植被类型减少７９．０％～９７．９％。     

长江滩地杨树人工林生物量的研究

本文对具有季节性水淹的长江滩地上不同高程及间种与非间种条件下杨树人工林的生物量进行了较系统的测定与研究,按相对生长法建立了估测林木各部分生物量的害虫函数方程。研究结果表明：７年生杨树人工林生物量２３～２７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,净生产量为３～１１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ．生物量与净生物量均随高程增高而递增。６年生杨树人工要间种和非间种条件生物量和净生产量分别为４８．３１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ和８．５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,间种提高     

长江滩地杨树人工林生物量的研究

本文对具有季节性水淹的长江滩地上不同高程及间种与非间种条件下杨树人工林的生物量进行了较系统的测定与研究。按相对生长法建立了估测林木各部分生物量的幂函数方程。研究结果表明：７年生杨树人工林生物量为２３～２７ｔ／ｈｍ２,净生产量为３～１１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,生物量与净生物量均随高程增高而递增。６年生杨树人工林间种和非间种条件下生物量和净生产量分别为４８３１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ和８５ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,间种提高了杨树生物量和净生产量。     

不同坡位级杉木人工林的生物量比较研究

通过时来舟林场三块立地条件大体属优良、中等、不良的样地进行生物量调查，探讨不同立地条件下杉木林的生长差异。调查结果表明：２０年生杉木人工林优良林分现存生物量为１５４．２ｔ／ｈｍ２（干重），而不良地只有６２．６ｔ／ｈｍ２；其中优良地的干干重为１２８．９ｔ／ｈｍ２，不良地只有其３７％，为４８．１ｔ／ｈｍ２；优良地的枝、叶干重分别为１３．０ｔ／ｈｍ２、１２．３ｔ／ｈｍ２，不良地为７．４ｔ／ｈｍ２、７．１ｔ／ｈｍ２，分别是优良地的５７％与５８％；干的年生长量优良地为，１９．６３ｍ３／ｈｍ２，不良地只有５．６４ｍ３／ｈｍ２，是优良地的２９％。优良地与不良地林分生物量的显著差异说明适地适树造林对南方低山丘陵区具有非常重要的意义。同时也指出坡位是划分立地条件的重要因子。     

三种中龄药材林生态系统产量结构的研究

对湖南省双牌县低海拔地区１２年生的黄柏、杜仲和凹叶厚朴药材林的产量结构进行观测研究，结果表明，３种药材林的林分生物量为５．８０～２０．４５ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，净生产量为１．２１～２．８１ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ．林分生物量、净生产量及主要药用部分于皮的生产力，均以黄柏为最高，杜仲次之，四叶厚朴最低．说明在该立地条件下，黄柏的适应性较强，经济效益亦比其他两个树种更佳．     

海南尖峰岭地区三种热带复合农林业体系效益研究

对海南岛尖峰岭地区热带珍贵树种母生、海南石梓人工林下种植经济作物益智、咖啡的复合农林业系统的生态和经济效益研究表明：复合系统能显著促进主林层乔木的生长,胸径生长速度比对照地高出４３％～１３４％,材积生长高出１８％～８１％,生物量高出５％～８６％;生物量净积累量９．５３～１５．２３ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,为对照地的１．６～５．１倍;系统的光能利用率为０．７８％～１．２６％,为对照样地的１．９４～５．０４倍;同时系统具有较高的经济效益,林下种植益智后的产值可达１．８～３万元·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,为对照地的５．２６～９．８２倍,投入产出比为１∶２．９３～１∶４．１７。     

苏北京杭大运河堤杉木引种栽培研究

在苏北京杭大运河堤引种种栽培杉木研究结果表明，粗放经营林分，１９ａ时Ｈ１２．３０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１９．１ｃｍ立木积量２２４．０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，地上部分生物量达１４７．ｄ１２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２中径材５１．１％，小径材占４６．６５；集约管抚林分，１３ａ时Ｈ１１．９０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１５．１ｃｍ，立木蓄积量和地上部分生物量分别达２０４．７３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾３和１１１．０５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，中小径材各占４８．４％。广西融水     

雷林1号桉在贫瘠丘陵地造林密度的研究

雷林１号桉在贫瘠丘陵地４种造林密度的林分，经６年的试验结果表明：雷林１号桉林木的生长、产量与造林密度存在着密切相关，其中林木胸径、单株产量及保存率与造林密度呈负相关，单位面积生物量、蓄积量与密度呈正相关，４种密度中０．５ｍ×１．０ｍ密度的林分单位面积生物量最大（８８．３２ｔ／ｈｍ２绝干重，下同），为其他密度林分的２．４倍～５．７倍，适于经营短轮伐期薪材林；１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ的造林密度的小径木占３０％，中径木占６４％，适于经营短轮伐期薪、材两用林；１．５×３．０ｍ密度的中、大径木占８４．５％，适于用材林；２．０ｍ×４．０ｍ密度林木稀疏、产量低，作为经营短轮伐期不宜采用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。