植物已知品种数据库构建方法研究

植物已知品种（以下简称“已知品种”）数据库是以品种性状描述、图像和DNA指纹图谱信息为核心,有效整合品种命名、审（鉴）定、保护、推广、转让、培育、栽培、繁殖、保藏等管理和技术信息,模仿人为判定过程,实现自动命名审查和近似品种筛选的高级专家系统。已知品种数据库基于网络环境设计,具有高度的共享性,可以大大提高品种保护、审（鉴）定、种子检测等管理部门的信息交流效率,是农业行政主管部门监控种子质量、维护市场秩序的重要技术支撑。已知品种数据库还可以为种子企业或育种者挑选品种、制定育种目标提供重要参考,节省社会成本。为此,通过对国内外植物品种管理信息系统进行研究,指出植物品种信息管理所应包括的基本内容和功能,得出中国已知品种数据库构建方法。     

新疆主要玉米杂交种及亲本DNA指纹数据库构建

通过对新疆目前推广的8个主要玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的RAPD分析,初步构建了新疆玉米DNA指纹图谱及数据库,探索了RAPD技术在玉米种质鉴定和纯度分析中的应用.结果表明,8个玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的指纹图谱多态性丰富,仅用一个引物即可以将24个材料完全区分开,表明了该指纹数据库在玉米品种鉴定与种子纯度分析中应用的可行性.     

世界及中国种衣剂专利发展现状分析与思考

采用欧洲专利局世界范围专利数据库和中国知识产权网的中外专利数据库为数据检索源进行检索,分析世界范围内种衣剂专利现状,为种衣剂的研究应用及制定专利战略提供理论依据。目前关于世界范围内种衣剂方面的研究,共检索到国内外相关专利371项,其中,中国156项、新疆10项。新疆与国内外其他地区在种衣剂专利研究方面差距不太大,应继续加强新疆种衣剂等应用基础性研究的资助力度,提升专利保护意识,促进新疆种衣剂专利研究的持续发展。     

玉米杂交种纯度鉴定SNP 核心引物的确定及高通量检测方案的建立

纯度是玉米种子质量的重要指标之一,尤其杂交种自交株是影响田间产量的关键因素。KASP(kompetitive allele specific PCR)技术具有高通量、低成本的优点,适用于种子纯度检测。本研究基于12套杂交种及其父母本的三联体样本及335份玉米杂交种国家审定标准样品SNP指纹,从384个SNP基础位点筛选获得60个候选位点,位点转化为KASP引物的成功率为95%。综合考虑引物双亲互补率、多态性、稳定性和分型效果等多项指标,最终确定20个引物作为玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的核心引物,能够有效鉴定99.7%供试样品纯度。对于待测样品京科968通过SNP-DNA指纹数据库查询,并选择双亲互补型引物进行纯度鉴定。在检测的110个个体中,共检出1个自交苗和2个异型株,纯度为97.3%。同时,基于纯度核心引物对批量样品检测建立高通量纯度检测方案,具有快捷、准确、高通量和低成本的特点,为政府监管和企业提供了更多纯度鉴定方案的选择。     

小麦种子繁育的一般原则和通用程序

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是我国的重要粮食作物,种子繁育是小麦产业化的关键环节。我国现行小麦种子繁育程序包括三圃制、二圃制、一圃制、四级种子生产、株系循环选择、一圃三级种子生产等六种。为了适应现代小麦产业化的需要,在分析现有种子繁育程序的基础上,根据小麦遗传特征,提出小麦种子繁育的一般原则和通用程序,供小麦育种、繁种、推广者参考。     

Genetic Variation for Seed Yield in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

In perennial ryegrass seed yield is low and unreliable and little is known about the seed-yielding capacity of different cultivars. Therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for three years at two locations. Twelve trials consisting of drilled plots of nine diploid, late-flowering cultivars in four replications were harvested for seed. Significant gentic differences for seed yield and seed weight weight were detected. The ranking of the cultivars for seed yield differed from that for seed weight. The levels of seed yield and seed weight were affected by such environmental factors as year, soil type and crop production year, but interactions of these factors with cultivars were generally not significant. Variation in seed yield was more related to variation in seed number than to variation in seed weight. There were no significant cultivar differences for yield stability. The highest yielding cultivar was superior over a wide range of environments and the seed yield of the poorest cultivar was on average only 64% of that of the best cultivar.     

Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries

Summary Varriety use and development, seed production and storage by farmers under local conditions, and seed exchange mechanisms are presented as the three principal components of a dynamic system that forms the most important seed source of food crops for small farmers in developing countries. The information on this topic is based on a literature review and a case study. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of local seed systems leads to the conclusion that local seed systems and the formal system are complementary. Integrated approaches in breeding, and seed production and distribution show to have promising potential for improving seed supply for small farmers.     

Selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum in wheat

Summary A population of 572 F₂ derived F₃ lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots).Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots.Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest.Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.     

水稻、拟南芥组织特异性启动子的序列特征分析

本文以UniGene 数据库中有关拟南芥和水稻的相关信息,分别获得根、叶片、花、种子4种组织中特异表达基因和特异不表达基因。在TAIR和RAP-DB下载获得此类基因启动子序列,利用生物信息学软件MEME对组织特异表达基因启动子序列进行分析,预测得到组织特异表达基因的顺式作用元件。又利用模式搜索软件FIMO,考察每一条顺式作用元件在这种组织特异表达基因和组织特异不表达基因启动子序列中的分布特征,其中“CCACACA”极有可能为控制基因在拟南芥叶片中表达的顺式作用元件。本研究技术和策略为理解基因表达调控的机制提供参考依据。     

花生黄曲霉抗性与类受体蛋白激酶的相关性分析

LRR类受体激酶RH4基因在花生黄曲霉敏感品种发育种子的种皮中上调表达.基于这类受体激酶多由于序列的变异导致抗性的变异,笔者将数据库中花生抗黄曲霉和敏感品种相似基因编码的蛋白进行序列比较分析,发现抗性品种与敏感品种的类似蛋白序列有很大差别.用荧光定量PCR方法对抗性品种KB153与敏感品种JH1012发育中不同时期的果...     

灌溉对留种紫花苜蓿生长发育及产量的影响

通过对留种苜蓿植株生长发育及产量的研究,表明灌水对留种苜蓿的生长发育和种子产量有着密切的关系;灌水还可能造成植株的倒伏,使苜蓿种子的产量和质量受到影响.其原因是倒伏影响了昆虫的授粉,同时新生枝条迅速生长削弱了生殖生长的养分供应。对留种苜蓿在蕾期和花期避免灌水可减轻倒伏程度,在荚期灌一水即可。     

GA用于脱刺毛番茄种子包衣研究

应用试剂硫酸30秒,即可脱去占番茄种子重量4％的种皮刺毛,同时种子活力及幼苗素质得到提高,且种子表面光滑,利于包衣。脱刺毛后的不同浓度GA包衣试验表明:GA0g/L(空白包衣材料)对种子萌发有一定的阻碍作用,完全抵消了脱刺毛处理的正效应,0.3g/l浓度包衣条件下,GA的促进作用最强,包衣种子活力和幼苗素质明显高于脱刺毛种子和半脱刺毛种子。     

普通菜豆籽粒大小与形状的QTL定位

普通菜豆是世界上最重要的食用豆类作物之一,其籽粒大小和形状与产量及外观品质密切相关。本研究以来自安第斯基因库的大粒品种龙270709和来自中美基因库的小粒品种F5910配置杂交组合,获得的F2分离群体分别在哈尔滨大田与北京昌平温室种植,对百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比6个籽粒性状进行了相关性分析和QTL定位。相关性分析表明,百粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比5个衡量籽粒大小和形状的性状均显著正相关。利用基于完备区间作图方法的Ici Mapping 4.1进行QTL定位,哈尔滨环境下定位到38个与百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比相关的QTL,表型贡献率介于2.39%~17.37%之间,分布在除第1染色体外的其余10条染色体上;北京昌平环境下定位到21个上述性状的QTL,表型贡献率介于5.92%~22.53%之间,分布在第1、第3、第6、第7、第8、第9和第11染色体上。其中,百粒重QTLSW7与SW7’,SW6.1与SW6’,粒长QTLSL6.1与SL6.1’,粒厚QTLSH11与SH11’在2个环境下的标记区间重叠或者重合,SW7、SW6.1、SL6.1、SW6’和SL6.1’的表型贡献率在10%以上。     

Selection for seed set capacity uncorrelated with flower heteromorphism in Primula vulgaris Hudson

Within-line pollinations were used when measuring the seed set of plants from seven early generation inbred lines of Primula vulgaris. One high seed setting plant and one low seed setting one were selected from each line and the seed set was evaluated on the offspring from selfings and within-line pollinations of these plants. Regression of offspring on parents for seed set was studied. The slope was estimated to be 0.17 ± 0.08, equivalent to an estimated heritability of around 34%. No significant differences in the slope of regression between the two reproduction methods (selfings or within-line pollinations) were detected. The realized improvement through one cycle of selection of high seed setting single plants in this early generation inbred material of P. vulgaris was 23.7%. Analysis of the seed set of within-line pollinated clones from late generation inbred lines of P. vulgaris revealed that only limited within-line variation remained after removal of the effects of the heteromorphic incompatibility system. It was concluded that selection of high seed setting single plants during early generations of inbreeding is efficient for improvement of seed set in future inbred lines of P. vulgaris to be used for hybrid seed production.     

北京农作物种质资源信息服务平台的设计与构建

围绕北京籽种产业发展,为促进北京农作物种质资源的高效利用,采用.NET和SqlServer2005数据库技术进行开发,搭建开放融合的北京农作物种质资源信息服务共享平台。实现种质资源自动建库、统一管理和异构种质资源统一检索的功能,将分散在各个单位及部门的种质资源集中管理,实现种质资源网络共享。本文主要阐述了系统平台框架结构、功能设计、自动建库系统结构的设计方法和原理,初步建成了北京农作物种质资源共享服务平台。     

Genetic variation for seed dormancy in Cuphea laminuligera and Cuphea lanceolata

Summary Various Cuphea species are adapted to temperate climates and characterized by caprylic, capric, and lauric acid-rich seed oils. These fatty acids are solely commercially available from palm kernel and coconut oils; thus, there is considerable interest in Cuphea as an alternative source of these fatty acids. Cuphea is a genus of undomesticated species characterized by seed dormancy and seed shedding. Our goal is to eliminate these domestication barriers in a few species with agronomic potential. Our objective was to survey existing Cuphea laminuligera and C. lanceolata germplasm for genetic variation for seed dormancy (germination percentage after a certain seed storage period). Recurrent half-sib family selection was practiced in various open-pollinated and synthetic populations. Half-sib family seed were evaluated for germination percentages at 26° C after various seed storage periods. There was significant genetic variation among families in every population. Additive genetic variance, half-sib family-mean heritability, and expected selection response magnitudes depended on the length of the seed storage period within a given population. Estimates of these parameters were significantly greater for longer seed storage periods within a population. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.00 to 0.79. Expected half-sib family selection responses ranged from 0.0 to 23.9%. Our study demonstrated there is substantial genetic variation for seed dormancy in C. laminuligera and C. lanceolata.     

Criteria for selecting productive and stable pea cultivars

The beginning and duration of the seed set in the growth cycle determine the level and stability of the yield of a pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotype. The objective of the present study was to identify criteria for selecting genotypes, both in terms of timing of seed set and productivity. Genotypes were initially compared in field experiments for two different levels of inter-plant competition, but using the same photo-thermal conditions. These experiments showed that the initiation and, particularly, the duration of seed set were affected by plant growth rates, indicating that selection on these variables must be done by comparing genotypes under regular cropping conditions. When measuring seed production of the whole plant, we found that mean dry seed weight per podded node all over the plant and the number of podded nodes on any fertile stem were similar to those on the main stem. These results confirmed that branches and main stems have a similar reproductive pattern, and thus that any podded stem of the canopy is representative of every stem of the plant. Lastly, we showed that, when associated, the number of podded nodes, the mean dry seed weight per podded node on the main stem (or on any reproductive stem of the canopy), and the number of basal branches per plant are suitable criteria for selecting for productivity among genotypes with a similar duration of seed set. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

低温胁迫对燕麦种子萌发期蛋白质组影响的研究

为探析燕麦种子萌发时蛋白质的差异表达及其相关蛋白的生理功能,采用室内生测法比较了不同温度下种子萌发力和幼苗的生长能力,同时采用双向电泳(2-DE)结合基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱的方法,比较低温条件下(5℃)吸胀25 h和128 h(萌发)与正常温度下吸胀25 h(萌发)时种子蛋白质组的差异表达.结果表明,随着温度的降低,燕麦种子的萌发活力降低.燕麦种子蛋白质组在低温胁迫下萌发时,有7个蛋白质点发生了变化,其中5℃低温吸胀25h时,有3个蛋白质点的表达量降低;5℃低温吸胀萌发128h时,有5个蛋白质点表达发生了改变,其中3个蛋白质点的表达量增加.经MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定分析和Mascot搜索NCBI非冗余数据库,确定了4个蛋白质,分别为燕麦蛋白、燕麦蛋白N9和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂等.这些蛋白质的质量变化与燕麦种子萌发时的低温胁迫可能有关联.     

Soybean plant height QTL mapping and meta‐analysis for mining candidate genes

Plant height is closely related to seed yield of soybean. The goal of this study was to identify important loci affecting soybean plant height using meta‐analysis based on a reference physical map. Plant height related to QTLs was mapped across eight years with a RIL population by WinQTLCart v2.5. 182 QTLs related to plant height of soybean from database and our research were collected, and each QTL was projected onto the soybean physical map by software BioMercator v2.1. The confidence interval of meta‐QTL ranged from 0.09 to 5.07 Mb, and the mean phenotypic variance ranged from 4.9% to 73.0%. Furthermore, 4,259 candidate genes were located in these consensus QTLs, and 40 of them were involved in the plant growth and stem elongation and annotated as plant hormone signal transduction (pathway ID ko04075) in KEGG pathway. These results would lay a foundation for fine mapping of QTLs/genes related to plant height and marker‐assisted selection for breeding in soybean.     

Some Agronomic Strategies for Organic Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa is a potential new seed crop for protein feed and human consumption in Europe, with tolerance to a range of abiotic stresses. For this purpose the study was planned to analyse the effect of important agronomic strategies like nitrogen level, N application strategy, row spacing and harvest time on yield and quality of quinoa. The experiments took place in the field of the experimental station of the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. Three levels of organic nitrogen from slurry was used (60, 120 and 180 kg N ha^?1), supplied either all at once at sowing, or split between sowing and beginning of the reproductive phase. The effect of row spacing and harvest time was studied by harvesting seeds at seed maturity, which occurred 2–3 weeks prior to the mechanical harvest by threshing, and a couple of months after. Yield increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with an application up to 180 kg N ha^?1, reaching 2200 kg ha^?1. Increasing N also caused a significantly increased seed weight (up to 3.3 mg) and protein content (up to 17 %). N level did not affect number and amount of weeds. Split application with part of the N applied at bud formation did not have a significant effect on yield. Delayed harvest had a negative influence on seed weight, whereas protein content was stable after harvesting even a month after seed maturity. A late harvest significantly reduced seed germination, being reduced by 50 % after a 2‐month delay. A conclusion from this study is that both yield and protein content of seed can be manipulated by N level and application strategy. Harvest time is important for securing a high seed quality measured as seed germination, seed weight and protein content. A fast germination of quinoa is an important characteristic demonstrating that the crop has good possibilities for being well‐established in the field when free from weeds at the time of sowing. The choice of row spacing is important and depends on weed control method. Weed control strategy should be developed based on modern precision tools.