饲料中大豆黄酮对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力、抗氧化力及肠道结构的影响

为研究大豆黄酮在大菱鲆幼鱼中的营养生理作用,本实验在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的基础饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮(0、5、10、20和100 mg/kg)来配制5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,并通过12周的投喂养殖实验评估饲料中不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活力、抗氧化力以及肠道结构的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率(98.89%~100.00%)、终末体质量(21.24~24.42 g)、特定生长率(1.81~1.98%/d)、饲料效率(1.01~1.11)、摄食率(1.43~1.51%/d)及形体指标均没有产生显著性影响;饲料中添加大豆黄酮显著降低了大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体的粗蛋白(15.41%~15.59%)和粗脂肪(3.19%~3.93%)含量,但对鱼体的水分(77.41%~79.70%)和灰分(3.46%~3.81%)含量未产生显著性影响;饲料中添加10~100 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼的胰蛋白酶活力(35.26~40.66 U/g prot),但胃蛋白酶(31.75~49.56 U/mg prot)、肠蛋白酶(10.00~14.79U/mg prot)、胃淀粉酶(0.10~0.25 U/mg prot)和肠淀粉酶(0.05~0.17 U/mg prot)的活力在各处理组间没有显著性差异。饲料中添加5、10和20 mg/kg的大豆黄酮显著降低了血清丙二醛(10.67~11.17 nmol/mL)的含量,并显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶(51.05~53.36U/mL)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(551.40 U/mL)的活力;饲料中添加不同浓度的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠道结构完整性没有显著性影响,但10~20 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著促进了肠道组织结构的发育和成熟,提高了大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠绒毛的高度(391.26~401.48μm)。研究表明,大豆黄酮(5~100 mg/kg)对大菱鲆的生长没有显著性的影响,但饲料中适量的大豆黄酮(10~20mg/kg)可以显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的消化酶活力和抗氧化能力,并促进肠道绒毛的发育。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌YB1对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶、肝脏抗氧化酶及肠道组织结构的影响

为探究在饲料中添加蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus) YB1对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活力和肝脏抗氧化酶活力以及肠道组织结构的影响,本研究选取720尾初始体质量为(3.6±0.7) g的大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分为4组,每组3个平行,每个平行60尾。4组大菱鲆幼鱼在投喂的饲料中分别添加活菌量为0 (对照)、105、106和107 CFU/g的YB1,养殖期为50 d。结果显示,YB1添加量为107 CFU/g时,大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。YB1添加量为106 CFU/g组的大菱鲆幼鱼肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力分别提高了57.86%和82.37%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);YB1添加量提高到107 CFU/g时,脂肪酶的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加YB1对大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶活力无显著性影响(P>0.05);YB1添加量为106 CFU/g组的幼鱼肝脏丙二醛含量下降了42.03%,显著低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力相较于对照组有上升的趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。YB1添加量为106 CFU/g组的大菱鲆幼鱼肠道肌层厚度增加最为显著(P<0.05),与对照组相比在实验末期提高了68.91%。研究表明,饲料中添加适量蜡样芽胞杆菌YB1具有促进大菱鲆幼鱼生长、提高幼鱼肠道消化酶和肝脏抗氧化酶活力以及改善幼鱼肠道组织结构的作用,推荐添加量为106 CFU/g。     

饲料中添加锌对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、生理生化指标和机体抗氧化的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,以七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0、50、100、150、200、400mg/kg,配制成6种等氮等能的精制饲料,饱食投喂初始体重为62.89±0.51g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,探讨饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、血液生理生化指标和机体抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,添加150～400mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率(WGR)(P<0.05),且WGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在150mg/kg锌饲料组.添加100～200mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了试验鱼血液红细胞数量(P<0.05),0mg/kg锌饲料组的血细胞比容和血红蛋白含量均显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).血清蛋白含量不受饲料锌添加量的影响(P>0.05).血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随着锌添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在锌添加量为150mg/kg时达最高值;当添加量高于150mg/kg时,LSZ活力变化不显著(P>0.05).0与50mg/kg锌饲料组的血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活力显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).0和50mg/kg锌饲料组肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),以150mg/kg锌饲料组最低(P<0.05).建议星斑川鲽幼鱼精制饲料中锌的适宜添加量为150mg/kg.     

饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及抗氧化酶活力的影响

为研究饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及血清抗氧化酶活力的影响,在饲料中分别添加0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%的姜黄素,配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料。选择初始体质量(5.12±0.04)g大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。每种饲料随机饲喂1组实验鱼,养殖周期为77 d。结果显示,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼的成活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)、摄食量(FI)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)没有显著影响。饲料中添加姜黄素对鱼体水分含量无显著影响;饲料中添加姜黄素后,鱼体脂肪含量显著下降,而肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量则呈显著上升趋势;0.02%和0.06%姜黄素添加组鱼体蛋白质含量显著高于0.04%组。0.06%姜黄素添加组的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著高于其他组;姜黄素添加组的血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力高于对照组,但各组间差异不显著;饲料中添加姜黄素后,血清丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽酶(GSH)活力呈显著降低的趋势。研究表明,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼成活和生长无显著影响,但能够显著提高幼鱼的血清抗氧化能力。     

大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料中泛酸最适需求量的研究

为研究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼对泛酸的最适需求量,在基础配方中添加不同梯度的泛酸钙,制成6组泛酸含量分别为6.24、10.64、15.02、23.81、41.40和76.57 mg/kg等氮等能实验饲料,投喂初始体重为(24.73±0.10) g的大菱鲆幼鱼80 d。结果显示：1)泛酸对幼鱼成活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05),10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著提高(P< 0.05);泛酸含量超过23.81 mg/kg时,肝体比(HSI)显著降低(P<0.05);2)随着饲料中泛酸含量的提高,全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肌肉粗蛋白均呈先升后降趋势,肝脏脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05);3)肠道消化酶、Na+, K+-ATPase和肝脏胆碱酯酶(ChE)活力随泛酸添加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组肠道肌酸激酶(CK)活力显著提高(P<0.05);4)血清、肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均呈先升后降趋势;6.24 mg/kg饲料组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他5组(P<0.05);5)随泛酸含量的增加,肝脏脂肪合成酶(FAS)基因表达量先升后降,脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加适宜的泛酸能显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼肠道消化、吸收能力和机体抗氧化能力,并可提高脂肪代谢相关基因的表达水平,从而提高其生长性能。以增重率为判据,经折线模型拟合得出,初体重为24.73 g的大菱鲆幼鱼对泛酸的需求量为16.08 mg/kg饲料。     

大蒜素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及抗病力的影响

在水温13～15℃、盐度30条件下,将体质量(8.12±0.03) g的大菱鲆幼鱼饲养在5.0 m×5.0 m×0.6 m的水泥池中,每池3600尾,投喂每千克饲料中分别拌入0(对照)、100、200、400、800 mg大蒜素的饲料,饲养6周。养殖试验结束时,腹腔注射鳗弧菌,连续14 d感染攻毒;饥饿24 h后,全池称量质量,尾静脉采血,测定血清中补体C3含量和溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,研究大蒜素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力及抗病力的影响。试验结果显示,大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率随着饲料中大蒜素含量的增加而逐渐升高,并在大蒜素添加量为200 mg/kg及以上时显著高于对照组(P0.05);对照组存活率显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料系数随饲料中大蒜素含量的增加而逐渐降低,并在100 mg/kg及以上时显著低于对照组(P0.05),但在200 mg/kg及以上时保持稳定。血清补体C3含量随饲料中大蒜素含量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,在200、400 mg/kg组达最大值并显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。溶菌酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力则随大蒜素含量的增加而逐渐升高,并在大蒜素含量达400 mg/kg及以上时不再有显著变化。人工感染试验表明,400、800 mg/kg组的感染死亡率显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。综上,饲料中添加200 mg/kg的大蒜素有利于大菱鲆幼鱼生长,而400 mg/kg的大蒜素能更有效地提高其非特异性免疫力及抗病力。     

饲料中添加生物素对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

在纯化饲料中分别添加生物素0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60 mg/kg投喂初始质量为(5.92±0.25)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼8周,研究了不同生物素添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,添加生物素提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,降低了饲料系数。添加量为0.40 mg/kg时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);添加不同水平生物素对草鱼幼鱼全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响,但添加量为0.40 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量最大。0.10 mg/kg组和0.20 mg/kg组的全鱼灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加生物素对血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)无显著影响,但显著提高了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量,各添加组TG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1.60 mg/kg添加组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合本试验结果,草鱼幼鱼饲料中生物素适宜添加量为0.40 mg/kg。     

红鱼粉型饲料中添加胆汁酸对大菱鲆生长及肝功能的影响

研究了在红鱼粉型饲料中添加胆汁酸对大菱鲆摄食、生长及肝脏功能的影响。1080尾初始体质量(19.52±0.02)g的大菱鲆随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复90尾,置于12个2.4 m×1.2m×1.1m养殖缸中,投喂白鱼粉饲料、红鱼粉饲料及红鱼粉饲料中分别添加150 mg/kg和300mg/kg胆汁酸4种试验饲料。67d的养殖试验结果表明,与白鱼粉型饲料相比,红鱼粉型饲料组大菱鲆的特定生长率、肥满度、血清甘油三酯和胆固醇均显著降低(P0.05),而饲料系数和血清谷草转氨酶活性显著升高(P0.05);在红鱼粉型饲料中添加150mg/kg胆汁酸后,大菱鲆的特定生长率和肥满度均显著高于未添加胆汁酸组(P0.05);添加300mg/kg胆汁酸试验组的大菱鲆血清谷草转氨酶活性显著低于未添加胆汁酸组(P0.05)。综上所述,红鱼粉型饲料中添加150mg/kg胆汁酸能够显著提高大菱鲆的特定生长率和肥满度,添加300mg/kg胆汁酸能显著降低血清谷草转氨酶活性,起到保护大菱鲆肝脏功能的作用。     

还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆生长及抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中添加不同剂量的还原型谷胱甘肽,添加量分别为0、100、200、400、600 mg/kg,投喂初始体质量为(23.08±0.09) g的大菱鲆,8周后测定还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆生长及抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,饲料中还原型谷胱甘肽添加量为200 mg/kg时,大菱鲆的质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆肝脏中丙二醛含量、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着还原型谷胱甘肽添加量的增加,大菱鲆肝脏中丙二醛含量呈先降后升的趋势,对照组最高,200 mg/kg试验组最低;大菱鲆肝脏中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力均呈先升后降的趋势,200 mg/kg试验组最高。200 mg/kg试验组和400 mg/kg试验组大菱鲆肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。200 mg/kg试验组大菱鲆肝脏中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力和谷胱甘肽还原酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据回归分析,确定大菱鲆饲料中还原型谷胱甘肽的最适添加量为189.70 mg/kg。     

核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响

为探究饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(7.71±0.02)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,设置2个对照组,即高鱼粉对照组FM(鱼粉含量为45.0%)和低鱼粉对照组N0(鱼粉含量为31.5%),在低鱼粉对照组基础上分别添加0、75、150、300、600和1 000 mg/kg的核苷酸,共配制出7种等氮等脂饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期63 d的养殖实验。结果表明:饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率、鱼体组成和形体指标没有显著影响(P0.05);但增重率随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高后下降趋势,在添加量为300~600 mg/kg时显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。随着核苷酸添加量的增加,血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,并在300 mg/kg时显著高于低鱼粉对照组(P0.05)。核苷酸对大黄鱼肠道肌肉层厚度和微绒毛高度有显著影响(P0.05),分别在添加量为150和300mg/kg时出现最大值;而对肠道褶皱高度无显著影响(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加核苷酸能促进大黄鱼生长,改善肠道形态结构和增强机体的抗氧化能力。以增重率为指标,利用折线模型计算得到大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中核苷酸的适宜添加量为194.91 mg/kg。     

Microbial Phytase Can Replace Inorganic Phosphorus Supplements in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Diets1

Abstract.– Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 6.8 g/fish) were fed four practical diets containing 0, 250, 500, and 750 units of microbial phytase/kg and a diet containing 1% feed grade dicalcium phosphate (but no microbial phytase) under laboratory conditions for 12 wk. Fish fed the diets containing 250 units of microbial phytase/kg and above consumed more feed, gained more weight, and had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to fish fed the basal diet containing no microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had intermediate weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to fish fed the basal diet and diets containing microbial phytase. Bone ash and phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the basal diet than for fish fed other diets. No differences in weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, bone ash and bone phosphorus were observed among fish fed the diets containing various levels of microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had a lower bone phosphorus concentration than fish fed diets containing microbial phytase. Fecal phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the diets containing microbial phytase than for fish fed the basal diet and the diet containing dicalcium phosphate. Results from the present study indicated that addition of 250 units of microbial phytase/kg to practical diets can effectively improve bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to channel catfish and may possibly eliminate the use of an inorganic phosphorus supplement in channel catfish diets. However, these data must be verified in trials conducted in ponds, prior to recommending removal of supplemental phosphorus from channel catfish diets.     

Influence of dietary protein level on growth performance,digestibility and activity of immunity‐related enzymes of leopard coral grouper,Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède, 1802)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the interaction between dietary protein levels and fish growth, digestibility and activity of immunity‐related enzymes of Plectropomus leopardus. Five diets with different protein levels (400 g/kg, 450 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg protein) were designed. P. leopardus fed with 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg dietary protein, showed higher weight gain rates than fish fed 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein. Ingestion rate in fish fed with 500 g/kg dietary protein was significantly higher than those with other diets. P. leopardus fed with 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg dietary protein, showed that feed coefficients were significantly lower than those fed with 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein. Net protein utilization was significantly lower in fish fed with 400 g/kg diet than those with other diets. Fish fed with 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein had an apparent feed digestibility coefficient for dry matter that was significantly lower than that with other diets. Protease activity was highest in fish fed on 500 g/kg dietary protein. Fish fed with 500 g/kg dietary protein, had the highest superoxide dismutase activity. Fish fed with 600 g/kg dietary protein, had the highest alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, a diet containing 500 g/kg protein is recommended for P. leopardus aquaculture.     

Juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus) requires dietary myo-inositol for maximal growth

An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to estimate the dietary requirement of myo-inositol (MI) for juvenile hybrid tilapia. MI was supplemented at 0, 150, 250, 350, 450, 600, and 1200 mg/kg diet in the basal diet providing 0, 167, 259, 367, 479, 612, and 1253 mg MI/kg diet. Basal diet without MI but with succinylsulfathiazole to suppress MI synthesis by intestinal bacteria was included for comparison. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of tilapia (mean initial weight 0.51±0.01 g, n=3). Fish fed ≥367 mg MI/kg diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, followed by fish fed 259 mg MI/kg diet, and lowest for fish fed the unsupplemented basal diet. Fish fed ≥367 mg MI/kg diet had higher feed efficiency than fish fed the basal diet. Supplementation of dietary inositol did not affect survival of tilapia. The MI concentrations in liver were highest in fish fed the ≥479 mg MI/kg diet, followed by fish fed the 259 and 167 mg MI/kg diets, and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Hepatic lipid concentrations were higher in fish fed 367 mg MI/kg diet than fish fed ≤259 mg MI/kg diet. Weight gain percentage and MI concentrations in the liver for the different treatments were analyzed by broken-line regression and indicated that the requirement for dietary MI in growing tilapia is about 400 mg/kg diet. Addition of an antibiotic to basal diet did not affect the growth and hepatic inositol concentration of tilapia, suggesting that the intestinal microbial synthesis was not a significant source of inositol for tilapia.     

Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Weight Gain,Tissue Ascorbate Concentration,Stress Response,and Disease Resistance of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1

Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (average initial weight, 6.5 g/fish) were fed twice daily to apparent satiation with practical-type diets containing 0, 50, 150, or 250 mg supplemental vitamin C/kg from L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate for 10 wk under laboratory conditions. At the end of the feeding period, one half of the fish were stressed for 2 h by confinement and both stressed and nonstressed fish were exposed to a virulent strain of Edwardsiella ictaluri. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were lower for fish fed the basal diet than those fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. No differences were observed in weight gain and feed conversion among fish fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. There were no differences in feed consumption and survival (prior to experimental infection) among treatments. No vitamin C deficiency signs except reduced weight gain were observed in fish fed the basal diet. Serum cortisol concentrations were higher in stressed fish than in non-stressed fish. Dietary vitamin C level had no effect on serum cortisol concentration. As dietary vitamin C increased, ascorbate concentration in serum and liver increased. Confinement stress had no effect on serum and liver ascorbate concentrations. Cumulative mortality of channel catfish 21 d subsequent to experimental infection with E. ictaluri was higher for stressed fish than for nonstressed fish. Regardless of stress or nonstress, overall mortality for fish fed the basal diet was lower than the fish fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. There were no differences in post-infection antibody levels among treatments or between stressed and nonstressed fish. Results from this study indicate that channel catfish require no more than 50 mg/kg dietary vitamin C for normal growth, stress response, and disease resistance.     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

Effects of Dietary Mycotoxins Produced by the Mold Fusarium moniliforme on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 6.1 g/fish) were fed eight diets containing the mold Fusarium moniliforme-cultured corn supplying 0.7, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 240 mg of the mycotoxin, fumonisin B₁ (FB₁)/kg diet under laboratory conditions for 12 wk. Fish fed diets containing FB₁ levels of 40 mg/kg and above showed reduced growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency, but fish fed FB₁ concentrations of 20 mg/kg and below did not. The minimum level of FB₁ that depressed growth appeared to be between 20 and 40 mg/kg. Hematocrit was significantly lower for fish fed diets containing 80 and 240 mg FB,/kg than for fish fed diets containing lower levels of FB₁. Fish fed diets containing 40 mg FB₁kg and above had increased liver glycogen, increased vacuolation in nerve fibers, and perivascular lymphohistiocytic investment in the brain compared to fish fed diets containing lower levels of fumonisins. Results from this study indicate that FB₁ levels below 20 mg/kg diet are not a problem in commercial catfish feeds. However, it is prudent to screen for fumonisins in feed ingredients.     

Growth Response of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to Dietary L-Ascorbic Acid, L-Ascorbyl-2-Sulfate, and L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyphosphate

Abstract.— Purified diets were formulated and fed to seven groups of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloricus fingerlings for 12 weeks. Six of the formulated diets contained 5 or 50 mg/kg of ascorbic acid equivalent supplied either by L-ascorbic acid (AA), L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate (AS) or L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP). The seventh basal diet was ascorbate-free and served as the control. The study indicated that APP or AS was more effectively utilized as a source of vitamin C than equimolar AA in promoting growth, improving food conversion, and preventing scurvy in Nile tilapia. Fish fed the ascorbate-free diet and the diet containing 5 mg AA/kg exhibited external signs of scurvy at 10 weeks. Diets containing 5 mg/kg of ascorbic acid from AS or APP provided some growth with no overt signs of scurvy indicating that this concentration of AS and APP might be near the minimum requirements for the species. The best growth, food conversion ratio, survival rate, and ascorbic acid content in liver were obtained with the diet containing 50 mg ascorbate equivalent/kg diet from APP followed by the diet containing 50 mg ascorbate equivalent/kg diet from AS. Fish fed diets with 50 mg ascorbic acidkg diet from AS and APP gained 27.9% and 36.2% more weight, respectively, than fish fed diets with 50 mg ascorbic acidkg diet from AA. These results indicated nearly equal ascorbic acid activity from AS and APP.     

Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for normal physiological and immune functions of fish. However, its requirements and effects in Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor) are currently unknown. A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements based on its effects on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters in juvenile Chu's croaker (14.17 ± 0.1 g). Six isoproteic (450 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (100 g/kg crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 2.24 (basal diet), 39.03, 85.01, 171.16, 356.49 and 715.46 mg/kg of vitamin C. The results showed that fish fed on 171.16 mg/kg vitamin C diet had the highest growth performance and feed utilization. Fish fed on the basal diet had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum and liver as compared with those fed on vitamin C diets. Polynomial analysis indicated that the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile Chu's croaker were 102.28, 98.21, 150.26, 165.38, 71.46, 176.19, 84.84 and 103.78 mg/kg based on weight gain, specific growth rate, liver storage, muscle storage, liver MDA content, liver alanine aminotransferase activity, liver alkaline phosphatase activity and liver superoxide dismutase activity, respectively. We recommend an inclusion level in the range of 71.46–150.26 mg/kg vitamin C in the diets of juvenile Chu's croaker for optimum growth performance, liver function, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity functions.     

Optimum Dietary Level of L-ascorbic Acid for Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary level of ascorbic acid (AsA) for Japanese eel juveniles using L-ascorbic acid Ca based on growth, AsA content in tissues, hematology, and bactericidal activity of serum with Escherichia coli . Test diets with six levels of AsA (3, 10, 27,126, 645, and 3,135-mg/kg diet) as Ca ascorbate were fed to juvenile Japanese eels (11.0 ± 0.2 g) once a day for 8 wk. High survival rates (> 80%) were observed among all dietary treatment groups. The specific growth rates of the fish fed diets containing 3 and 10-mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of other groups. Liver and brain AsA contents of the fish fed diets containing 3, 10, and 27-mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3,135-mg AsA/kg. Hemoglobin content tended to be higher in the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3,135-mg AsA/kg than those of the fish fed other diets. Hematocrit value and total serum protein content of the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3135 mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the other groups. The fish fed diets containing more than 27-mg AsAlkg showed a higher bactericidal activity of serum than the fish fed the diets containing 3-mg and 10-mg AsA/kg. The optimum dietary level of AsA for the Japanese eel juveniles growth was estimated to be more than 27-mg AsA/kg. Furthermore, the inclusion of 645-mg AsA/kg or more also increased the hematocrit, hemoglobin, total serum protein value, and liver and brain vitamin C concentrations.