ACQ防腐剂处理竹材的防腐性能和抗流失性能

比较了5种ACQ防腐剂处理竹材的防腐性能和抗流失性.结果表明, ACQ-B的综合抗菌性能最好,ACFQ-稍差,ACQ-C对白腐菌的毒性最差,失质量率达6%,远高于ACQ-B和ACQ-D.加入磷酸盐可提高药剂对白腐菌的毒性,但对褐腐菌的毒性影响较小;ACQ-B和ACQ-B-P在竹材中的固着率较好,ACQ-C和ACQ-C-P次之,ACQ-D最低.     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防褐腐作用及力学性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以褐腐菌棉腐卧孔菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)、ACQ处理材的耐腐性能、力学性能及胶接性能进行研究.结果表明:1) CCC处理的竹材对棉腐卧孔菌的耐腐性能不及CCB和ACQ处理材;但是,随着CCC处理浓度的增加,处理材耐褐腐性能明显增加,当处理材中金属离子保持量达到5.141 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失低于6.1%.2) CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果低于CCC、CCB和ACQ,略高于氯化锌处理材,当CZC中金属离子保持量高于5.091 kg·m-3时,处理材的质量损失在26.4%～29.0%之间.3) 同素材(未处理材)相比,经防腐剂处理后的竹材力学性能及胶接性能均有不同程度下降,尤其是CCB处理材.在所测指标中,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度下降最明显,横纹抗压强度和胶接强度除CCB外变化不大.     

铜唑类防腐剂在竹材中的固着性

本文以毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)为试材，根据美国木材防腐协会E11-97标准，研究了4种配方的铜唑(cuAz)防腐剂的室内抗流失性，并与CCA、ACQ和有机酸铜类防腐剂的固着性作了对比。结果表明：铜唑防腐剂的固着率高于有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸)铜的固着率；对于所有含铜的制剂，高吸药量水平下的固着率一般高于低吸药量水平下的固着率；当吸药量6．56～7．31kg／m^3时，以氨基醇作溶剂的铜唑固着率低于用氨作溶剂的铜唑固着率。     

真空-加压防腐处理对胶合板性能的影响

采用防腐剂季铵铜(ACQ)和铜铬砷(CCA)对杨木和按木酚醛树脂胶合板进行满细胞法加压防腐处理,测试了气干后防腐处理材的物理力学性能和耐腐性能.结果表明:气干后胶合板不可逆厚度膨胀率仅为1.3％～2.0％;防腐处理对胶合强度无不良影响,但气干材的弹性模量和静曲强度较对照样平均降低了31％左右;CCA处理后胶合板受褐腐菌和白腐菌侵染后的质量损失率为2.97％ ～7.16％,达到Ⅰ级耐腐等级.     

5种防腐防霉剂对重组竹材抑菌效果的影响

采用氨溶季铵铜(ACQ),铜唑(Cu Az),丙环唑和戊唑醇(ZJFC-Ⅰ),壳聚糖铜配位聚合物(CCC),碘代丙炔基丁基甲胺酸酯、丙环唑、戊唑醇(PINSKAN)5种防腐防霉剂,分别调配成0.5%,1.0%和1.5%3种浓度;采用桔青霉(Penicillam citrinum)、绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)3种霉菌,绵腐卧孔菌(Poria placenta)和彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)2种腐朽菌对毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)炭化重组竹材进行防腐防霉性能研究。结果表明:处理后的重组竹材抑菌能力明显提高,载药量随着防腐防霉剂溶液浓度的增加而增加,载药量越大,重组竹材抑菌效果越好。浓度为1.0%的ZJFC-Ⅰ和浓度为1.5%的ACQ对3种霉菌防治效力最好,均达100%;浓度为1.5%的Cu Az对桔青霉和绿色木霉的防治效力分别为81.25%和87.50%;浓度为1.5%的CCC和PINSKAN对黑曲霉的防治效力分别为87.50%和100%。处理后的重组竹材防腐能力提高60.4%以上,平均质量损失率均在3.36%以下,均达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。浓度相同时Cu Az抑制腐朽菌效果最好;未处理重组竹材防霉性能最差,对3种霉菌防治效力均为0,但具有较好的耐腐能力,平均质量损失率为8.48%,达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。     

铜基防腐剂对竹材定向刨花板性能的影响

选用季铵铜(ACQ)、铜唑(CuAz)及环烷酸铜(CuN)3种铜基防腐剂,考察防腐剂添加对竹材定向刨花板物理力学性能的影响。研究表明,3种防腐剂处理材的物理力学性能,均满足LY/T 1580-2000《定向刨花板》中OSB/3规定;其中,CuAz及CuN各载药量处理材的性能均超过OSB/4的要求,并且综合力学性能优于ACQ处理材。添加2.21 kg/m3的CuAz制作的板材性能略低于对照试板外,其余防腐剂或载药量对板材性能无不利影响。     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防白腐性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以白腐菌彩绒革盖菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)处理材的抗流失性和耐腐性能进行试验.结果表明: 壳聚糖金属配合物在竹材中固着率略高于CCB,明显高于相应的金属盐,具有较强的抗流失性能;CCC处理的竹材对彩绒革盖菌的耐腐性能高于CCB处理材, 当CCC处理材中金属离子保持量达到6.35 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失为0;CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果和CCC效果相当,明显高于氯化锌处理材,当防腐剂中金属离子保持量高于2.41 kg·m-3时,CZC处理的竹材都达到最耐腐等级,且随着防腐剂中金属离子保持量的提高,处理材的质量损失率接近于0.     

水载铜基防腐剂处理对竹条表面润湿性的影响

以水载铜基防腐剂季铵铜(ACQ)和铜唑(Cu Az)处理毛竹竹条,采用蒸馏水、二碘甲烷、甲酰胺3种参照液体,测定其在防腐处理竹材表面的接触角,并利用几何平均法计算处理材的表面自由能,探讨防腐处理对竹材表面润湿性的影响。结果表明,竹黄面的表面自由能略高于竹青面,但二者差异不显著(p0.05);ACQ与Cu Az处理材的表面自由能差异显著,ACQ处理材的表面自由能高于Cu Az处理材;与未处理材相比,经过防腐剂处理的竹材,大多数表面自由能有所增加,但是随着载药量升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势;当ACQ载药量达到5.2 kg·m-3,Cu Az达到2.2 kg·m-3,防腐处理材与对照样的表面自由能差异不显著。     

环保防腐剂处理木材的耐腐性能研究

以马尾松为研究对象,分别采用铜唑和季铵铜(ACQ)两种环保型防腐剂处理木材,研究不同防腐剂对木材耐腐性能的影响。结果表明:两种防腐剂处理的木材耐腐等级为强耐腐,防腐效果显著;铜唑防腐剂浓度和成本较低,可推广应用于古建筑及传统民居木构件防护工程。     

水载型木材防腐剂有效成分的加速固着方法

以铬化砷酸铜(CCA)为代表的水载型防腐剂,逐渐被其他主要有效成分为铜的水载型防腐剂取代,这类防腐剂中的.针对水载型防腐剂抗流失性差的缺点,介绍4种用于加速防腐剂中有效成分在木材中固着的方法,分析了这些方法对水载型防腐剂中有效成分的固着效果,并就如何加速ACQ中有效成分的固着研究进行了分析和展望.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。