接种发酵糟鱼的杀菌工艺

为了探究接种发酵糟鱼的杀菌工艺,实验以草鱼作为原料,分析了干燥程度、杀菌条件等关键工艺参数对接种发酵糟鱼理化特性、感官特性等品质的影响,以及保藏期间产品食用安全品质的变化。结果显示,当糟制前鱼块干燥至水分含量分别为63.48%、55.37%和47.76%时,糟制后鱼块的水分活度值(Aw)分别为0.86、0.82和0.78。在杀菌强度F=5 min时,90和95℃杀菌处理后,产品出现胀袋现象;当F≥6.5 min时,产品均达到商业无菌状态,并且产品的a*值随杀菌温度升高而显著增大,L*值、b*值和剪切力变化不显著,杀菌温度为95℃时具有最高的感官评分84.9。在120 d贮藏期内,4和25℃贮藏的产品均未检出肠杆菌,且pH值和Aw值变化不大,其中4℃下贮藏的即食糟鱼具有更佳的感官品质。因此,接种糟鱼的最佳杀菌工艺为安全杀菌强度F=6.5 min、温度95℃、杀菌时间17.4 min,产品贮藏期可达120 d。研究表明,合理的干燥程度、杀菌条件以及保藏温度等关键工艺能够有效提高糟鱼的保藏品质。本研究对于促进草鱼的加工利用,提高杀菌即食水产品的品质具有重要的实践意义。     

二次杀菌条件对凡纳滨对虾软烤虾品质的影响

通过基于栅栏效应的工艺将凡纳滨对虾加工成高水分软烤虾,对产品进行二次杀菌,测定不同杀菌条件下软烤虾的色泽、质构、p H值、感官品质,并判定是否处于商业无菌状态。结果表明,随着杀菌温度的增加,L*值、a*值与b*值均呈现下降趋势,随杀菌时间增加,L*值略有下降,a*值与b*值略有上升。杀菌温度上升,硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性在一定范围内先上升再下降;而粘附性一直上升,内聚性一直下降但变化相对较小,最大剪切力的整体趋势也下降。杀菌时间增加,硬度、粘附性与咀嚼性升高,内聚性与最大剪切力下降,胶粘性先下降再上升,而弹性先上升再下降。软烤虾的p H值随着杀菌温度升高变化较复杂,但杀菌时间增加时p H值上升。当杀菌条件为90℃·(30 min)-1时,软烤虾的感官品质最好,并且达到商业无菌状态。     

管束干燥设备加工南极磷虾品质分析

探究南极磷虾管束干燥过程的特性及品质变化规律,为高品质虾粉加工提供工艺参数。设置110℃、120℃、130℃、140℃和150℃5组干燥温度,以南极磷虾料温、水分含量、干燥速率为干燥特性指标,检测干燥过程中南极磷虾粗蛋白、粗脂肪、虾青素和色泽变化。结果显示:管束干燥温度越高,达到干燥终点所用时间越短,每升高10℃,时间缩短10~20 min;当物料水分≥60%且物料温度≤60℃时,各组营养含量变化差异不大;当物料水分<60%或物料温度>60℃,各组虾青素和脂肪含量变化极其显著(P<0.01)。研究表明:采用管束干燥机加工南极磷虾,当物料水分≥60%且物料温度≤60℃时,可采用130℃~150℃的干燥温度以提高干燥效率;当物料水分<60%或料温>60℃时,宜采用<120℃的干燥温度,以获得较高品质的虾粉。     

栅栏技术优化即食调味珍珠贝肉工艺的研究

文章运用栅栏效应的理论，确定了高水分型即食调味珍珠贝肉食品的制作工艺，分析了各种常见栅栏因子对制品感官品质及微生物的影响，优化前处理、烘干工艺、杀菌工艺、pH、水分活度（activity water，Aw）和低温处理等多种栅栏因子，形成有效防止制品腐败变质的栅栏模式。试验结果表明，原料前处理需用3％的食盐进行了清洗；采用0．15％柠檬酸溶液调节pH为5．6～5．7；贝肉调味后需经烫煮；产品水分含量45％～50％，Aw为0．88～0．90；产品真空包装，低温处理24h，再采用巴氏杀菌（80～85℃、30min），能较好地保持产品的品质和风味，延长保存期，保持珍珠贝肉特有的鲜味和营养价值，促进珍珠贝肉的开发利用。     

熟制对虾虾仁超高压杀菌主要参数探讨

实验通过不同的压力和保压时间处理虾仁,以此考察超高压的杀菌效果以及对产品品质的影响。结果表明,压力是影响杀菌效果的主要因素,当压力为600MPa,保压时间为20min时,虾仁中接种的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌总数分别下降7.1、7.0、7.2和4.3个log。枯草芽孢杆菌对高压最不敏感。超高压处理对产品的理化性质有一定影响,随着压力增大,水分含量有所减小,但幅度不大,色泽L值减小,红度a值无显著影响,硬度、弹性和咀嚼度都增大。在4℃低温保藏过程中,虾仁硬度有所增大,弹性无明显变化,而色泽红度呈现先缓慢增大后下降的趋势。感官评定结果表明,经600MPa保压15min的样品在4℃保藏60d后最被喜爱,120d后仍可被接受。     

使用挤压成型法开发鱼胶可食用膜

采用20%和25%的甘油对鱼胶进行增塑,再通过在110℃和120℃下的双螺杆挤压,随后在80℃下的压缩成型,用增塑的鱼胶生产可食用膜。对其拉伸性能和阻湿性以及玻璃化温度等进行了测量,并与溶液成膜法作了比较。含25%甘油在110℃下挤出的膜具有(293±27)%的最高拉断(断裂)伸长率。挤压成型膜的水蒸汽渗透值高于溶液成型膜,而挤压成型膜的玻璃化温度普遍低于溶液成型膜。     

反复冷冻-解冻对鲢品质的影响

研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)在冷冻-解冻过程中的品质变化规律。鲢于–18℃条件下冻藏10 d,流水解冻后再贮藏于–18℃条件下,5 d后解冻,共反复冷冻-解冻5次。在解冻1、3、5次后随机取3条鲢测定其解冻损失、蒸煮损失、硬度、咀嚼性、恢复性、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、L*值、b*值、盐溶性蛋白(SSP)含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性、总巯基含量、表面疏水性和感官值等指标,评价反复冷冻-解冻对鲢品质的影响。结果表明,在第1次冷冻-解冻时,硬度、咀嚼性、恢复性、盐溶性蛋白(SSP)含量和Ca2+-ATP酶活性与鲢初始值相比显著降低(P<0.05),b*值和表面疏水性显著升高(P<0.05);解冻损失、L*值和TBA值在第3次冷冻-解冻时显著上升(P<0.05);总巯基含量在第5次冷冻-解冻时显著下降(P<0.05);而蒸煮损失在冷冻-解冻过程中没有显著变化(P>0.05);感官值在第5次冷冻-解冻时为47,感官品质已不可接受。各指标变化表明,鲢品质会随着反复冷冻-解冻次数增加而下降,在运输、贮藏和销售过程中要防止温度波动,避免反复冻融对鲢品质造成不利影响。     

日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)不同温度冻藏过程中的品质变化

选取-20℃、-30℃和-50℃3个冻藏温度,以TVB-N值、肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性、巯基含量、TBARS值及肌肉组织微观结构为指标,结合感官评分,对比分析90 d内日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)的品质变化规律。结果显示,在不同冻藏温度下,随着时间的延长,Ca2+-ATPase活性和感官评分不断下降;肌原纤维蛋白和巯基含量,则先略微上升而后快速下降;TVB-N值和TBARS值呈不断上升的趋势,且温度越高上升速率越快;肌肉组织微观结构分析表明,枪乌贼肌纤维结构在冻藏过程中逐渐变得松散。相比-20℃,-30℃和-50℃冻藏温度条件下更能长久地保持枪乌贼品质,且品质无显著差异。综合分析认为,冻藏温度低于-30℃时,可较好地保持枪乌贼品质。     

不同酶促反应条件及热处理对木聚糖酶活的影响

中国农科院畜牧研究所汪儆等进行试验研究了还原糖法不同酶促反应时间、温度和PH值及干热、湿热等因素对木聚糖酶活的影响。结果表明：大多数酶制剂产品获得最高木聚糖酶活的酶促反应条件是10min、60℃和PH6.35。酶活测定时各酶制剂具有较宽的温度适应范围(35～75℃)和较宽的PH值适应范围(PH4.5～7.4)。各酶制剂在较高温度(65～95℃)下干热处理10min,其酶活损失较少,而在85℃湿热处理时间愈长,其酶活损失愈多。经过包被处理的酶制剂,拌入饲料中经湿热处理制粒后(85℃、10min)其酶活仍然较高,损失相当小。     

日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)不同温度冻藏过程中的品质变化

选取-20℃、-30℃和-50℃3个冻藏温度,以TVB-N值、肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、巯基含量、TBARS值及肌肉组织微观结构为指标,结合感官评分,对比分析90 d内日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)的品质变化规律。结果显示,在不同冻藏温度下,随着时间的延长,Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性和感官评分不断下降;肌原纤维蛋白和巯基含量,则先略微上升而后快速下降;TVB-N值和TBARS值呈不断上升的趋势,且温度越高上升速率越快;肌肉组织微观结构分析表明,枪乌贼肌纤维结构在冻藏过程中逐渐变得松散。相比-20℃,-30℃和-50℃冻藏温度条件下更能长久地保持枪乌贼品质,且品质无显著差异。综合分析认为,冻藏温度低于-30℃时,可较好地保持枪乌贼品质。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).