移植筒造林技术

移植筒造林主要适用于常规造林成活率较低的树种，如樟子松、侧柏、桧柏等。其优点是：制筒成本低，使用年限长；起苗不伤根系，土坨不散，便于运输；造林成活率高。是干旱地区抗旱造林提高造林成活率最有效的一项造林技术措施。 　　一、移植筒的制作 　　移植筒制作要用厚的雪花铁 (不生锈 )，制作成筒和底两部分，筒做成竖线用粗铁线插入成筒，抽出打开，筒上边缘做两个手提铁圈。底比筒直径稍大，底边缘做三个手提铁圈。 　　二、移植筒的规格与苗木高度的关系 　　大苗用大筒，小苗用小筒。就针叶树而言，一般 1.5～ 2.0米高的针叶树苗…     

肉桂纸筒育苗造林技术

对纸筒培育肉桂苗技术，造林效果以及用纸筒培育肉桂苗造林成本分析，造林成活率高，综合成本低。     

樟子松雨季容器苗造林

我国“三北”地区风沙干旱比较严重,樟子松造林的成果不够稳定,成活率较低。但是,只要我们用科学方法造林,采取一定技术措施,樟子松造林的成活率是可以提高的。吉林省长岭县采用樟子松雨季容器苗造林取得成功就是例证。用此法造林。樟子松成活率达到85％以上,比一般方法提高成活率30～50％。     

大通县樟子松容器苗抗旱造林技术研究

指出了樟子松针叶短小、根系深长,耐旱、耐寒、抗风性强,是北方营造防风固沙林、水源涵养林的重要树种。针对青海地区干旱瘠薄阳坡、裸根苗造林成活率低的现状,大通县实验林场结合生产实际,开展了樟子松容器苗造林技术研究。用山皮土配制营养土,选择2年以上合格苗培育容器苗上山造林,通过大量数据调查分析,容器苗比常规裸根苗造林方法大幅度提高了造林成活率和保存率,缩短了缓苗期,促进了幼树生长,提出了樟子松适宜生长的海拔高度、造林季节,为今后推广樟子松容器苗抗旱造林技术提供了参考。     

樟子松防风背阴整地造林试验

樟子松春季造林时，在主风方向（西北向坡）通过防风整地、迎风整地、向阳整地、背阴整地、防风背阴整地和对照进行对比试验，结果是：防风背阴整地可大幅度提高樟子松春季造林成活率，防风整地效果次之，背阴整地效果不佳，向阳整地和迎风整地造林成活率很低。     

大兴安岭干旱阳坡火烧迹地更新技术研究

在大兴安岭林区的干旱阳坡火烧迹地进行了整地方式、苗木T/R比、造林季节和保苗剂应用对造林成活率影响的研究。结果表明:鱼鳞坑整地能够降低土壤温度,增加土壤含水率,进而提高樟子松苗木造林成活率;随着苗木T/R比的降低,樟子松苗木造林成活率增加;樟子松和落叶松苗木春季造林成活率均高于秋季;使用HRC保苗剂后樟子松和落叶松苗木造林成活率平均增加13.7个百分点。     

固定沙地樟子松容器育苗及造林技术研究

樟子松容器苗造林是一项实用高效的林业造林生产技术,对半干旱固定沙地较为适宜。文章介绍了樟子松容器育苗技术及容器苗造林技术,旨在提高樟子松育苗成活率,并在当地推广此项技术。     

半流动沙丘樟子松剪芽摘心造林初试

在半流动沙丘，用樟子松苗采用多种方法进行造林。初试结果表明，樟子松剪芽苗和摘心苗雨季造林，既可节省投资，又能提高造林成活率和保存率。为扩大樟子松的适生范围提供一种可行的新技术。     

樟子松造林地建立临时苗圃的造林技术

榆林沙区樟子松造林。在造林地建立临时苗圃。为大面积造林提供优质苗木。随时起苗随时造林。成活率明显提高。达到98％。比运输苗造林成活率高出10％～35％。     

樟子松营养筒育苗

利用软塑料营养筒培育樟子松大苗,该方法适用城市公园绿化及环城山的困难地段造林,且成活率、保存率高。1 软塑料营养筒的规格及制作软塑料营养筒是由无毒无味的聚乙烯薄膜制成,筒径12～15cm,筒高20cm,筒侧     

竹筒去节剖开一体机的结构设计

为了降低毛竹竹筒加工过程中操作人员的劳动强度,提高生产安全度和加工精度,对竹筒的去节剖分加工进行试验和研究,对现有的加工装置进行改进,设计了一种可连续进行竹筒的内外节去除、对半剖分或单侧剖开加工一体机;分析了竹筒去节剖分加工情况,论述了竹筒去节剖开一体机的结构和工作原理,给出了去节加工和剖开加工的主要工作参数。该一体机结构紧凑,占地面积少,竹筒装夹1~2次即可完成内外节的去除和剖开,适合于各种截面形状呈直线状的竹筒加工。     

鹅掌楸属两种植物花粉品质和花粉管生长的研究

应用ＦＤＡ荧光染色法、离体和活体培养及看护培养等方法检验了鹅掌楸属两种木本植物花粉的品质，观察了开花期间花粉品质的变化，同时也观察统计了自然和人工授粉情况下，花粉在柱头上萌发及花粉管在花柱中生长的情况。研究结果表明：在离体条件下，柱头和子房对花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长有明显的促进作用；花粉在自己或异己的柱头和胚珠上萌发均良好，是亲和的，但花粉管通过花柱的比率较低，仅２４％。与本课题前期工作的研究结果相一致。并从数量调查和活体观察两个方面，再一次证实雄配子体的发育水平是影响结籽率的重要因子之一，花柱是不亲合性反应的发生区域。     

黑松花粉体外萌发与花粉管生长的研究

应用荧光标记和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术研究了黑松花粉和花粉管的形态结构,结果表明:黑松成熟花粉含2个退化的原叶细胞、1个生殖细胞和1个管细胞;花粉水合12 h后才开始萌发,花粉萌发后管细胞核移动进入花粉管内,而生殖细胞仍留在花粉粒内;伸长的花粉管可分淀粉粒区和透明区;花粉管内原生质的流动呈喷泉式;花粉管壁具纤维素层;年青的花粉管壁有胼胝质沉积,而较老的花粉管壁不具胼胝质层,花粉管内亦不具胼胝质塞;花粉管易于形成分枝,培养基中蔗糖浓度与分枝的形成有关;培养基中高浓度蔗糖可抑制花粉管的伸长.裸子植物在花粉结构、花粉萌发和花粉管的形态结构方面与被子植物存在较大差异.     

黑松花粉与花粉管中的微管分布

应用免疫荧光标记法结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术对黑松花粉和花粉管中的微管骨架进行观察.结果表明:黑松萌发花粉内存在一密集的微管网络,在花粉粒中微管呈斜向或横向分布,在伸长的花粉管内微管呈轴向排列,并一直延伸至花粉管顶端.花粉管顶端区域的微管网络荧光特别明亮.在含秋水仙碱的培养基中萌发的黑松花粉,其花粉管形态明显异常,特别是花粉管顶端肿胀的频率显著提高.认为是秋水仙碱破坏了花粉管顶端区域的微管骨架而导致顶端肿胀的产生,这说明分布于裸子植物花粉管顶端的微管网络对于维持正常的花粉管顶端形态具有重要作用.裸子植物花粉管顶端的生长可能与被子植物不同,微管网络参与了引导顶端生长的方向.     

用超声波法和冲击回波法检测钢管混凝土质量的研究

对超声波检测钢管混凝土质量的原理进行了研究,结合冲击回波法进行模型试验,探讨了进一步提高用超声法检测和评价钢管混凝土质量准确性的途径和方法.通过试验表明:用超声波法和冲击回波法检测钢管混凝土质量是可行的.     

Effects of shelter tubes on hardwood tree establishment in western Oregon silvopastures

Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) are warm season forage trees with potential to efficiently share site resources with cool season pasture plants in Pacific Northwest silvopastures. Establishment of hardwood trees can be difficult, however, because of feeding damage from wildlife and livestock. This study compared establishment and growth of trees planted in 88 cm tall solid plastic shelter tubes to 88 cm tall plastic mesh tubes, used to protect trees from animal damage. Three replications were established in May 1995 for each of the three tree species on a hill pasture near Corvallis, Oregon. Initial tree survival during the first summer and winter following planting was higher in shelter tubes than in mesh tubes. At the end of the third growing season, 58% of black locust and 94% of honey locust trees in shelter tubes were still alive compared to only 14% of black locust and 47% of honey locust in mesh tubes. Few honey mesquite trees survived regardless of tube type used. Average three-year total height growth for black locust was increased by 650% and basal diameter growth by 380% within shelter tubes, while honey locust height growth was increased by 300% and diameter growth was increased by 150% compared to trees in mesh tubes. However, shelter tube trees tended to be taller relative to their diameter and had difficulty standing upright if tubes were removed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Is light the key factor for success of tube shelters in forest restoration plantings under Mediterranean climates?

Tube shelters were designed to protect against browsing, but they improve seedling survival in Mediterranean dry climates. Mechanisms for this response, however, are not fully understood and this knowledge can be useful to help design optimal tube shelters for Mediterranean species and climates. Our objective in this study was to determine if the positive effect of tube shelters is due to enhanced growth during the wet season or to reduced light stress during the dry season. We performed two independent experiments. In the first, we assessed root growth during the wet season in two Mediterranean species with contrasting light tolerance (Quercus ilex L. and Pinus halepensis Mill.) growing in tubes with varying light transmissivity. In the second experiment, we studied the response of a Quercus ilex plantation to different shelter treatments. Root growth during the wet season was reduced with decreasing light transmissivity in the shade intolerant P. halepensis, but not in the shade tolerant Quercus ilex. Survival of Q. ilex shaded by a mesh shelter only during summer was higher than in unsheltered seedlings and similar to the survival in tube and mesh shelters during the whole season. This suggests that shade during the dry period was the main factor explaining survival in this species. This effect could be related to the lower leaf temperature recorded in sheltered seedlings. We conclude that Q. ilex (and perhaps other late successional, shade tolerant Mediterranean species) should be planted in tubes with the currently used light transmissivity because these shelters reduce light stress in summer without impairing root growth in the wet season. However, current tubes impair root growth in P. halepensis (and likely other pioneer, shade intolerant Mediterranean species), so higher transmissivity tubes may be necessary. Optimal transmissivity for tube shelter in Mediterranean climates is species-specific and identifiable as the point that minimizes light stress during summer without impairing root growth in the wet season.     

5个紫薇品种花粉萌发的荧光显微观察

利用荧光显微镜对5个紫薇品种‘红蝶飞舞’、‘红蝶飞舞’×福建紫薇、‘红蝶飞舞’×南紫薇、‘红蝶飞舞’בRPN74C’及‘多花紫’花粉萌发及花粉管生长过程进行观察。结果显示,授粉后2～6 h内花粉萌发形成花粉管,花粉管生长速度由快到慢;‘多花紫’自交授粉后不同时段均没有发现花粉粒的萌发现象,花粉粒全部干瘪而死,说明紫薇不接受同源花粉,自交不亲和。     

Tree Establishment for a Temperate Agro-forest in Central Appalachia,USA

Small farms in Appalachia are economically challenged due to complex topography and soil constraints that limit productivity. Most farms have considerable acreage in forest, some of which is on the least productive sites, which contributes little income. The purpose of this study was to determine management and microclimate impacts on the establishment of an agro-forest for increasing the economic value of the forested land resource. A 1.2 ha forest clear-cut was planted with red oak (Quercus rubra) as the desired mature forest species alternated with rows of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), hazelnut (Corylus americana), and white pine (Pinus strobus) for generating income as the forest matures. Oak and chestnut required protection from deer. Oak had the lowest survival rate (61%) and chestnut had the highest survival rate (94%). While providing protection, Tubex plastic tubes also resulted in spindly tree growth. Plastic tubes did, however, improve pawpaw survival. Oak did best on well-drained locations. Chestnut and hazelnut were negatively impacted by forest edge more than oak or pawpaw. Overall there was a high degree of variability in tree growth suggesting that on low productivity sites, a planting density substantially higher than the desired final stand may be warranted to optimize the tree-vigor/micro-site match. The U.S. Government’s rights to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

红叶石楠组培苗瓶外生根技术研究

以苗龄为40 d的红叶石楠组培继代芽苗为瓶外生根试验材料,采用多因素正交试验设计研究不同栽培基质、不同激素、不同激素浓度处理及处理时间对红叶石楠继代芽苗瓶外生根诱导的影响,继代芽苗扦插前的不同炼苗方式及扦插后施肥方式对芽苗瓶外生根率的影响。结果表明:A3B1C3D2组合(珍珠岩、生根粉ABT 200 mg.L-1浸泡处理30 min)获得59%瓶外生根率,而A3B1C1D2(珍珠岩、ABT 50 mg.L-1浸泡处理30 min)为最理想的组合;芽苗在自然散射光下炼苗15~20 d,生根率可提高到81%;栽后适时追施营养液有利于芽苗的高生长。继代芽苗瓶外生根技术的应用减少组培苗培养工序,促进红叶石楠的组培快繁效率,降低组培苗的生产成本。