An apical-membrane chloride channel in human tracheal epithelium

The mechanism of chloride transport by airway epithelia has been of substantial interest because airway and sweat gland-duct epithelia are chloride-impermeable in cystic fibrosis. The decreased chloride permeability prevents normal secretion by the airway epithelium, thereby interfering with mucociliary clearance and contributing to the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Because chloride secretion depends on and is regulated by chloride conductance in the apical cell membrane, the patch-clamp technique was used to directly examine single-channel currents in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium. The cells contained an anion-selective channel that was not strongly voltage-gated or regulated by calcium in cell-free patches. The channel was also blocked by analogs of carboxylic acid that decrease apical chloride conductance in intact epithelia. When attached to the cell, the channel was activated by isoproterenol, although the channel was also observed to open spontaneously. However, in some cases, the channel was only observed after the patch was excised from the cell. These results suggest that this channel is responsible for the apical chloride conductance in airway epithelia.     

Transport studies in bacterial membrane vesicles

The use of bacterial membrane vesicles as an experimental system for the study of active transport has been discussed. Vesicles are prepared from osmotically sensitized bacteria, and consist of osmotically intact, membranebound sacs without internal structure. They retain litle or no cytoplasm. Under appropriate conditions, these vesicles catalyze the transport of a variety of solutes at rates which are comparable, in many cases, to those of intact cells. Two general types of transport systems have been elucidated in the vesicle system: (i) group translocation systems which catalyze vectorial covalent reactions; and (ii) respirationlinked transport systems that catalyze the active transport of a whole range of metabolites against an electrochemical or osmotic gradient. In E. coli membrane vesicles, the respiration-linked transport systems are coupled primarily to the oxidation of (D)-lactate to pyruvate, catalyzed by a flavin-linked, membrane-bound (D)-lactate dehydrogenase which has been purified to homogeneity. Electrons derived from (D)-lactate or certain artificial electron donors are transferred to oxygen by means of a membrane-bound respiratory chain, and respiration is coupled to active transport within a segment of the respiratory chain between the primary dehydrogenase and cytochrome. b(l). The great majority of the individual membrane vesicles in the population catalyze active transport, and the generation or hydtolysis of ATP is not involved. Under anaerobic conditions, fumarate or nitrate can be utilized in place of oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. With the exception that (D)-lactate is not always the most effective electron donor for active transport, vesicles prepared from a number of other organisms catalyze transport in a similar manner. Fluorescent dansylgalactosides are useful molecular probes of active transport in the vesicle system. These compounds are competitive inhibitors of beta-galactoside transport, but are not transported themselves. Fluorescence studies indicate that the lac carrier protein constitutes approximately 3 to 6 percent of the total membrane protein, and that it is not accessible to the external medium unless the membrane is "energized." Thus, energy is coupled to one of the initial steps in the transport process. Studies with a photoaffinity-labeled galactoside provide independent support for this conclusion. When membrane vesicles prepared from a (D)-lactate dehydrogenase mutant of E. coli are treated with (D)-lactate dehydrogenase, the enzyme binds to the vesicles and they regain the capacity to catalyze (D)-lactate oxidation and (D)-lactate-dependent active transport. The maximal specific transport activity obtained in the reconstituted system is similar in magnitude to that of wildtype vesicles. Titration studies with dansylgalactoside demonstrate that there is at least a seven- to eightfold excess of lac carrier protein relative to (D)-lactate dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented indicating that the enzyme is bound to the inner surface of native membrane vesicles and to the outer surface of reconstituted vesicles, and that the flavin coenzyme moiety is critically involved in binding. Possible mechanisms of respirationlinked active transport are discussed.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of absorption of immunoglobulins in the small intestine of newborn piglets

It is established by electron microscopy that absorption of immunoglobulins occurs by the formation of endocytotic invaginations and vesicles of the apical membrane of small intestine enterocytes of piglets in the first hours and days of life. The process of absorption of substances taken in with colostrum, including the transport of intact immunoglobulin, is characterized.     

免疫荧光双重标记检测奶牛乳腺整联蛋白α5、β1亚基表达

屠宰健康荷斯坦奶牛,制备乳腺组织冰冻切片,免疫荧光双重标记检测,比较单克隆和多克隆α5、β1亚基一抗的特异性(FITC标记二抗),用SMMHC多克隆一抗,TRITC标记二抗特异标识肌上皮细胞来辅助定位靶信号,Hoechst33258复染细胞核,在激光共聚焦显微镜下连续断层扫描并拍照。结果表明,借助对肌上皮细胞和细胞核染色定位清晰可见乳腺结构,α5、β1亚基主要分布在导管和腺泡腔上皮细胞膜、外围肌上皮细胞膜和间质中的成纤维细胞膜上,前者在面向腔和靠近基膜的细胞顶侧和基底侧表达均较强,后者仅在基底侧细胞膜上。对于具有极性分布的细胞膜抗原单克隆一抗定位更准确。α5、β1亚基定位在相同区域表明,α5β1异二聚体具有在导管和腺泡基底侧极性分布的表达特点,α5亚基在面向导管和腺泡腔的上皮细胞顶膜上表达,而β1亚基不表达或弱表达,显示该区域存在非α5β1异二聚体形式的α5亚基。     

全基因组DNA甲基化和转录组联合分析鉴定杜梨耐盐相关转录因子

【目的】鉴定不同杜梨株系根中响应盐胁迫信号的相关转录因子,分析盐胁迫下基因序列DNA甲基化变化与基因表达改变之间的关系,探讨参与调控不同杜梨株系耐盐能力的转录因子成员。【方法】以杜梨耐盐株系和普通株系为试材,在苗期使用200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl对90日龄组培生根苗进行水培处理,以Hoagland营养液为对照。利用火焰石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定钠离子含量;利用全基因组DNA甲基化和转录组测序技术从表观遗传修饰和转录调控水平对盐胁迫下转录因子进行生物信息学分析;最后用McrBC-PCR和qPCR对差异转录因子进行验证。【结果】外源NaCl处理24 h后,杜梨植株中钠离子含量显著增加,其中耐盐株系的增加幅度比普通株系小,为普通株系钠含量的73.1%,但根中积累的钠是普通株系含量的1.1倍;杜梨根中检测到69类共2 682个转录因子的表达,盐胁迫后243个转录因子在两个株系中都发生了差异表达,包括AP2/ERF(37个)、bHLH(19个)、bZIP(7个)、HD-Zip(10个)、MYB(30个)、NAC(18个)、WRKY(8个)和ZFP(23个)等家族成员;盐...     

碱性蛋白酶和亚硫酸钠水解菜籽粕制取菜籽多肽的研究

本文研究碱性蛋白酶Alcalase直接水解菜籽粕制取菜籽多肽,试验反应时添加亚硫酸钠的影响及使用膜分离技术去除产物中的硫代葡萄糖苷。结果表明,Na2SO3通过对蛋白质分子中的二硫键的断裂作用及对碱性蛋白酶抑制剂的影响,可提高碱性蛋白酶的活性,使得到的菜籽多肽的分子质量分布发生变化,小分子的多肽比例相应增加。结果同时显示,膜分离可有效减少或除去硫代葡萄糖苷等抗营养因子,使用截留分子质量3000 u的膜对菜籽粕酶解产物进行超滤和透析过滤,当超滤浓缩因子和透析过滤体积倍数均为2时,产物的硫代葡萄糖苷含量从1.36 mg/g降低到0.39 mg/g。     

DNA甲基化抑制剂对水稻幼苗生长及耐盐性的影响

DNA甲基化抑制剂能够通过改变植物基因组的DNA甲基化水平从而对植物的开花、生长发育和抗逆性产生影响。以耐盐和盐敏感水稻品种为材料,分别在水稻萌发期和幼苗期用DNA甲基化抑制剂进行处理,并对处理后的幼苗进行盐胁迫。结果表明:萌发期抑制剂处理导致种子萌发率显著降低,幼苗出现矮化、成簇、死亡等症状,株高、根长和干重也受到了显著的抑制;同时,DNA甲基化抑制剂处理可以降低盐胁迫时地上部的钠离子浓度、提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性。上述结果表明DNA甲基化抑制剂通过改变基因组DNA的甲基化水平来影响水稻的生长发育,并通过影响离子吸收和抗氧化酶类的活性来影响水稻的耐盐性。     

Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes

Intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes are either sorted for cargo degradation into lysosomes or secreted as exosomes into the extracellular milieu. The mechanisms underlying the sorting of membrane into the different populations of intraluminal vesicles are unknown. Here, we find that cargo is segregated into distinct subdomains on the endosomal membrane and that the transfer of exosome-associated domains into the lumen of the endosome did not depend on the function of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery, but required the sphingolipid ceramide. Purified exosomes were enriched in ceramide, and the release of exosomes was reduced after the inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinases. These results establish a pathway in intraendosomal membrane transport and exosome formation.     

Activation of apical chloride channels in the gastric oxyntic cell

Oxyntic cells that retain distinct morphological polarity between apical and basolateral membranes were isolated from the gastric mucosa of the amphibian Necturus. Patch-clamp techniques were applied to these cells to identify apical membrane ion channels associated with hydrochloric acid secretion. A single class of voltage-dependent, inwardly rectifying chloride channels was observed in the apical membranes of both resting and stimulated (acid-secreting) oxyntic cells. Stimulation of the cells with dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and isobutylmethylxanthine increased channel open probability and simultaneously increased apical membrane surface area. This chloride channel is probably responsible for electrogenic chloride secretion by the gastric mucosa and may also participate in the fluid- and enzyme-secretory functions of the oxyntic cell, analogous to the chloride channels found in the apical membranes of other exocrine cells.     

Mechanism of membrane anchoring affects polarized expression of two proteins in MDCK cells

The signals that direct membrane proteins to the apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains of polarized epithelial cells are not known. Several of the class of proteins anchored in the membrane by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) are expressed on the apical surface of such cells. However, it is not known whether the mechanism of membrane anchorage or the polypeptide sequence provides the sorting information. The conversion of the normally basolateral vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) to a GPI-anchored protein led to its apical expression. Conversely, replacement of the GPI anchor of placental alkaline phosphatase with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of VSV G shifted its expression from the apical to the basolateral surface. Thus, the mechanism of membrane anchorage can determine the sorting of proteins to the apical or basolateral surface, and the GPI anchor itself may provide an apical transport signal.     

Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter

Previous work has identified two families of proteins that transport classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, but the protein responsible for vesicular transport of the principal excitatory transmitter glutamate has remained unknown. We demonstrate that a protein that is unrelated to any known neurotransmitter transporters and that was previously suggested to mediate the Na(+)-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane transports glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In addition, we show that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is blocked by glutamate.     

成肌细胞成脂过程中PPARγ、C/EBPα和Myogenin 基因启动子的甲基化变化

【目的】利用C2C12成肌细胞探讨肌源性干细胞成脂过程与调控成脂和成肌分化的关键转录因子PPARγ（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma）、C/EBPα（CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha）和Myogenin启动子区甲基化的关系。【方法】分别用2%马血清和三联诱导剂诱导C2C12细胞成肌和成脂分化,在马血清促进的成肌分化第0、1、3和5天收集细胞进行姬姆萨染色观察肌管形成情况;在三联诱导的成脂分化第0、2、4、6和10天收集细胞进行油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况;提取成肌诱导第0、1、3、5天和成脂诱导第0、2、4、6天的RNA和DNA,分别采用qRT-PCR检测成肌和成脂分化相关基因的表达,采用重亚硫酸盐测序的方法检测PPARγ、C/EBPα和Myogenin启动子区甲基化的变化,并分析基因表达与甲基化状态的相关关系。【结果】①C2C12细胞经马血清诱导形成了多核肌管,表达成肌相关基因,但不表达脂肪特异性基因;三联诱导使C2C12细胞自主分化的肌管中沉积了脂滴,同时表达成脂和成肌相关基因;②重亚硫酸盐测序结果表明,在未分化的成肌细胞中,PPARγ基因启动子的甲基化水平是61%,在三联诱导第2、4和6天,其甲基化程度依次为49%、39%和42%,呈逐渐去甲基化趋势,与PPARγ基因转录负相关;在马血清诱导第3和5天,甲基化水平为56%和48%,与未分化的成肌细胞相比差异不显著,同时PPARγ基因的表达水平也没有显著变化;③Myogenin基因在马血清促进的成肌过程中甲基化水平不断降低（49%、42%、35%和34%）,转录水平急剧增加;在三联诱导过程中,Myogenin启动子的甲基化水平由0天的49%下降为第1天的37%、第3天的41%和第5天的38%,但下降幅度弱于马血清诱导的成肌过程,这一结果与降低的Myogenin转录上调相吻合;④C/EBPα基因在未分化的C2C12细胞中呈低甲基化状态,甲基化程度仅为1.6%,在成肌分化和脂肪沉积过程中均未发生显著变化,与基因表达无显著关联。【结论】成脂和成肌关键转录因子PPARγ和Myogenin启动子区的DNA甲基化变化参与了成肌细胞的分化和脂肪沉积的调控。     

Effect and Functional Mechanism of the Action of Exogenous Gibberellin on Flowering of Peach

This study was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellin and its possible mechanism of action on peach flower formation. At flower induction, 100 mg L^-1 of gibberellic acid 3 （GA3） was sprayed on the leaves of peach [Prunus persica （L.） Batsch.] cv. Bayuecui. Using anatomy, immunohistochemistry, and semi-quantitation, the in situ distribution of GAs and the expression of the key genes involved in peach flower formation in the apical meristem were studied during flowering differentiation. The results showed that induction of flowering in the Bayuecui peach occurred prior to 10 July in Beijing, China. Flower induction and further differentiation of the peach flower organs were significantly inhibited by leaf-spraying of GA3 at a concentration of 100 mg L^-1 during the induction stage. The flowering rate was only 11.67% after treatment. The distribution of GA1 in the apical meristem varied during the process of flower bud differentiation. From 13 June to 25 July, the GA1 signal from control plants was detected mainly in the vascular bundles at the base of the flower buds. No GA1 signal was detected in the apical meristem. After treatment with GA3, the distribution was similar to that of the control from 13 June to 3 July. On 13 July, a GA1 signal was detected in the apical meristem accompanied by an increase in the GA1 signal in the vascular bundles at the base of the flower buds. The GA1 signal weakened significantly in both the vascular bundles and the apical meristem on 25 July. The expression of the genes PpLEAFY and MADS6 in flower buds could be detected only on 10 October in the GA3-treated plants. The critical period for flower induction of Bayuecui peach in Beijing was in early July, during which time, leaf-spraying with 100 mg L-1 GA3 could effectively inhibit flower induction and further differentiation of the flower buds. GA1 in the gibberellin family was the suppressor for flower induction in peach. Its action was affected by the stage of flower bud differentiation. Expression of the key gen     

Intestinal calcium transport: the role of sodium

The role of sodium in intestinal calcium transport was investigated in everted rat intestine. Ethacrynic acid, but not ouabain, inhibited calcium transport. However, ouabain did inhibit net water transport and, therefore, sodium transport, establishing the dissociation of the two transport processes. In addition to a magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (activated by sodium and potassium), a phosphatase dependent on sodium and calcium was localized to the lateral and basal membrane fractions of the mucosal cell. Activity of the latter phosphatase, similar to calcium transport in intact tissue, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid and not by ouabain. Sodium, therefore, may participate in the calcium transport process by activating an enzyme complex, dependent on adenosine triphosphate, that mediates calcium transport.     

Fast axonal transport in extruded axoplasm from squid giant axon

Development of video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast for light microscopy has permitted study of both orthograde and retrograde fast axonal transport of membranous organelles in the squid giant axon. This process was found to continue normally for hours after the axoplasm was extruded from the giant axon and removed from the confines of the axonal plasma membrane. It is now possible to follow the movements of the full range of membranous organelles (30-nanometer vesicles to 5000-nanometer mitochondria) in a preparation that lacks a plasma membrane or other permeability barrier. This observation demonstrates that the plasma membrane is not required for fast axonal transport and suggests that action potentials are not involved in the regulation of fast transport. Furthermore, the absence of a permeability barrier surrounding the axoplasm makes this an important model for biochemical pharmacological, and physical manipulations of membranous organelle transport.     

山羊转基因克隆胚在体内和体外发育的研究

探讨了体内/外成熟卵母细胞、体内/外培养系统、输卵管液和输卵管上皮细胞共培养系统对转基因克隆胚发育的影响。结果表明:体内/外成熟卵母细胞对转基因克隆胚各阶段发育率无显著影响。体内/外培养系统中,转基因克隆胚2～3-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞发育率差异不显著;16-细胞和桑/囊胚发育率差异显著。对照组和20%输卵管液中,转基因克隆胚2～3-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞发育率均显著高于50%输卵管液;在20%输卵管液中16-细胞的发育率显著高于对照组和50%输卵管液。转基因克隆胚在输卵管上皮细胞共培养系统和SOF培养系统中培养,2～3-细胞和4-细胞发育率无显著差异;8-细胞、16-细胞和桑/囊胚的发育率差异显著。     

Altered regulation of airway epithelial cell chloride channels in cystic fibrosis

In many epithelial cells the chloride conductance of the apical membrane increases during the stimulation of electrolyte secretion. Single-channel recordings from human airway epithelial cells showed that beta-adrenergic stimulation evoked apical membrane chloride channel activity, but this response was absent in cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, when membrane patches were excised from CF cells into media containing sufficient free calcium (approximately 180 nanomolar), chloride channels were activated. The chloride channels of CF cells were similar to those of normal cells as judged by their current-voltage relations, ion selectivity, and kinetic behavior. These findings demonstrate the presence of chloride channels in the apical membranes of CF airway cells. Their regulation by calcium appears to be intact, but cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent control of their activity is defective.     

基于转录组测序筛选鸡蛋绿壳性状相关基因

【背景】绿壳蛋深受消费者喜爱，蛋壳绿色的深浅在市场上是影响绿壳蛋定价销售的重要参考指标。绿壳蛋的形成受多基因共同调控，蛋壳绿色深浅不一，其分子机理尚不清楚。通过对赤水乌骨鸡蛋壳腺组织进行转录组测序，挖掘其调控绿壳蛋蛋壳颜色深浅的候选基因以及关键信号通路，探究影响蛋壳颜色遗传性，以期发展绿壳蛋的选种选育和提高经济效益。【目的】探讨赤水乌骨鸡的遗传基础，并通过SLCO1B3基因分型对其进行鉴定和筛选，以期通过分子标记在青壳鸡育种规划中提供新的见解，并在后期的选择策略中帮助控制和提高赤水乌骨鸡蛋壳品质的同质性。【方法】以纯系的280日龄赤水乌骨鸡为研究对象，屠宰产浅绿色蛋（QL）和深绿色蛋（SL）的母鸡各3只，采集蛋壳腺以RNA-seq技术检测分析，筛选与蛋壳颜色密切相关的差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes, DEGs），并对这些DEGs进行GO和KEGG富集分析。利用qRT-PCR技术检测与蛋壳颜色相关的6个候选基因的转录水平变化以验证转录组数据可靠性。【结果】在深绿组与浅绿组中共筛选到93个显著DEGs，有59个基因在深绿组中显著上调，34个显著下...     

外源赤霉素对桃的成花效应及其作用机制

 【目的】揭示赤霉素对桃成花的影响及其可能的作用机制。【方法】在桃花诱导期叶面喷施100 mg?L-1 GA3,运用解剖学、免疫组织化学及半定量RT-PCR方法,研究‘八月脆’桃花芽分化过程中顶端分生组织赤霉素的原位分布及成花关键基因表达变化。【结果】‘八月脆’桃在7月10日前处于成花诱导期（北京）;成花诱导期叶面喷施100 mg?L-1GA3显著抑制了桃花诱导及进一步的正常分化,处理后成花率仅为11.67%;顶端分生组织中GA1的分布随花芽分化进程而变化,6月13日－7月25日,花芽中GA1主要分布在芽基部的维管组织中,顶端分生组织中没有检测到信号。GA3处理后,GA1的分布在6月13日－7月3日与正常花芽相同,在7月13日顶端分生组织中检测到了GA1信号,且芽基部维管组织中的GA1信号增强,但至7月25日顶端分生组织和芽基部维管组织中的GA1信号明显减弱;GA3处理后,芽中PpLEAFY 及MADS6基因仅在10月10日低量表达,其它时期几乎检测不到。【结论】在北京,‘八月脆’桃成花诱导期在7月10日之前;成花诱导期100 mg?L-1 GA3处理能显著抑制花诱导和进一步正常分化;赤霉素家族中GA1 类在桃成花过程中起抑制作用,并且具有一定的时期性;GA3处理抑制了成花关键基因PpLEAFY及MADS6的正常表达。     

电脉冲与化学激活联合处理对猪卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响

探讨了猪卵母细胞电激活后间隔不同时间用化学药物处理对猪卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响。结果表明 :1)电激活后间隔 0 ,3,4 ,5和 6h再分别用 6 二甲基氨基嘌呤 ( 6 Dimethylaminopurine ,6 DMAP)、放线菌酮 (cyclohex imide ,CHX)处理 6h ,各组卵裂率、囊胚细胞数差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但在 6 DMAP组中对照组囊胚率极显著高于其余各组 (P <0 0 1) ,在CHX组中对照组囊胚率极显著高于间隔 5和 6h组 (P <0 0 1) ,而其余各组之间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;2 )电激活后间隔 4h再分别用 6 DMAP ,CHX和细胞松弛素B(CytochalasinB ,CB) + 6 DMAP处理 6h ,各组卵裂率差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,对照组囊胚率极显著高于其余各组 (P <0 0 1) ,其余各组囊胚率显著性均无差异 (P >0 0 5 )。对照组中无单倍体囊胚 ,二倍体囊胚为 88 2 4 % ,但 6 DMAP ,CHX ,CB + 6 DMAP中产生的囊胚大部分是单倍体 ,且三者之间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。以上结果说明 ,猪卵母细胞电激活后间隔一段时间再用DMAP和CHX激活 ,激活作用随时间的延长而减弱 ;猪卵母细胞电激活后 4h再用 6 DMAP ,CHX ,CB + 6 DMAP激活 ,产生的囊胚大部分为单倍体 ,该方法适于猪卵母细胞ICSI的激活。