叶面补施糖醇钙对酿酒葡萄品质及产量提升的影响

针对宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄酒地理标志产区风土特征中存在的矿质营养元素有效性低导致的产区葡萄酒特色不鲜明、风味与香气不足等问题。以6年生“赤霞珠”为研究对象,设置5个不同糖醇钙喷施水平:     

优选非酿酒酵母胞外酶增香酿造干白葡萄酒效果

为了研究非酿酒酵母胞外酶促进葡萄酒发酵产香的效果,该文在爱格丽葡萄汁酒精发酵12 h后,分别添加优选胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,RM)胞外酶液,优选发酵毕赤酵母(Pichia fermentans,PF)胞外酶液和商业糖苷酶制剂(almondβ-glucosidase,AG)(10 mU/mL),以不添加酶制剂的酿酒酵母纯发酵为对照,发酵过程中每24 h取样,采用HS-SPME-GC/MS(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry)监测挥发性成分的生成变化。葡萄酒含糖量低于2 g/L时终止发酵,低温满罐密封储存,次年4月,进行葡萄酒香气仪器和感官量化分析。胞外酶液共测得6种风味酶活性,其中RM酶液中的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、α-L-鼠李糖苷酶、β-D-木糖苷酶活性均显著(P<0.05)高于PF中的,而α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶和酯酶在PF酶液中活性更高(P<0.05)。发酵过程中,胞外酶处理显著促进了(P<0.05)品种香气和发酵香气物质的生成,其中RM酶液显著提高了萜烯类物质和苯乙基类化合物含量,其作用效果分别比商业酶处理高41.7%和31.8%,PF酶液显著促进了发酵香气化合物的生成,尤其是脂肪酸乙酯含量约为对照的2倍。酒样感官分析结果显示,两株酵母的胞外酶处理表现出各自增香酿造的优势,其中RM酶液促进温带酸果类香气的效果突出,PF酶液显著提升了柑橘类香气。研究结果为酵母风味酶应用于葡萄酒的增香酿造提供了理论和实践指导。     

两步发酵法制备酸豆奶最佳条件研究

为得到不含增稠剂、氨基态氮和脂肪酸含量高、营养丰富、易吸收、稳定性好的发酵酸豆奶,研究了乳酸菌和少孢根霉发酵工艺顺序,并通过单因素试验和正交试验的矩阵分析方法,确定接种量、发酵初始p H值、发酵温度和发酵时间对产品氨基氮含量、感官评分和p H的影响。结果表明,发酵工艺最适顺序为先接种乳酸菌,再接种少孢根霉;最佳工艺条件为:大豆与水质量比1∶10磨浆,浆液中先接种4%乳酸菌,42℃发酵5 h、p H值降至4.5、酸豆奶冷却至31℃后,接种3%少孢根霉,发酵18 h。在该条件下制得的产品与单独乳酸菌发酵的产品相比,冷藏后脂肪含量下降明显,为55.8%,脂肪酸含量提高了50.3%。本研究为酸豆奶的工艺改进提供理论依据。     

霞多丽干白葡萄酒品种香和发酵香成分变化的比较研究

本研究对确立宁夏贺兰山东麓原产地葡萄酒质量的感官体系标准,以及对葡萄酒生产工艺优化和质量评价有着重要实用价值。采用溶液萃取法提取霞多丽品种果实与干白发酵香气成分,用气相色谱-质谱进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量。实验结果：果实和干白葡萄酒中分别分离出81和33个峰,鉴定出78和32个香气化学成分,共占其色谱流出组分总量的98.89%和98.97%;成熟果实的挥发性物质,主要是2-呋喃甲醛等脂肪醛、2-呋喃乙酮等脂肪酮和十六碳酸等脂肪羧酸类。经过发酵工艺处理原酒中挥发性物质,主要有3-甲基丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯、辛酸、苯乙醇等。相对含量较高的香气成分种类相似,而微量特征香气成分差异较为显著,从而构成不同产区同一品种葡萄酒相似和独特香气与风格。本结果将对不同原产区优质葡萄酒酿造工艺生产,最大限度的释放游离态芳香物质的能力,提高干白葡萄酒的果香,有重要指导意义。     

利用木糖产乙醇酵母菌株的构建

以酿酒酵母缺陷型(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)与黏红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)为亲本菌株,分别采用聚乙二醇(PEG)和电击方法进行原生质体融合。对得到的融合细胞进行木糖发酵验证,通过检测发酵液中乙醇的含量,筛选出1株产乙醇的重组酵母菌株。利用该重组酵母进行木糖、葡萄糖共发酵,发酵条件为接种量3%,发酵温度27~30 ℃,pH 5.5~6.5,发酵组分为4%木糖、3%蛋白胨、2%酵母浸粉和12%葡萄糖,发酵周期40 h,结果重组酵母可发酵木糖,木糖消耗速率明显低于葡萄糖,乙醇浓度为72 g/L。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄不同子产区土壤肥力特征与评价

为研究贺兰山东麓5个酿酒葡萄子产区土壤肥力特征,以贺兰山东麓18个酒庄种植基地为研究对象,分析0～60 cm不同深度土壤pH和有机质、氮、磷、钾、全盐含量特征,采用因子分析和聚类分析等方法,研究不同子产区、不同深度土壤肥力差异。结果表明:贺兰山东麓土壤pH值平均值为8.56,呈强碱性,土壤有机质和全氮、全磷含量平均值分别为10.81、0.60、0.54 g·kg-1,处于全国较低水平;5个子产区之间土壤肥力存在显著差异;随土壤深度的增加,肥力呈下降趋势;通过聚类分析发现18个酒庄土壤肥力可分为5类;对土壤肥力评价结果表明,金山产区>银北产区>青铜峡产区>红寺堡产区>永宁产区。研究结果可为培肥果园土壤、酿酒葡萄小产区合理区划提供参考依据。     

高压脉冲电场对酿酒酵母发酵能力的影响

为探究高压脉冲电场(PEF)在酒精发酵工业上的实际应用,本研究以酿酒酵母为试验材料,在设定脉宽、频率、作用时间等参数不变的条件下,以电场强度为唯一变量,分别采用电场强度为1、6 kV·cm^-1的PEF对酵母进行预处理。通过检测发酵底液中酵母生长量、葡萄糖消耗量和乙醇产出量的变化,探究PEF对酿酒酵母发酵能力的影响。结果表明,经12 h发酵后,在电场强度为1 kV·cm^-1的PEF刺激作用下,酿酒酵母葡萄糖消耗量提高了10.18%,乙醇产出量提高了11.05%;当电场强度为6 kV·cm^-1时,葡萄糖消耗量和乙醇产出量均降低。本研究结果为提高酿酒酵母的发酵能力提供了一种新方法。     

分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响

为避免厌氧干发酵酸抑制,提高产气效率,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为发酵原料,采用中温批式试验,在总固体(Total Solid,TS)为20%、接种比为25%的条件下研究分层接种和混合接种对猪粪干发酵厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明:2种接种方式下的发酵体系内挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acids, VFAs)均发生明显积累,其中,分层接种在第15天的TVFAs质量浓度达到33.0mg/g,之后明显降低,至发酵结束时VFAs消耗殆尽。混合接种从第15天至发酵结束,TVFAs质量浓度维持在29.2～38.5 mg/g高水平范围内。分层接种的累积挥发性固体甲烷产率为211.5 mL/g。高通量测序结果显示,氢营养型产甲烷途径在2种接种方式下均占主导,但分层接种增加了发酵体系中微生物的丰富度和多样性,且群落结构更加稳定。进一步分析表明,乙酸和pH值是影响厌氧干发酵中微生态结构的主要环境因子。该研究结果为解除畜禽养殖废弃物酸抑制、提高产气效率提供理论依据与有益借鉴。     

不同酶和酵母对干红葡萄酒香气影响的差异分析

为提高甘肃河西产区蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒的香气品质,优化酿酒工艺,该文采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析比较了添加不同浸渍酶和酵母发酵的蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒的香气构成。结果显示:蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒中初步定性香气化合物75种,主要为酯、醇、酸、萜烯和酚类物质。比较酯类、萜烯类等香气成分质量浓度和香气物质释放总量,EX-V酒样明显高于EX和HC酒样,D254酒样明显高于BDX酒样。各组酒样主要香气成分构成相似,但微量香气成分差异显著。果香是香气强度最高的香气系列,植物香、脂肪香、花香次之,其香气强度EX-V酒样高于EX和HC酒样,D254酒样高于BDX酒样。浸渍酶和酵母对甘肃河西产区蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒香气品质的影响评价显示,浸渍酶EX-V优于EX和HC,酵母D254优于BDX。研究结果可为甘肃河西产区蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒香气品质的提高及酿造工艺研究提供科学数据参考。     

鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料酿造工艺

为了丰富鲜食玉米种类,促进其产业发展,本文研究了鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料的制备工艺。以鲜食糯玉米为主要原料,葡萄为辅料,综合运用米酒、果酒酿造技术以及醋酸发酵技术,制备鲜食糯玉米酒和葡萄酒。将二者按比例混合后进行醋酸发酵制备鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋,经调配后得到鲜食糯玉米果醋饮料。采用单因素试验和正交试验,优化发酵工艺条件和饮料配方,并按照国标的方法测定微生物指标。结果表明:鲜食糯玉米酒酿造工艺为:破碎玉米粒和玉米芯以5∶l比例混合,蒸煮糊化后,接入酒曲5%,25℃发酵5d;葡萄酒酿造工艺为:酵母接种量5%,初始糖度13.3%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间4d;鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋醋酸酿造工艺为:将糯玉米酒和葡萄酒以4∶1混合后,接入15%醋酸菌,30℃,120r·min-1,摇床发酵6d;鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料配方为:原醋20%,蔗糖10%,柠檬酸0.2%。所得鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料呈琥珀色,澄清透明,具有玉米清香和葡萄香味,口感协调,风味独特;总酸≥5.2×10-3g·mL-1,可溶性固形物≥8×10-2g·mL-1;菌落总数≤100cfu·mL-1,大肠菌群≤3(MPN·mL-1),致病菌未检出。     

Wine production using yeast immobilized on apple pieces at low and room temperatures

A biocatalyst was prepared by immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AXAZ-1 on apple pieces. It was examined by electron microscope and studied during the fermentation of grape must for batch wine-making. The immobilized yeast showed an important operational stability without any decrease of its activity even at low temperatures (1-12 degrees C). Specifically, at 6 degrees C the biocatalyst favored wine production within 8 days, which is less time than is required for the natural fermentation of grape must. At 1 degrees C wine production was effected in 1 month. This speeding up of the fermentation could be accepted and adopted by the industry for scaling up the wine-making process. Total and volatile acidities were similar to those found in dry wines. The concentrations of higher alcohols (propanol-1 and isobutyl alcohol) were low. The presence of amyl alcohols proved to be temperature dependent and decreased with the temperature decrease. The values of ethyl acetate concentrations were relatively high, up to 154 mg/L. This probably contributes to the fruity aroma and excellent taste of the produced wines. There was no indication of vinegar odor in the product given that the volatile acidity was <0.47 g of acetic acid/L. From the GC-MS analysis it was concluded that cell immobilization did not create serious changes in the product (wine) with regard to the qualitative composition of the aroma compounds.     

Coinoculated fermentations using saccharomyces yeasts affect the volatile composition and sensory properties of Vitis vinifera L. cv. sauvignon blanc wines

Alcoholic fermentation using Saccharomyces wine yeast is an effective means of modulating wine aroma. This study investigated the impact of coinoculating commercial yeast strains (Vin7, QA23, Vin13) on the volatile composition and sensory profile of Sauvignon Blanc wines. Small-scale replicated fermentations were conducted using single-strain and coinoculations of Vin7 with QA23 and with Vin13. The results showed that the chemical and sensory profiles of the coinoculated wines were different from both the single-strain wines and equal blends of the single-strain wines. Volatile thiol analysis indicated that the Vin7/QA23 coinoculated wines were highest in 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA), although this pattern was not observed for the Vin7/Vin13 yeast combination. The negative white vinegar aroma and high volatile acidity measured in the Vin7 single-strain wines were not present in the coinoculated wines. This study demonstrates that coinoculations can modify the aroma profile of wines, when complementary yeasts are used.     

Effect of carbohydrate substrate on fermentation by kefir yeast supported on delignified cellulosic materials

The suitability of delignified cellulosic (DC) material supported kefir yeast to ferment raw materials that contain various single carbohydrates, for the production of potable alcohol and alcoholic drinks, is examined in this investigation. Results are reported of fermentations carried out with sucrose, fructose, and glucose in synthetic media. Repeated batch fermentations at various initial sugar concentrations of sucrose, fructose, and glucose were performed at 30 degrees C in the presence of the aforementioned biocatalyst. The results clearly show feasible yields in the range of 0.38-0.41 g/g, alcohol concentrations of 7.6-8.2% v/v, fermentation time of 90-115 h, and conversion of 92-96%. DC material supported kefir fermented 11-fold more rapidly than free cells and 9-fold more rapidly in comparison to kissiris supported kefir. The main volatile byproducts such as amyl alcohols (mixture of 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol), ethanal, and ethyl acetate were formed in all sugar fermentation products. The formation of 65-110 ppm of ethyl acetate is as high and even higher than that obtained with traditional wine yeasts. The increase of the initial concentration of sugar in the fermentation media resulted in an increase in contents of volatiles. The fine aroma that was obtained in the product of fructose could be attributed to the high percentage of ethyl acetate on total volatiles. The efficiency of DC material supported kefir was the same for the fermentations of individual sugars or a mixture of fructose, sucrose, and glucose. When whey with raisin extracts was fermented, lower yields were obtained but the aroma of the product was even better.     

Hydrolysis and transformation of grape glycosidically bound volatile compounds during fermentation with three Saccharomyces yeast strains

The ability of three Saccharomyces wine yeasts (S. cerevisiae AWRI 838, S. cerevisiae AWRI 1537, and S. bayanus AWRI 1375) to liberate volatile compounds from sugar-bound aroma precursors was investigated using synthetic and grape glycosides under different experimental conditions. In model systems involving the incubation of yeast cells with either synthetic or grape-derived glycosides under conditions more favorable for glycosidase activities and less favorable for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (pH 5.0 and 30 degrees C), all yeast strains studied proved to be capable of hydrolyzing glycosides, with S. bayanus AWRI 1375 displaying greater hydrolytic activity than S. cerevisiae AWRI 838 and AWRI 1537. During the fermentation of a chemically defined grape juice-like medium containing glycosidic precursors extracted from Vitis vinifera cv. White Frontignac (synonym Muscat à Petit Grains Blanc), all yeasts promoted a significant hydrolysis of different precursors, which varied according to the chemical structures of both the sugar and the aglycon moieties, as determined by GC-MS analysis of trifluoroacetylated derivatives. Hydrolysis of the White Frontignac derived glycosidic precursors during fermentation resulted in the release of monoterepene alcohols, terpene oxides, terpene diols, and 3-oxo-alpha-ionol, demonstrating the significant potential of these yeast strains to contribute to wine varietal volatile composition during alcoholic fermentation.     

补料发酵法生产玫瑰醋工艺优化及风味分析

为了提高传统玫瑰醋的生产效率,以装料量为500 kg的陶缸作发酵容器,在自然发酵条件下,分别在1.5、2.5、3.5 g/100 mL的初始酸度进行补料,补料体积比(原醋液:黄酒醪)设置为2:1和1:1两种情况,完成玫瑰醋补料发酵工艺的研究。结果表明:在初始酸度2.5 g/100 mL时补加等体积酒醪,发酵过程酸度最高上升到(5.59±0.27)g/100 mL(对照组为(5.19±0.23)g/100 mL),醋酸发酵周期从90 d缩短至78 d;非挥发性有机酸积累量达(27.15±1.11)mg/mL(对照组为(24.57±0.69)mg/mL),样品酸甜适口,酸味柔和;补料成品色率达到1.8×105(对照组色率为1.9×105),色泽接近传统玫瑰醋。该工艺的完成对玫瑰醋生产企业扩大产量、提高效率有积极意义。     

Study of some Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for winemaking after preadaptation at low temperatures

Low-temperature fermentations (13 degrees C) are considered to improve wine aromatic profiles. However, because the risk of stuck and sluggish fermentations is high, these fermentations are not common. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of different preadaptation protocols in two commercial wine strains on the fermentation and some wine parameters. Preadaptation is understood to be the process between the rehydration of active dry yeast and the inoculation. In this study, it consisted of preparing a fermentation starter (addition of yeast grown at 25 degrees C) or inocula preadapted at low temperatures (as before, but grown at a fermentation temperature of 13 or 17 degrees C). These results were compared with those of rehydrated active dry yeast, and a commercial "cryotolerant" yeast was used as a reference. General fermentation kinetic parameters, yeast imposition, nitrogen consumption, and main wine products were analyzed. The results showed that the preadaptation of a yeast could improve the fermentation performance, although this improvement was strain-dependent. Low-temperature fermentations also had some general effects: reduction of acetic acid and fusel alcohol production and increased concentrations of glycerol. When the yeast performed better in fermentation because of preadaptation, nitrogen consumption was faster and the wine's "negative" attributes (acetic acid, fusel alcohols) were significantly reduced. Thus, in some strains, preadaptation could be an effective mechanism for improving low-temperature fermentation, which also significantly reduces detrimental wine attributes.     

龙眼果浆复合乳酸菌发酵工艺优化

为筛选出适合龙眼发酵的复合乳酸菌,优化建立其发酵工艺,比较分析了7种不同的乳酸菌发酵龙眼的降糖能力和释放结合态酚类物质的能力,发现明串珠菌降糖能力最强,植物乳杆菌释放结合态酚能力最强。利用植物乳杆菌和明串珠菌复合发酵龙眼果肉,以游离酚质量分数和还原糖质量分数结合的综合模糊评判值为指标,通过Box-benhnken中心组合试验设计,确定复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,各因素对复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼果浆的模糊评判值影响程度从强到弱依次为:发酵时间发酵温度接种量料液比。复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺为:料液比为1∶7(g/m L),发酵温度为37℃,发酵时间为53 h,接种量为1.4%,菌种配比为1∶1。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵龙眼果浆的游离酚质量分数为(161.77±3.93)mg/(100 g),还原糖质量分数为(122.80±3.64)mg/g。该研究为开发低糖含量,且适合糖尿病、肥胖症等病人食用的龙眼乳酸菌发酵饮料新产品提供参考。     

Investigation of volatiles evolution during the alcoholic fermentation of grape must using free and immobilized cells with the help of solid phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling

A biocatalyst was prepared by immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AXAZ-1 on delignified cellulosic material (DCM). Repeated batch fermentations were conducted using these biocatalysts and free cells, separately, at temperatures of 20, 15, and 10 degrees C. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used in monitoring the formation of volatile alcohols, acetate esters, and ethyl esters of fatty acids. The kinetics of volatile production were similar for free and immobilized cells. In all cases immobilized cells showed a better rate of volatile production, which was directly connected to sugar consumption. The main difference observed was in propanol production, which increased with temperature decrease for the immobilized cells, whereas it remained constant for the free ones. In the case of immobilized cells significant amounts of esters were also produced. It is well-known that esters contribute to the fruity aroma of wine. It was also established that SPME is a very sensitive, accurate, and reliable technique and can be used without any reservation in the characterization of volatile constituents of wine.