DDGS在猪日粮中的潜在应用价值

由于蛋白质含量低和纤维含量高,谷物中蒸出酒精或酒精饮料后的残渣大部分都用来饲喂肉牛和奶牛。然而,由于乙醇产量的增加和生产的现代化,DDGS在家禽和猪饲料中的应用与日俱增。Chad Hastad解释了应用DDGS的一些益处。     

高粱干酒糟及其可溶物营养特性分析及在猪生产上的应用

近年来我国饲料资源短缺问题愈发严重,高粱干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）是生产白酒和乙醇的副产物,可作为蛋白质饲料原料。本文分析了高粱DDGS的营养特性并阐述了近年来关于高粱DDGS在猪生产上的应用进展,为高粱DDGS在猪生产中的应用提供参考。     

乙醇生产工艺对DDGS蛋白营养价值影响的研究进展

干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是乙醇生产工业中的一种副产物,常常被用作动物蛋白原料使用。由于原料来源不同,DDGS的粗蛋白质含量以及粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率存在差异,另外,加工工艺也会影响DDGS蛋白质质量。本文综述了乙醇生产过程影响DDGS蛋白价值的因素。加热对DDGS干燥过程中的影响报道最多。在加热过程中,氨基酸会发生一系列的化学反应,导致氨基酸消化率降低或结构破坏。DDGS蛋白质质量、颜色、酸性洗涤不溶氮及氨基酸含量都是评判加热影响DDGS质量的指标。除了干燥,另外可能影响DDGS蛋白质价值的因素是在干燥和混合步骤前的高温条件。     

燃料乙醇DDGS对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质及胫骨质量的影响

分析燃料乙醇DDGS营养成分及毒素含量．研究该DDGS对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质及骨骼质量的影响。结果表明：DDGS可显著降低1～21日龄肉仔鸡采食量（P〈0．05）；DDGS也可显著增加肉仔鸡腿肌黄度（P〈0．05）；DDGS可显著增加肉仔鸡骨矿物含量（P〈0．05）、胫骨长度（p〈0．05）和胫骨重量（P〈0．05）。     

可溶性干酒糟（DDGS）在家禽营养中的应用

干酒糟及其可溶物（Distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS）是酒精生产行业的一种副产品,由干磨式燃料酒精生产厂产生。在发酵过程中,谷物淀粉被转化为乙醇和二氧化碳,残留在DDGS中的养分被浓缩2～3倍。在欧洲,对可再生能源使用的偏爱推动了生物燃料的生产。生物乙醇生产的增加造成大量DDGS进入饲料原料市场。由于其含有高质量的养分（这与其采用的独特、平缓的干燥和处理方法有关）,来自现代乙醇生产行业的DDGS可以用作单胃动物的饲料,并产生良好的使用效果。家禽以DDGS为饲料原料的主要问题是其养分含量和可利用率的高变异性。本文将讨论不同实验室将DDGS用作家禽饲料成分后的研究结果。根据这些研究结果,来自现代乙醇生产厂的DDGS是一种可以作为家禽日粮配料的饲料成分,其安全饲喂水平分别为：开食肉鸡和火鸡5%～8%,生长-肥育肉鸡、生长-肥育火鸡和产蛋母鸡2%～15%。     

玉米DDGS营养特征及其在猪生产中高效利用的改善措施

玉米DDGS是生产玉米乙醇燃料的主要副产物之一,具有成本低、蛋白含量高等特点,目前在畜禽饲料产业中已部分替代豆粕、鱼粉等高价蛋白饲料原料并广泛应用。玉米DDGS受原料来源、加工工艺等因素的影响,其潜在营养价值并未在目前猪生产应用中完全体现。近年来,提升玉米DDGS在猪生产中应用效果方法的研究取得了一定进展,本文将对玉米DDGS营养特性、在猪生产应用中的限制因素及其目前改善措施进行综述,为生产中更合理化利用玉米DDGS资源提供参考。     

稻谷干全酒精糟的营养价值及其在畜禽饲料中的开发利用

稻谷在深加工制备燃料乙醇的过程中产生的副产物主要为稻谷干全酒精糟(DDGS),其营养价值丰富,通过在饲料中的科学应用,不仅可以发挥地产原料的优势,缓解饲料原料资源紧缺的局面,还可以有效降低饲料成本。本文综述了稻谷DDGS的营养价值及其在饲料中的应用,以期为稻谷DDGS的应用提供参考。     

干酒糟及其可溶物的营养价值及其在猪生产上的应用

干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是乙醇生产工业副产物,随着生物能源的应用增加,DDGS产量上升。DDGS最先用于反刍动物生产中,近年来,也有很多报道将DDGS用于猪、鸡等单胃动物生产行业。本文从DDGS的生产工艺、营养组成、对猪的营养价值及其在猪生产上的应用现状以及改进措施等几个方面对近十年来国外学者在DDGS上的研究进行了综述。虽然DDGS能替代部分豆粕和玉米用于猪生产中,但由于其质量的不稳定、蛋白质品质的低下和粗纤维含量过高影响了其大量使用。通过过筛、发酵、加酶、不同原料组合使用等方法能扩大并提高DDGS在养殖行业的应用。     

DDGS对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

近几年,我国的工业用燃料乙醇生产量大幅度增加,玉米乙醇加工业的副产物DDGS产量也在扩大,DDGS作为一种原料在家禽业中使用,已经有几十年的历史。之前的研究表明,DDGS是优质的核黄素和硫胺素来源,且绝大多数核黄素是可以溶解的。通常,DDGS在蛋鸡日粮中的添加比例为5%~12%。不过研究表明,在鸡群整体健康水平较高、饲养管理较为科学的前提下,DDGS的     

小麦DDGS可提高牛脂肪中反式和共轭亚油酸含量

小麦DDGS替代传统的玉米DDGS有诸多优点．如小麦DDGS的淀粉含量较低．而粗纤维和植物油含量相对较高．同时对动物脂肪的反式和共轭亚油酸（CLA）等多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的合成有积极作用。当母牛育成日粮中分别用0、20％、40％和60％的小麦DDGS替代蒸汽压片大麦时．日粮的油脂从1．9％增加至3．7％．但日粮中的脂肪酸含量基本一致．随着母牛日粮中DDGS含量的增加．牛膈肌总的脂肪酸含量呈线性下降趋势（P=0．031）：同时胸肌和膈肌的18：2n-6（P=0．001）和总的n-6脂肪酸含量呈线性增加趋势（P=0．001）．但n-3脂肪酸的含量差异不显著：各处理组肉牛的胸肌和膈肌的反式单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）含量没有显著差异．但随着DDGS含量的增加．肉牛胸肌的10t-18：1含量线性下降（P=0．033），膈肌的10t-18：1含量呈线性下降趋势（P=0．004）；胸肌（P=0．005）和膈肌（P=0．003）的11t-18：1含量都呈线性增加趋势：同时随着牛日粮中小麦DDGS的增加，牛胸肌（P=0．044）和膈肌（P=0．023）的9c11t-18：2的含量也呈现线性增加趋势，且牛胸肌（肚0．086）和膈肌（P=0．039）总的CLA含量也有所增加。总的来看．肉牛日粮中饲喂一定量的小麦DDGS可通过改变牛肉中脂肪酸的含量而改善牛肉品质。     

玉米酒精糟的营养价值及其对生长育肥猪肉品质的影响

玉米酒精糟(corn distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS)是燃料乙醇工厂以玉米为原料发酵生产酒精的副产品,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、有效磷和维生素,是一种良好的饲料原料。近年来,随着燃料乙醇工厂数量的增多、规模的扩大及加工工艺的改进,玉米DDGS的产量和质量也不断提高,并且被越来越多地用于养猪生产中。但是其中过高的脂肪含量,特别是不饱和脂肪酸,导致生长育肥猪的肉品质下降,对猪肉的货架期及深加工造成了一定的负面影响。作者综述了玉米DDGS的营养价值及其对猪肉品质的影响。     

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different concentrations of fat. Twelve growing barrows (initial body weight: 76.1 ± 6.2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods. The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5, 7.5, and 6.9% respectively. Diets contained 60% DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5, 5.2, and 5.2%, respectively. Two additional diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with 7.5 and 6.9% fat were also formulated, and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5% fat. A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA from the pigs. Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods. The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The apparent ileal digestibililty (AID) and SID of CP and all indispensable AA, except AID Pro and SID of Trp, were greater (P < 0.01) in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat. Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA. In conclusion, conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA. The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.     

皖西白鹅3种常用蛋白饲料原料的氨基酸标准回肠消化率测定

为研究皖西白鹅对常用蛋白饲料原料豆粕、菜籽粕及DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率（SIAAD）,选取体重相近的56日龄皖西白鹅288只,随机分为24个饲喂栏,每个饲喂栏12只（公、母各半）,试验期为35 d,0~28 d为预饲期,全部饲喂相同基础日粮;29~35 d为试验期,分别饲喂待测饲粮和无氮饲粮6 d,每种饲粮6个饲喂栏（重复）,第35天早上饲喂前采集回肠食糜并测定食糜中的氨基酸含量。结果显示：豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS的平均SIAAD分别为88.30%、81.17%、88.99%,且豆粕和DDGS平均SIAAD显著（P<0.05）高于菜籽粕。豆粕中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：赖氨酸（Lys）81.27%、蛋氨酸（Met）95.14%、苏氨酸（Thr）85.08%、缬氨酸（Val）88.25%、亮氨酸（Leu）88.20%、异亮氨酸（Ile）87.33%、苯丙氨酸（Phe）91.66%、组氨酸（His）87.77%和精氨酸（Arg）92.18%;菜籽粕氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 75.19%、Met 87.87%、Thr 82.96%、Val 84.25%、Leu 83.19%、Ile 81.94%、Phe 86.08%、His 84.39%和Arg 83.10%;DDGS 中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 83.74%、Met 94.59%、Thr 90.85%、Val 91.97%、Leu 93.67%、Ile 91.38%、Phe 94.73%、His 90.59%和Arg 94.09%。该试验结果为豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS在皖西白鹅饲粮上的高效利用和合理配制低氮饲粮提供数据参考。     

Effects of increasing crude glycerol and dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary crude glycerol and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growing-finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. We hypothesized that because dietary crude glycerol has been observed to increase carcass SFA, it might ameliorate the negative effects of DDGS on fat quality. The 97-d study was conducted at a commercial swine research facility in southwestern Minnesota with 1,160 barrows (initial BW = 31.0 ± 1.1 kg). Pigs were blocked by initial BW, and pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of crude glycerol (0, 2.5, or 5%) and DDGS (0 or 20%). All corn-soybean meal-based diets contained 3% added fat (choice white grease). There were no glycerol × DDGS interactions for any response criteria evaluated. Increasing dietary glycerol did not affect finishing pig growth performance. Adding 20% DDGS to the diet did not affect ADG; however, finishing pigs fed diets with added DDGS had greater (2.47 vs. 2.41 kg/d; P = 0.02) ADFI and poorer (0.39 vs. 0.40; P = 0.01) G:F than pigs not fed DDGS. Feeding increasing dietary glycerol or 20% DDGS did not affect carcass characteristics. For carcass fat quality, feeding 20% DDGS resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) palmitic and oleic acids, total SFA and total MUFA, and increased (P < 0.01) linoleic, total PUFA, total unsaturated fatty acids, and iodine value in jowl fat, belly fat, and backfat. Increasing dietary crude glycerol increased myristic acid (linear, P < 0.05) and MUFA (quadratic, P < 0.05) in jowl fat and increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) oleic acid and MUFA in backfat. In conclusion, feeding 20% DDGS to finishing pigs increased ADFI, reduced G:F, and increased carcass fat iodine value, whereas feeding crude glycerol did not influence growth performance, carcass characteristics, and had a minor influence on fatty acids of carcass fat. Both of these biofuel coproducts can be used in combination without affecting finishing pig performance or carcass traits; however, feeding crude glycerol did not fully mitigate the increased unsaturation of carcass fat observed when feeding DDGS.     

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs fed high-quality corn distillers dried grain with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant

A growth performance and carcass evaluation study was conducted to determine the maximal inclusion rate of corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in grower-finisher pig diets when formulated on a total AA basis. A total of 240 (28.4 +/- 0.8 kg of BW) crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] were allotted randomly within sex and weight outcome groups to 1 of 24 pens. Pens were assigned randomly within the initial BW groups to 1 of 4 dietary treatment sequences in a 5-phase grower-finisher feeding program in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The inclusion level of DDGS (0, 10, 20, or 30%) in the diet and the initial BW class [low (23.2 kg), medium (28.1 kg), or high (33.8 kg)] served as the main factors for the grower-finisher performance study. All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of total Lys, ME, calcium, and phosphorus within each phase. Pigs were slaughtered and carcass data were collected when the average BW of pigs in a pen reached 114 +/- 2.25 kg. Dietary treatment and initial weight groups did not interact for any response variables, and only the main effects of dietary treatment are presented. Pigs fed the 20 or 30% DDGS diets had reduced ADG (P < 0.05) compared with that of the 0 or 10% DDGS groups, but ADFI was unaffected by dietary treatment. Gain:feed decreased when pigs were fed 30% DDGS (P < 0.05) compared with the 0, 10, and 20% DDGS dietary inclusion levels. Loin depth was lower in pigs fed the 30% DDGS diets (P < 0.05), but backfat depth and percentage of carcass lean did not differ among treatments. Iodine number of carcass fat increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary DDGS concentration, and belly firmness adjusted for belly thickness was reduced (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the 30% DDGS diets compared with pigs fed the 0 or 20% DDGS diets. Color measurements, ultimate pH, and visual evaluations (color, firmness, and marbling scores) of the LM did not differ among treatments. Cooking loss, 24-h drip loss, and total moisture loss were not affected by DDGS in the diets. However, differences were detected between 0 and 20% DDGS treatments for 11-d purge loss (P < 0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect Warner-Bratzler shear force of cooked loin chops. Results from this study indicate that when diets for grower-finisher pigs are formulated on a total AA basis, less than 20% DDGS should be included in the diet for optimal performance and carcass composition. Feeding DDGS in swine finishing diets did not have any detrimental effects on pork muscle quality.     

Efficacy of feed enzymes in pig and poultry diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles: a review

Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct of the ethanol industry, are often used as feed material in livestock and poultry nutrition. Results of many experiments have indicated, however, that a high dietary level of DDGS can negatively affect the digestibility of nutrients and the performance of monogastric animals due to their high content of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Nevertheless, using high levels of DDGS as a protein source in livestock diets can be still economically justifiable in view of the rising prices of soya bean meal and other protein sources. The aim of some recent experiments with poultry and pigs was to improve the nutritional efficacy of high‐NSP diets through the addition of feed enzymes. As presented and discussed in this review article, the efficacy of feed enzymes added to poultry and pig diets containing DDGS is not consistent and depends on many factors. However, NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes generally seemed to be more efficient than phytases in terms of the digestibility of nutrients and the growth performance of poultry and pigs fed high‐DDGS diets. For this reason, supplementation with NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes could be an efficient way to enable the use of increased levels of DDGS in poultry and pig diets.     

Rumen fermentation,milk production and conjugated linoleic acid in the milk of cows fed high fiber diets added with dried distillers grains with solubles

The effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding on rumen fermentation and milk production in cows were evaluated using diets high in neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 45.9–46.6%). The control diet (Control) consisted mainly of hay, corn silage and concentrates. In the experimental diets, the concentrates were replaced with DDGS as 10% dry matter (DM) (10%DDGS) and 20% DM (20%DDGS). Eight cows were used for each 14‐day treatment period. Effect of DDGS feeding on DM intake was not significant. Ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia‐N at 5 h after feeding of 20%DDGS were decreased compared to Control, whereas protozoal count at 2 h after feeding of 20%DDGS was higher than that of 10%DDGS. Milk yield of cows fed DDGS diets was greater than that of Control, although percentages of milk protein and solids‐not‐fat were decreased by DDGS diets. The proportions of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 in the milk fat decreased, and those of C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increased markedly with elevated DDGS. Increase in trans‐11 C18:1 was observed in the rumen fluid at 5 h after feeding. These findings suggest that DDGS feeding enhanced milk yield, as well as CLA synthesis under a high dietary NDF condition.     

Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork

An experiment was conducted to investigate pig performance, carcass quality, and palatability of pork from pigs fed distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), and corn germ. Eighty-four pigs (initial BW, 22 +/- 1.7 kg) were allotted to 7 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. Diets were fed for 114 d in a 3-phase program. The control treatment was based on corn and soybean meal. Two treatments were formulated using 10 or 20% DDGS in each phase. Two additional treatments contained HP-DDG in amounts sufficient to substitute for either 50 or 100% of the soybean meal used in the control treatment. An additional 2 treatments contained 5 or 10% corn germ, which was calculated to provide the same amount of fat as 10 or 20% DDGS. Results showed that for the entire experiment, pig performance was not affected by DDGS or HP-DDG, but final BW increased (linear, P < 0.05) as corn germ was included in the diets. Carcass composition and muscle quality were not affected by DDGS, but LM area and LM depth decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as HP-DDG was added to the diets. Lean meat percentage increased and drip loss decreased as corn germ was included in the diets (quadratic, P < 0.05). There was no effect of DDGS on fat quality except that belly firmness decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as dietary DDGS concentration increased. Including HP-DDG or corn germ in the diets did not affect fat quality, except that the iodine value increased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed HP-DDG diets and decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn germ diets. Cooking loss, shear force, and bacon distortion score were not affected by the inclusion of DDGS, HP-DDG, or corn germ in the diets, and the overall palatability of the bacon and pork chops was not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, feeding 20% DDGS or high levels of HP-DDG to growing-finishing pigs did not negatively affect overall pig performance, carcass composition, muscle quality, or palatability but may decrease fat quality. Feeding up to 10% corn germ did not negatively affect pig performance, carcass composition, carcass quality, or pork palatability but increased final BW of the pigs and reduced the iodine value of belly fat.     

10种羔羊全价颗粒饲料的常规营养成分测定及其比较

对陕西省北部某市常用的10种羔羊全价颗粒饲料常规营养成分进行了测定,并利用Excel 2013软件对所得的数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,10种不同饲料样品的粗蛋白、粗纤维、总发热量、总磷、粗灰分、粗脂肪、水分等营养成分之间都有极显著性差异存在（P〈0.01）,而钙含量却差异不显著（P〉0.05）。