马尾松飞播造林林分抚育间伐试验

马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)是我国南方主要飞播造林树种之一,我省有大面积马尾松飞播林分,进行马尾松飞播林不同密度林分间伐始期、间伐强度、间隔期、抚育间伐综合效果定位试验研究,选择最优间伐方案用于生产实践,使马尾松飞播林速生、丰产、优质,是本试验的基本目的。本文根据马尾松飞播林3个试验区,27个固定样地,5年的观测数据,对马尾松飞播林间伐起始期、间伐强度、间隔期等进行统计分析。结果表明:马尾松飞播林宜在飞播后8年进行第一次间伐;不同间伐强度与直径生长、单株材积生长呈正相关。林分密度与直径生长,单株材积生长呈负相关;与林分材积增长呈正相关;间伐间隔期以3年为宜。     

重庆地区马尾松人工林不同间伐强度试验

为探明不同间伐强度对重庆地区马尾松人工林生长的影响,在重庆市綦江区北部林场选择马尾松人工纯林(18年生)开展抚育间伐试验,分别设置弱度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的15%,保留密度1410株·hm~(-2))、中度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的30%,保留密度1155株·hm~(-2))、较强度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的45%,保留密度900株·hm~(-2))、不间伐(保留密度1650株·hm~(-2))等4种间伐强度。间伐3 a后调查结果表明,抚育间伐能显著提高马尾松人工林林分胸径的生长,林分平均胸径的生长量在一定范围内随间伐强度的增大而明显提高;不同间伐强度对马尾松林分平均树高生长的影响无显著差异;单位面积林分蓄积量大小依次为:间伐强度30%>间伐强度15%>对照组>间伐强度45%。说明间伐强度30%已达到了最佳的林分质量和收获量,是该区域马尾松人工林最优的抚育间伐强度,而1155株·hm~(-2)是较合理的伐后密度。     

马尾松人工林经营密度模型及其应用的研究

收集288块马尾松人工林标准地材料，以密度二次效应模型为基础，用连续状态的动态规划方法建立可变间伐间隔期的林分经营密度模型。模拟结果表明该模型反映了马尾松人工林林分的密度动态，符合林分生长的一般规律，可为指导抚育间伐等经营措施提供科学依据。     

马尾松人工林不同抚育间伐强度的生长效应研究

通过对15a生的马尾松人工林进行抚育间伐强度效应试验研究,结果表明:强度间伐对胸径和单株材积生长效应最佳,强度间伐的蓄积量最大;不同间伐强度对树高生长和林分总收获量无显著影响。     

连城马尾松人工林直径结构研究

以连城马尾松人工林为研究对象,利用5种分布模型分析马尾松人工林直径分布,结果表明最佳的直径结果模型为威布尔分布;同时通过多模型选优,并结合灰色关联分析,得到马尾松树高曲线为幂函数,通过适用性检验,为森林经营者设计间伐方案、管理抚育连城马尾松人工林等提供科学依据。     

马尾松人工林经济成熟龄的预测及其影响因子简析

经济成熟龄是林业生产部门确定森林经营周期及林业企业进行资产评估的重要依据。以马尾松人工林为例，通过随机取样的方法，设置临时标准样地，并对其林木生长规律进行预测并建立生长模型，结合现行林业经济技术指标参数，合理预测马尾松人工林的经济成熟龄，并对其影响因子进行定性分析，可以为科学经营马尾松人工林提供参考。     

马尾松定量间伐研究

通过研究马尾松林分胸径与冠幅之间的相关规律，编制了林分适宜密度表。在此基础上通过对胸径连年生长量的变化规律，胸径生长过程，林分平均胸径与间伐木平均胸径、间伐木平均胸径与间伐木平均树高之间相关关系的研究，从中选择出最佳的相关关系式，并据此确定马尾松中幼林抚育间伐的起始期，间隔期，间伐强度，间伐蓄积量，为科学合理地进行抚育间伐、选择造林密度及提供营林设计和调查规划参考数据服务。     

马尾松定量间伐研究

通过研究马尾松林分胸径与冠幅之间的相关规律，编制了林分适宜密度表。在此基础上通过对胸径连年生长量的变化规律、胸径生长过程、林分平均胸径与间伐木平均胸径、间伐木平均胸径与间伐木平均树高之间相关关系的研究，从中选择出最佳的相关关系式，并据此确定马尾松中幼林抚育间伐的起始期、间隔期、间伐强度、间伐蓄积量，为科学合理地进行抚育间伐、选择造林密度及提供营林设计和调查规划参考数据服务。     

不同密度30年生马尾松林生长特征与林分结构的研究

对比分析了不同密度３０年生马尾松人工林的林分结构和生长效果的差异。用β分布模型研究林分直径分布规律，并以此为基础，通过分析林分生长过程，以探讨马尾松人工林不同材种的最佳栽培密度和合理的林分结构。     

马尾松人工纯林林分改造问题的探讨

本文分析了马尾松人工林经营中存在的问题，提出了马尾松人工林林分改造应采取及时间伐、皆伐重造、保阔混交、培育复层林等4种途径．并指出林分改造中所需研究的问题。     

长白落叶松工业用材林经营模拟研究

通过对长白落叶松不同立地等级和经营密度的林分进行经营模拟研究发现：在即时间伐的情况下，木材径级与初始造林密度没有相关关系，与立地等级关系极为显著，低密度经营措施不能有效增加木材径级；问伐和主伐收获总量随着密度的增加，增幅差异不明显；如果考虑营林投资的时间成本价值。长白落叶松人工用材林的培育周期不应超过60年。     

The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock–Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska

The effects of partial cutting on species composition, new and residual-tree cohorts, tree size distribution, and tree growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12–96 years ago, when 16–96% of the former stand basal area was removed.Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species composition. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area cut. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p<0.001). Trees that were 20–80 cm dbh at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth. Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar, and the proportion of stand basal-area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities.Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for timber production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees similar to old-growth stands.     

日本落叶松人工林密度调控技术研究

以日本落叶松中幼林抚育间伐样地监测数据,利用树冠竞争因子（CCF）、林分密度指数、单位断面积生长过程等指标,分析了抚育间伐对断面积和蓄积两方面的影响,结果表明：间伐林分的断面积和蓄积有相同的生长过程,即林分在一定间伐强度范围内（强度小于50％）间伐强度越大,年均生长率越大;用树冠竞争因子描述日本落叶松人工林断面积的生长过程,未间伐林分的立木度接近稳定状态,而间伐林分降低了林分的CCF值,随着林龄的增加,CCF值不断增加,逐渐向未间伐林分靠近。总的来说间伐林分在间伐初期要小于未间伐林分,但随着林龄的增大及林木竞争的加剧,间伐林分逐渐向未间伐林分靠近。     

马尾松人工同龄纯林自然稀疏规律研究

通过对马尾松4~20年生不同密度的人工同龄纯林生长资料的分析表明:第1次树高生长分化高峰期在4~7年生,第2次在11~14年生,幼林郁闭后林木直径分化状态比较稳定。中幼林期抚育间伐主要采伐劣等木,进入近熟林期后除采伐劣等木外,还可采伐一部分中等木。间伐施工应以留优去劣为主,适当照顾均匀。总稀疏强度与密度呈正相关性,出现稀疏的时间随密度增大而提前;连年稀疏强度高峰期出现在林分郁闭后的一段时间内。根据总稀疏强度与稀疏时间同密度的关系可确定不同密度林分的间伐强度与时间。利用马尾松人工林观测资料拟合出与立地条件、现存株数密度、林龄三因子相关的自然稀疏模型,从而可推算出不同立地条件的自然稀疏表,为马尾松人工林密度调控提供科学依据。     

Comparison of tree size structure and growth for partially harvested and even-aged hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska

The effects of partial cutting on tree size structure and stand growth were evaluated in 52 plots in 13 stands in southeast Alaska that were partially harvested 53–96 years ago and compared with 50-year-old even-aged stands that developed after clearcutting. The net basal-area growth was greater in the partially cut plots than in the uncut plots, and basal-area growth generally increased with increasing cutting intensity. However, the basal-area growth of all of the partially harvested stands was significantly less than the growth of 50-year-old even-aged stands, and net basal area growth over the 50 year period since partial harvesting was about 33–43% of the growth of the even-aged stands. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effect on tree species composition. The tree size distribution of the partially harvested stands was far more complex and well distributed in comparison with the 50-year-old even-aged stands, and included the presence of several trees with diameters of more than 100 cm. These trees included both large-diameter spruce and hemlock trees and were a distinctive structural feature that was noticeably lacking in the even-aged stands.     

The effects of species mixture on the growth and yield of mid-rotation mixed stands of Scots pine and silver birch

The effect of tree species mixture on stand volume yield and on tree-species-specific diameter and height growth rates were analysed in managed mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Ehrn.).Data were obtained from 14 repeatedly measured stands located in Southern Finland on mineral soil sites with varying admixture of Scots pine and silver birch. Statistical analysis was carried out for studying the effect of species mixture on the development of stand characteristics. For the analysis, the plots were categorised into three groups (plot types) according to the species dominance. In order to analyse species-specific growth rates, individual-tree mixed linear growth models for tree diameter and height growth were developed for both tree species.The results clearly show that the yield of the managed mid-rotation, mixed stands was greater for stands dominated by Scots pine than for stands dominated by birch, and the stand volume increment decreased with an increasing proportion of silver birch. Analysis of diameter and height growth by tree species revealed that the main reason for this pattern is the negative impact of birch competition on the growth of pine trees. The increase in diameter of pine was clearly hampered if the proportion of birch was high. An abundance of birch also slightly decreased the growth in height of Scots pine, although the effect was less than on diameter growth. Species mixture did not affect the diameter growth of birch but did have a significant effect on height development. Height growth of birch was considerably greater in pine-dominated stands than in birch-dominated stands. In pine-dominated mixed stands, the height growth of birch was quite close to that of dominant pine trees, and birches can endure in competition with pines for light.The results apply for even-aged and single-storey managed stands, where stocking density and structure are controlled with pre-commercial and commercial thinnings. The results are not applicable to unmanaged mixed stands undergoing self-thinning. This study provides new information on mixed stands from a silvicultural perspective, which can be applied in decisions involving the management of mixed stands.     

杉木幼林年生长节律划分和相关气候因素分析

杉木幼林年生长规律及气候因素对生长的影响,是合理制订杉木产区区划,改善杉木造林规划设计布局,正确实施经营管理措施的基础。 本项研究,将全国杉木西部试区的四川高县作为试验点,从1985～1988年,连续4年在5～8年生不同密度林分中,作了胸高直径及树高生长的旬期定期观测。经对这些实验数据作均值处理,聚类分析,关联分析和多元回归分析结果表明:对生长在中国杉木中带西部产区,处于中亚热带湿润气候区环境条件下的杉木幼林年生长规律的论证及对影响生长的主要气候因子的分析判断和预测,具有可靠性和区域代表性。     

An approach to clarifying public preferences about silvicultural systems: A case study concerning group selection and clear‐cutting

To avoid large clear‐cut areas in recreation areas, three experiments where group selection was used to transform even‐aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) into uneven‐aged stands were started. Two of these group selection stands were compared with adjacent forests managed by the clear‐cut system on the basis of the opinion of seven voluntary groups. The respondents have given their judgement of the forest sites in a semantic differential test. All parties made assessments when visiting the forest sites. In addition, two of the groups made assessments of black and white photographs representing the forest sites. The methods used were found to be both reliable and valid. A very low correlation was obtained between the assessment of whole forest areas and the mean value of the assessments of the stands within the same area. According to this study, the group selection method is preferable to clear‐cutting in even‐aged stands of Norway spruce if the attitudes of the voluntary groups are to be met.     

Comparative mast seed production in unmanaged and shelterwood white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands in central Ontario

The effect of the seed cut of the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system on white pine seed production, seed characteristics, and seed viability during 2 mast seeding events was examined in operationally harvested second growth, white pine-dominated forest stands in central Ontario. Seed traps placed along transects in unmanaged and shelterwood stands in each of 3 blocks were used to monitor seed production in 2000 and 2006 (4 and 10 years after harvesting). During these 2 mast seed years between 386,000 and 2,730,600 seed ha^?1 were produced among study stands. Total seed production expressed on a per hectare and unit pine basal area basis did not differ by harvest treatment or among blocks in either year. Variability in seed production among stands was primarily due to differences in stand structure, with seed production positively related to white pine basal area. Seed characteristics were largely similar between harvested and unmanaged stands and between seed years. Seed viability was relatively high in both years, with seed from shelterwoods germinating slightly slower than those from unmanaged stands. Seed quality, as estimated by laboratory germination performance, was higher in 2006 than 2000, likely due to improved seed development and maturation in the warmer, wetter growing season of 2006. Our results suggest that the seed cut of the uniform shelterwood system applied to second growth white pine stands is unlikely to adversely affect white pine seed production, seed quality, or potential for natural regeneration during mast seeding events.     

Sphagnum community change after partial harvest in black spruce boreal forests

In eastern Canada, boreal forests develop structural diversity in association with time since stand replacing fire. In some regions, this is associated with significant changes in the bryophyte community (Sphagnum moss invasion) and paludification (thick waterlogged forest floor development). The bryophyte community responds to opening of the canopy, and increasing moisture by replacement of slow growing species by faster growing Sphagnum spp. (e.g. magellanicum, fallax) that are dependent on constant hydration. Within a forest management context, partial harvest systems have been proposed as a strategy to maintain structural diversity, which is currently not accomplished with low retention systems. However, it is unknown whether these interventions will effectively accelerate community succession. The questions addressed in this study were: (1) is the composition of Sphagnum colonies in partially cut stands more similar to old-growth communities than in control, and low retention cut stands, (2) what aspects of harvest disturbance drive these changes, and (3) is the growth rate of Sphagnum capillifolium (an early successional shade tolerant species) different in partial versus low retention harvest systems? After harvest, Sphagnum patch size was reduced by 19.8% and 11.7% after low retention and partial harvest, respectively. While trends were not constant across three separate partial cut trials, the proportion of Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fallax and Sphagnum fuscum increased compared to controls and low retention 1–2 years after harvest. Models of percent Sphagnum cover indicated machinery track cover, percent cover of vascular plants, and patch depth were positive factors, while the influence of open canopy varied among species. Despite the inclusion of individual disturbance variables, the summary variable ‘treatment’ was significant in all models. Growth of S. capillifolium in partial cuts was intermediate to growth rates in control and low-retention cuts. Growth was positively influenced by slash cover and, contrary to the patch level, negatively influenced by track cover. These results indicate that partial harvest does represent an intermediate level of disturbance, as direct and indirect harvest effects were reduced, as was Sphagnum death. Change in composition 1 and 2 years after harvest indicates that partial harvests may effectively shift the bryophyte community towards an older community type and may thus be used to create landscape diversity. Long term trends and entire community compositions need to be assessed before this can be stated definitively. However, as paludified stands are less productive, the capacity of these partially harvested sites to produce merchantable timber is questioned.