Genetic studies of selection criteria for productive and stable peas

In this study we investigated the genetic determinism of criteria suitable for breeding for seed yield and yield stability in dry pea (Pisum sativumL.) using a diallel cross involving eight genotypes. Seven criteria related to plant and seed development were evaluated including: onset of flowering, node of first flower, leaf appearance rate, rate of progression of flowering, number of podded nodes on the main stem, mean dry seed weight per podded node and number of basal branches per plant. Most of these traits measured are related to timing of seed set and are thought to be critical in determining yield stability. We combined different diallel analyses (Hayman,1954; Griffing, 1956) with a Principal Component Analysis, to divide the parental lines into groups sharing similar genetic control for the traits studied. We found that the two main groups, defined according to their genetic control of node of first flower, also differed for all the others characters and, in particular, did not reach the same levels of productivity. These results indicated that crosses within the group with the highest productivity, but between lines with differing development and architectural features, could be a good starting point for breeding high-yield pure lines. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lint Yield Compensatory Response to Main Stem Node Removal in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Hail storm damage to the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants can destroy vegetative and reproductive structures, modify canopy architecture and impact lint yield. Field studies were conducted at University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center in 2011, 2012 and 2013 to examine cotton plant architecture changes and compensatory growth in response to removal treatments of uppermost nodes on main stem (terminal bud removal, 2 node removal and 4 node removal) as simulation of hail damage at the node 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 growth stages. Main stem node removal caused significant decrease in leaf area and biomass, especially at early growth stages. However, significant lint yield reduction only occurred by removing 2 nodes at the node 4 stage and removing 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2011, removing terminal bud at the node 12 stage in 2012 and removing terminal bud, 2 nodes and 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2013. The lint yield reduction did not exceed 13 % in all three growing seasons. Yield loss due to main stem node removal was mainly compensated by increased boll number on the vegetative branches at early growth stages and on fruiting branches at late growth stages. Yield compensation from vegetative branches increased with number of main stem nodes removed. This study suggests that the cotton crop has a strong compensatory ability to plant structure damage due to its indeterminate growth and longer growing season in the region.     

应用大豆表型设计育种技术选育大豆品种齐黄34

大豆产量由群体结构和个体生产力共同决定。其中,群体结构由个体的结荚习性、株高、主茎节数、分枝数、叶柄和叶片等株型性状决定;个体生产力由单株有效荚数、每荚粒数和粒重等性状决定,这些性状都具有特定的遗传和变异规律。表型设计育种是根据农作物表型性状的遗传和变异规律,设计出理想的表型性状值并培育出理想品种的育种技术。大豆品种齐黄34就是根据生态环境、生产条件和市场需求,采用表型设计育种技术选育成的高产大豆品种,具有株型紧凑、个体生产潜力大等特点。     

大豆遗传资源农艺性状的鉴定和筛选

对来自于中国黄淮海大豆产区、北方大豆产区和南方大豆产区的316个大豆品种的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定和比较。结果表明,育成品种的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数明显不及农家品种,而其它性状如主茎荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和百粒重优于农家品种。以育成品种和农家品种分别所作的相关分析表明,主茎荚数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数均与单株粒数和单株粒重呈显著的正相关;主茎节数与株高、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数呈显著正相关;分枝数与分枝荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著或非显著正相关,但与主茎荚数呈负向显著相关;单株粒数与单株粒重显著正相关,百粒重与单株粒重正向显著相关,与单株粒数负相关显著。通过比较和分析,就百粒重、生育期和株高筛选出一些具有极端值的品种,可以用作品种选育的亲本和大豆分子育种如转基因受体或分子标记作图群体的遗传材料。     

Selection in Early Generations of Dried Peas, Pisum sativum L. II. Significance of the Environment of Selection

In early generations peas arc frequently grown widely-spaced against wire netting under growing conditions considerably different from the commercial cultivation practice of dense stands. In 1985 and 1986, five morphologically different pea varieties were grown both widely-spaced against wire and in dense stand in plots. In the plot stands no methods to prevent the peas from lodging were used. Grain yield and yield-related traits were recorded in both environments of selection, i.e. ‘wire netting’ and ‘plot stand’. Data were analyzed with respect to the suitibility of the environment ‘wire netting’ for selection for grain yield to be realized in commercial stands of the crop. Against wire, the grain yield, number of podded lateral branches, number of podded nodes/main stem, and the profile of grain yield/node on the main stem were the most responsive characters as compared to the standard plot with a dense stand. The relative increase differed between genotypes, which was also indicated by highly significant genotype × environment interactions. Only small changes consistent over genotypes were observed for thousand grain weight (slightly lower), number of seeds/pod (slightly increased) and grain yield/pod (slightly higher). Against wire, the expression of varietal variation was higher for most characters. In addition, single plant error was lower, so that at the wire heritability values based on individual plants were larger than in the plots. The significance of the present results and the effects of competition on selection in early generations in dried peas are discussed.     

毛豆品种的农艺性状鉴定及相关性分析

对引进的19份毛豆品种的10个主要农艺性状进行相关性分析。研究表明,1)农艺性状变异系数大小依次为主茎分枝数、百粒重、单株荚数、底荚高、单株粒数、株高、单株产量、主茎节数、茎粗、生育期。2)单株产量与百粒重呈极度正相关,与底荚高、主茎分枝数、茎粗、单株粒数呈正相关,与株高、主茎节数、单株荚数呈负相关。因此要增加单株产量,首先要考虑选择百粒重大的品种,其次是选择茎杆粗壮,主茎分枝数及单株粒数较多的品种。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

Effect of the gene for double pod in chickpea on yield, yield components and stability of yield

Five pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) for the gene for single vs. double pod were used to study the effect of this character on yield and its components (seeds per plant, yield per plant and seed weight). The NILs were sown in 2 years at five locations in ihe first year and four locations in the second. Combined analysis of variance was applied to t he data and no significant differences between isolines were found, but there were significant genotype– location interaction effects for yield and seeds per plant. For both characters the double–podded lines were more stable than the single–podded lines. Although there were significant differences between the five genotypes lor yield per planl and seed weight, the differentes between single– and double–podded lines were almost nil. The results indicate that the double–pod gene has a positive effect on the stability of yield and is not linked to any other gene responsible Tor seed size in chickpea     

Influence of Water Stress on Grain Yield and Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Lack of water during vegetative and/or reproductive growth stages is one of the most limiting factors for bean growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress applied during two phenological stages (flowering and pod filling) on growth, yield and yield components. Two genotypes of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used in this study, cv. Carioca, an indeterminate Brazilian landrace, and cv. Prince, a determinate cultivar grown in Europe. Carioca appears to be generally stress-tolerant while Prince is intolerant. Plants were grown in large plastic pots covered with a black plastic sheet to protect the soil from rain and evaporation. The water stress treatments were: control (well-watered plants), WSFS (water stress during flowering stage) and WSPFS (water stress during pod-filling stage). Water stress reduced yield and yield components at both flowering and pod-filling stages. The parameters affected were seed weight, number of seeds per plant and number of pods per plant. Number of seeds per pod and seed weight were not affected. No effects of water stress were detected on harvest index. Time to maturity was slightly prolonged, especially for WSFS. Water stress at both stages resulted in lower accumulated water loss compared to the control plants. Water stress during both phenological stages reduced other growth parameters, the number of trifoliate leaves, stem height, number of main branches and number of nodes on the main stem.     

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Some New Released (00) Spring Rapeseed Cultivars Grown under Different Competitive Systems

The inter-relationships between fifteen quantitative characters of spring oilseed rape were computed using four "free erucic acid" cultivars viz. Callypso, Semit 2080, Semu DNK 203/84 and Semu 304 , grown under two different distances between drill rows (16 and 32 cm) and three population densities (30, 60 and 90 plants/m²). The experiments were carried out in Kiel, West Germany, in 1986 and 1987 seasons.
Positive and highly significant values were obtained in the two seasons between seed yield per plant and the characters: dry matter (DM) per plant, per main stem and per branches, number of branches, siliqua per plant or per branches and yield per branches. All the characters that showed strong association with yield/plant behaved in a similar way and similar magnitudes with yield/branches. By contrast, yield/main stem showed different magnitudes in the two years with the previous characters and the association was weak or absent in most cases.
Seed index and the quality traits (oil and protein %) did not correlate significantly with the majority of the characters studied. Only the association between DM/main stem and protein content showed highly significant negative values in both seasons.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of siliqua per plant had the highest direct effect on seed yield/plant in both years. The source character (DM) affected yield/plant indirectly through number of siliqua per plant and the indirect contribution was high m both years.     

种植密度和施肥对菜用大豆产量性状的效应研究

采用2因素4水平随机区组设计,研究了种植密度和磷肥施用量对菜用大豆“绿75”产量性状的影响。结果表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸二铵能有效地增加分枝数、分枝荚数、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和小区产量。每公顷45万株的密度可提高单株荚数,但百粒重降低。不同因素间互作效应表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸和45万株密度,能增加单株的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株粒重和单株粒数。每公顷在22.5万~45万株,施用磷肥能有效地提高单株的主茎荚数和单株总荚数。在施肥量相同时,随着密度的增加产量提高。     

Variation and association analysis in coriander

Summary Two hundred genotypes of Coriandrum sativum L. exhibited genetic variation for plant height, primary and effective branches, days to flowering and maturity, umbels and umbellets per plant, grains per umbellet, thousand seed weight, straw yield and grain yield per plant and harvest index. Heritability estimates were high for days to flowering, thousand seed weight and days to maturity; moderate for plant height, straw yield, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant and number of primary branches; and low for harvest index, effective branches, grain yield per plant and grains per umbellet. Phenotypic correlations of grain yield per plant were highly significant and positive with umbellets per plant, umbels per plant, number of effective branches, straw yield per plant, number of primary branches, plant height, number of grains per umbellet and harvest index. Maximum direct contribution to grain yield per plant was made by umbellets per plant, followed by straw yield per plant, umbels per plant and grains per umbellet. Umbellets per plant made sizeable indirect effect via straw yield per plant. Straw yield per plant made sizeable indirect contribution via umbellets per plant.     

黄淮海夏大豆产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探讨大豆主要农艺性状对大豆产量影响的主次关系,运用灰色关联度分析法,对黄淮海地区16 个品种12 点试验进行产量与农艺性状的分析,从而为黄淮海地区大豆育种提供理论依据。结果表明：产量与主要农艺性状的关联度大小依次是单株粒重＞分枝数＞株高＞生育日数＞单株荚数＞单株粒数＞主茎节数＞底荚高度＞百粒重。可见,对大豆新品种选育时,应优先考虑单株粒重,分枝数,株高和生育日数。     

黄淮夏大豆形态性状的遗传研究

本文以黄淮地区6个夏大豆品种(系)通过双列杂交保留下来的F_3代材料,研究大豆6个形态性状的遗传特性.结果表明,株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数、主茎荚丛数和茎粗5个性状均符合加性—显性模型.而底荚高则存在非等位基因之间的互作效应.株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数和主茎荚丛数为部分显性,茎粗存在超显性现象.主茎节数和主茎荚丛数可能有相似的遗传特点.豫豆8号大豆带有较多的控制株高的显性基因,油84-30大豆带有较多的控制分枝和茎粗的显性基因,而尖顶大白角大豆控制主茎节数和美丛数的显性基因较多.     

大豆根区逆境耐性的种质鉴定及其与根系性状的关系

依根系类型从黄淮海和长江中下游地区301份代表性材料中选取62份，以株高、叶龄、地上部干物重、地下部干物重为指标，采用平均隶属函数值方法鉴定了苗期耐旱性、苗期耐铝毒性，加上主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状鉴定了后期耐旱性，并通过钒钼黄比色法测定植株P含量鉴定了苗期耐低磷性。筛选出1级苗期     

不同种植密度对3个小豆品种植株形态及产量的影响

采用两因素随机区组设计,以直立型小豆品种冀红20、冀红21和唐红201602为材料,分析6个种植密度对不同小豆品种植株形态特征及产量性状的影响。结果表明,品种和种植密度对小豆形态特征和产量性状的影响较大;底荚高度和第一节间长随着密度的增加而增加,主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株结荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着种植密度的增加而减小,产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后减少趋势;相同品种不同种植密度间和相同种植密度不同品种间的产量差异极显著（F值分别为49.36、99.35）,品种与种植密度互作对产量的影响差异显著（F=3.91）。种植密度与株高、底荚高度呈极显著正相关,与第一节间长呈正相关,与茎粗、主茎分枝数和主茎节数呈极显著负相关。增加种植密度可增加小豆株高、底荚高度和第一节间长,有效减少主茎分枝数,有利于机械化收获。     

122份国外普通菜豆资源聚类分析和主成分分析

对122份国外普通菜豆资源的熟性、生育日数、生长习性、出土子叶色、叶形、花旗瓣色、花翼瓣色、株高、株型、主茎节数、单株分枝数、结荚习性、单株荚数、每果节荚数、荚色、荚形、荚面、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、粒形、种皮光泽、种皮斑纹、粒色、百粒重、单株产量、小区产量15个质量性状和12个数量性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,122份国外普通菜豆资源聚为四类,其中来自葡萄牙的91号资源单独为一类。主成分分析结果表明,26个性状提取了8个主成分,累计贡献率为74.37%,包括颜色因子、百粒重因子、产量因子、形态因子等主要因子。该研究旨在充分挖掘国外菜豆种质资源特性,为资源利用提供依据。     

黄淮海夏大豆品种（系)主要农艺性状的综合性分析

以2018年黄淮海区试60个夏大豆参试品种（系）为材料,对12个主要农艺性状进行综合性分析。统计分析结果显示: 中组平均产量最高,南组平均粗蛋白含量最高;有效分枝数的变异系数最高,生育期的变异系数最低。相关性分析结果显示: 产量与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈显著正相关,与单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与主茎节数呈显著负相关;百粒重与株高、主茎节数呈显著负相关,与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈极显著负相关;粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示: 12个主要农艺性状被提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达76.78%。聚类分析结果显示: 60个品种（系）被分为2大类,每类又分为2个亚群,但60个品种（系）未按照北组、中组和南组的地域而区分开,说明黄淮海区域大豆品种（系）遗传背景相似。     

Yield Comparison of Within Row Mixtures, Between Row Mixtures, and Composites of Spring Faba Bean Cultivars

The performance of three spring faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) cultivars Stella, Danas, and Minden in monocultures were compared with mixtures of Stella + Minden, and Danas + Minden sown as within row mixtures, alternate row mixtures, and as composites.
Mixtures of both cultivar combinations, whether mechanical or composites, had net increases in seed yield per plot ranging from 10.5 % to 20 % above the means of the component cultivars grown in monoculture. Cultivars grown in mixtures in alternate rows had slightly greater seed yield than when they were grown alternately within rows. A further yield enhancement was obtained from growing composites.
Data for total plant dry weight were similar to those for seed yield. The number of podded nodes per plant was the major yield component responsible for the increased yields of the component cultivars in mixtures. The ecological aspects of these results are discussed.     

大豆上部节位叶片生产效率的初步研究

以5个亚有限型大豆品种和3个有限型大豆品种为试材,研究了主茎上部各节位的叶面积、粒重及粒叶比。结果表明,两种结荚习性大豆品种均存在顶端结荚优势,使倒数第2节位的粒重受到很大影响。亚有限型大豆品种植株上部9个节位的叶面积与粒重极显著相关,而有限型品种因受顶端结荚优势影响较大,植株上部5个节位的叶面积与粒重不相关。不同品种间植株不同节位的叶面积大小不能直接反应其对应节位的粒重大小。换算成各节位单位叶面积的籽粒生产能力时发现,存在较大的品种间差异,高产品种的叶片具有较高的籽粒生产效率。