Impacts of hatchery release on genetic structure of rock carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Procypris rabaudi</Emphasis> in the upper Yangtze River,China

Rock carp Procypris rabaudi is a vulnerable endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River. Hatchery release has been carried out as a major stock enhancement strategy for this species. Ten microsatellite loci were chosen to compare genetic variation between one wild population and two hatchery groups to evaluate the potential impacts of hatchery release on the genetic structure of the wild population. Two different models indicated strong evidence of recent bottlenecks in all groups. The hatchery groups were lower in the mean number of alleles per locus, allelic richness, and allelic diversity compared with the wild population. The 80% membership coefficient indicated that 14% of the wild fish could be assigned as hybrids of wild and hatchery fish. Our results suggested that hatchery release will further reduce the natural genetic diversity in the wild population, change the genetic structure of the rock carp population, and may not benefit restoration of this vulnerable fish species.     

Assessing the genetic structure of three Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) stocks by microsatellite markers

Ten highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate one common population and two selected hatchery populations of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. All of the 10 microsatellite loci screened in this study showed marked polymorphism. A total of 76 different alleles were observed over all loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3.67 to 8.67. The average of observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.610 to 1.000, and from 0.536 to 0.821, respectively. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in common population, and 3 unique alleles each were found in susceptible and resistant populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 2.14 for Po35 to 5.60 for Po91. The number of genotypes ranged from 5.33 for Po56 to 12.33 for Po1. Compared with the common population, the two selected hatchery populations, susceptible and resistant, showed significant genetic changes such as fewer alleles per locus, a smaller number of low-frequency alleles, and a small number of unique alleles and a small number of genotypes, all indicative of a reduction in genetic diversity. Intentional or accidental release of selected Japanese flounders into natural sea areas might result in disturbance of local gene pools and loss of genetic variability. So, it is needed to monitor genetic variability of selected hatchery populations for the conservation of natural Japanese flounder resources.     

三疣梭子蟹多态性微卫星DNA标记的筛选及评价

根据前人FIASCO方法构建的三疣梭子蟹微卫星富集文库,对含微卫星的DNA序列设计了71对引物并对其进行了多态性筛选,筛选出21对多态的微卫星引物,对三疣梭子蟹1个野生群体的30个个体进行遗传多样性检测,同时对引物进行评价。21个位点共获得了188个等位基因,平均每个位点扩增得到8.9个等位基因。不同引物获得的等位基因数差异较大,从3～13个不等,其中Pot8、Pot37、Pot48、Pot53、Pot54、Pot66六个位点分别获得了11、12、12、11、13、11个等位基因,而Pot46仅获得了3个等位基因。等位基因的大小分布在131～312bp,基本符合引物设计时理论产物长度。21个微卫星位点的期望杂合度的范围为0.659～0.889,PIC值均高于0.5,表明它们都有很高的杂合度,均可用于三疣梭子蟹种群遗传结构分析,为三疣梭子蟹品种选育、种系评估提供更多的微卫星DNA信息。     

菲律宾蛤仔人工选育群体与野生群体的遗传多样性分析

本研究利用10对微卫星标记对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)人工选育群体与野生群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,每个位点的等位基因数为3~12个,期望杂合度范围为0.307~0.757,观测杂合度范围0.208~0.583。等位基因丰富度AR的大小范围是3.0~10.7,PCR扩增产物片段大小在178~390 bp,共得到63个等位基因,平均等位基因数范围从4.4(白蛤)到5.1(龙王塘野生群体),野生群体等位基因丰富度最大(5.278),白蛤群体的等位基因丰富度最小(4.267)。哈迪–温伯格检验发现4个群体和10对微卫星的40个组合中,有21个组合显著偏离哈迪–温伯格平衡状态。Kruskal-Wallis检验表明各个群体间的平均等位基因丰富度无显著差异。4个群体遗传分化系数F_(st)在0.086~0.180,遗传分化最大的是白斑马蛤群体与龙王塘野生群体(F_(st)=0.180),遗传分化最小的是白蛤群体和海洋橙群体(F_(st)=0.086)。人工选育群体表现为中度分化水平(F_(st):0.086~0.113);龙王塘野生群体与人工选育群体表现为较大分化水平(F_(st):0.134~0.180)。结果表明,人工选育群体的遗传多样性仍然比较高,但连续的选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化有一定程度的影响。     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

Genetic diversity in a Tasmanian hatchery population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) compared with its Canadian progenitor population

The level of genetic diversity in a cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from Tasmania, Australia was examined at 11 microsatellite loci and compared with that in its progenitor population from the River Philip in Nova Scotia, Canada. The reference progenitor population consisted of archived scales collected from wild River Philip salmon in 1971 and 1972, not long after salmon from this river were imported into Australia in the mid‐1960s. The Tasmanian hatchery stock had a significant reduction in the mean number of alleles (31–43%) and mean allelic richness (28–39%) across all microsatellite loci compared with the wild Canadian population. Mean heterozygosity levels remained unchanged. Estimates of per‐generation effective population sizes for the Tasmanian population, based on allele frequency temporal variance with the wild progenitor population, ranged from 102–207 individuals and reflected hatchery records.     

Population genetic structure of sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus in Korea using microsatellite markers

Sea cucumber ( Stichopus japonicus ) is a commercially valuable species in Korea. We examined the genetic characteristics of sea cucumber populations in Korea using microsatellite markers. A total of 144 sea cucumbers from five populations were typed for nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 139 different alleles were found over all loci and many alleles were unique. The average number of allele per locus ranged from 6 to 18.4. The average observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.532 to 0.626 and from 0.719 to 0.789 respectively. All populations showed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at almost all loci except one (Psj2409). This deviation was in the direction of heterozygote deficit. A phylogenetic tree revealed two distinct clusters. One cluster was formed by the eastern sea population. A second cluster consisted of the subpopulations of the western and southern sea populations. The eastern sea population showed genetic differences such as a larger number of alleles per locus, a larger number of unique alleles and a smaller number of the most common alleles, suggesting a higher genetic diversity in this population. These results provide basic information on natural population genetic structure of S. japonicus in Korea.     

凡纳滨对虾引进群体和2个养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用8个微卫星标记对引进的SPF凡纳滨对虾G0和两个养殖群体(G1,G2)进行遗传多样性分析。8个座位共获得64个等位基因,位点的等位基因数在5~l3之间。多态信息含量PIC在0.405 2~0.869 3之间,其中有6个位点为高度多态位点,适合于多态性分析。8个座位丢失的和新产生的等位基因共30个,占总数的47%。3个群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.193 8、0.196 1、0.232 5,说明3个群体的遗传多样性较低。对近交系数Fis分析显示3个群体中存在近交,通过对哈迪温伯格平衡检验,显示所有座位均显著偏离平衡,存在杂合子缺失。通过配对Fst和Ne i遗传距离分析,显示3个群体之间有明显的遗传分化,说明种群结构发生了明显的遗传变异,变异可能来自于突变、随机漂变和选择的共同作用。实验结果能够很好地解释经过若干群体选育后,子代群体发生种质退化的现状,由此建议综合采用遗传育种的方法从引进的亲虾中筛选出性状优良稳定的仔虾作为虾苗。     

用微卫星DNA技术对中国对虾人工选育群体遗传多样性的研究

利用微卫星技术对中国对虾人工选育群体第1代和第6代群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。对10个微卫星位点进行了扩增,共产生74个等位基因,每个位点产生的等位基因数从3到13不等。在两个群体中,所观察到的等位基因数都比有效等位基因数多。多态信息含量PIC值0．5567～0．8877,说明这10个微卫星位点在中国对虾中具有较高的信息含量。两个群体的平均杂合度分别为0．6400(CP1)、0．6300(CP6),并通过计算基因型的P值,确定了对Hardy-Weinberg平衡的偏离情况。对Fis值的计算表明两个群体内共有5个微卫星位点存在杂合度观察值过剩的现象。两个群体的Shannon多样性指数分别为1．6830、1．7382,整个选育群体(两个群体作为一个群体)的遗传多样性指数为1．7742。从遗传多样性所占的比例来看,96．415％的遗传变异是来自群体内,只有3．585％的遗传变异是来自群体间。两个群体间的相似性系数高达0．9187,彼此间的遗传距离仅为0．0848,体现出人工选育群体的遗传分化程度较低。结果均说明第6代群体还有较大的选育潜力,可以继续保持遗传效应,最终保证选种育种工作的成功。     

IHB系稀有鮈鲫遗传结构研究

分析IHB系稀有鮈鲫在繁育过程中的遗传结构变化,旨在鉴定IHB系的遗传质量,为实验动物封闭群的建群和维持以及濒危物种种群保护提供参考和借鉴。IHB系稀有鮈鲫建群原代(P0)为2006年采自四川省汉源县的野生个体,采用最佳避免近交法繁育出F1~F8世代,利用12对微卫星位点对遗传结构进行分析。在IHB系培育过程中,平均观测等位基因数从4.4个降低为4.1个,平均有效等位基因数从4.0个降低为3.0个,平均期望杂合度从0.5878降低到0.5518,平均多态信息含量从0.5509降到0.5293;随着传代的持续,后代与建群原代之间的遗传距离与分化程度有逐渐增大趋势,但相邻世代间的差异逐渐减小;繁育过程中共丢失了6个等位基因,从F5代后所有等位基因频率均无显著变化。经过8代的繁育,IHB系遗传多样性虽略有下降,但仍维持适宜的水平,近交程度得到有效控制,且遗传结构趋于稳定,符合实验动物封闭群遗传质量要求。IHB系可作为稀有鮈鲫地模种群的活体基因库。     

Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers from Nibea albiflora

Nibea albiflora is a commercially important fish species in China. Herein we report 16 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers in Nibea albiflora by using the 5′ anchored polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The characteristics of these loci were estimated by using a sample of 30 individuals. A total of 79 alleles were detected with an average of 4.9 alleles per locus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to nine. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values for the 16 microsatellite loci ranged from 0.3131 to 0.7910. The observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.2333 to 1.000 and from 0.3452 to 0.8421, with an average of 0.7248 and 0.6592, respectively. Four loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.0031), and no significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was found. This study provides useful information for studies on genetic diversity and structure, construction of genetic linkage maps of N. albiflora, and effective management of this fish resource.     

团头鲂3个选育群体遗传潜力的微卫星分析

为从遗传多样性的角度了解团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)3个选育群体的遗传潜力,该研究以团头鲂"浦江1号"选育奠基群体(F_0)为对照组,采用14个多态性转录组微卫星标记评估了团头鲂3个选育群体的遗传多样性,分析其遗传潜力。结果显示,3个选育群体平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)为7.928 6~8.785 7,有效等位基因数(A_E)为4.409 4~4.878 4,观察杂合度(H_O)为0.491 1~0.574 4,期望杂合度(HE)为0.741 3~0.751 8,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.691 2~0.705 2,近交系数(FIS)为0.229~0.352。3个选育群体的遗传多样性水平(AE、HE)均高于F0群体,但不存在显著差异(P0.05)。3个选育群体的有效群体大小(N_e)为11.0~29.3,在近期可能经历过遗传瓶颈。3个选育群体间D_A、D_(SW)遗传距离分别为0.175 4~0.358 8、0.804 7~1.054 4。该结果表明,3个选育群体的遗传多样性较高,遗传潜力较大,但因有效群体数量较少和瓶颈效应的影响,存在杂合度下降和近交衰退的风险,今后需采取科学措施来保护选育群体的遗传潜力。     

长江宜宾江段圆口铜鱼遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用实验室克隆的23个圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti Sauvageet Dabry)微卫星标记分析了长江宜宾江段的圆口铜鱼群体遗传多样性,统计分析了有效等位基因数、观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He、多态信息含量(PIC)等遗传学指标。结果表明:23个位点有14个微卫星位点呈单态,9个位点出现多态,在这9个位点中共检测到48个等位基因,其平均有效等位基因数为5.3,多态信息含量在0.440～0.839之间变动,平均为0.670,除YT17和YT22位点属于中度多态外,其余7个位点均属于高度多态。平均观测杂合度为0.753,平均期望杂合度为0.728,表明该群体的遗传多样性较为丰富。     

Genetic diversity of walking catfish, Clarias macrocephalus, in Thailand and evidence of genetic introgression from introduced farmed C. gariepinus

The Thai walking catfish, Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864, is economically important to Thailand. It occupies marshes and swamps that are severely endangered due to population expansion and natural populations are thought to be suffering from massive back-crossing with the C. macrocephalus×C. gariepinus hybrids. Therefore, a study on genetic diversity of this species is required to enable efficient conservation and management plans. In this study, 25 natural populations were collected throughout the country, 12 populations from provinces locate in the Chaophraya river basin in the center of the country, 5 from the Mekong river basin, 1 from the east and 7 from the south. One population of hatchery origin was obtained from the Department of Aquaculture, Kasetsart University in Bangkok.

Twelve isozymes and one protein system were analyzed. Among 18 loci resolved, 8 were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus, average polymorphism and individual polymorphism were significantly higher in collections from the Chaophraya river basin than from the Mekong, east and south. The hatchery population also had relative high genetic variation. Six out of twenty-six populations differed significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. None of loci pairs showed significant linkage disequilibrium after Bonferroni correction. The F_st value across loci was highly significant from zero. A neighbor-joining tree reveals that populations from the south were genetically distinct from the remaining populations.

Alleles peculiar to the African catfish [C. gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)] genome were observed in 12 of the natural populations and the hatchery population. This is evidence of genetic introgression which has probably persisted for several generations, since there was no significant genotype disequilibrium between the macrocephalus and gariepinus alleles at three diagnostic loci.     

Genetic relatedness and differentiation of hatchery populations of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) (Bloch, 1790) broodstock in Thailand inferred from microsatellite genetic markers

After more than 20 years of hatchery production of Asian seabass in Thailand, genetic information is still lacking for effective genetic management and a selective breeding programme. This study aimed to evaluate genetic status of existing hatchery populations and genetic consequences of a selective breeding attempt. We examined genetic relatedness in seven hatchery samples, including a selectively bred population (RACF‐F1), compared with three wild samples using 11 microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity and relatedness values within most hatchery samples, except for RACF‐F1, did not differ from those of wild populations (P > 0.05). RACF‐F1 had the lowest allelic diversity and effective population size (A_r = 6.99; N_e = 7.8) and highest relatedness values (mean r_xy = 0.075–0.204). Pairwise Φ_ST values, principal component analysis and model‐based cluster analyses revealed three genetically distinct hatchery groups: Eastern Thailand (CHN, RACF, NSCF and SKCF), Southern Thailand (NICA) and the Andaman Sea (STCF). Results suggest that exiting domestic populations capture reasonable amount of genetic variation and can be useful for a base population for genetic improvement programmes. In addition, given the rapid increase in relatedness that we observed in one selectively bred population, we recommend using selection methods and hatchery practices that reduce variability in family contribution in the subsequent generations.     

Genetic relationship between broodstocks of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel) using microsatellite markers

For the first generation of a selective breeding programme, it is important to minimize the possibility of inbreeding. This mostly occurs by mating between closely related individuals, while proper mating can provide an opportunity to establish the base families with wide genetic variation from which selection for subsequent generations can be more effective. Genotyping with microsatellite‐based DNA markers can help us determine the genetic distances between the base populations. The genetic markers further facilitate the identification of the correct parents of the offspring (parentage assignments) reared together with many other families after hatching. We established a genetic analysis system with microsatellite DNA markers and analysed the genetic distances of three farmed stocks and a group of fish collected from wild populations using eight microsatellite markers. The averaged heterozygosity of the farming stocks was 0.826 and that of the wild population was 0.868. The hatchery strains had an average of 8.6 alleles per marker, which was less than a wild population that carried an average of 14.3 alleles per marker. Significant Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium (HWDE) was observed in two farming stocks (P<0.05). Despite relatively low inbreeding coefficiency of the hatchery populations, the frequency of a few alleles was highly represented over others. It suggests that the hatchery stocks to some extent have experienced inbreeding or they originated from closely related individuals. We will develop a selective program using the DNA markers and will widen the usage of the DNA‐based genetic analysis system to other fish species.     

三倍体牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星遗传标记技术对三倍体牙鲆群体及二倍体对照群体进行比较分析。取2012年冷休克诱导和培育至11月龄的三倍体及同期二倍体对照牙鲆个体各32尾,通过高盐法提取肌肉组织总DNA;利用筛选得到的21对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增,并经14%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分型后,进行人工判读和分析。结果显示,21个微卫星位点均为多态,二倍体和三倍体群体的平均等位基因数(A)、基因型总数、平均有效等位基因数(ae)、平均观测杂合度(HO)和平均期望杂合度(HE)分别为5.6和5.0、190和142、3.7和2.8、0.613和0.868、0.681和0.629。二倍体和三倍体群体的多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.642和0.589,个体识别率(DP)为0.660和0.609,非父排除率(PPE)为0.482和0.399,其累积个体识别率和非父排除率均达到0.999,表明所选座位均属中高识别力的遗传标记,可以将它们应用于今后牙鲆雌核发育群体的遗传变异分析以及进一步的遗传育种的研究中。二倍体和三倍体群体间的遗传距离(D)为0.312,遗传相似系数(I)为0.732,基因分化系数(GST)为0.971。以上结果说明,三倍体诱导对牙鲆的遗传结构造成了一定影响,导致三倍体遗传多样性水平相对二倍体有所下降,二倍体和三倍体牙鲆的基因型也存在一定差异。     

Residual genetic variability in domesticated populations of the Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) of New Caledonia,French Polynesia and Hawaii and some management recommendations

The Latin American shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris was introduced in three different Pacific islands (Tahiti, New Caledonia via Tahiti, and Hawaii) and hatchery-propagated for 7–25 generations to develop shrimp farming based on these domesticated stocks. Three microsatellite markers have been used in an attempt to assess the genetic bases of the populations available to start a selective breeding program. The comparison of eight hatchery stocks (five New Caledonian, two Hawaiian and one Tahitian stocks) and one wild Ecuadorian population showed a much lower variability in the domesticated stocks than in the wild population, especially in New Caledonia and Tahiti (2–3.7 vs. 14–27 alleles per locus; 20–60% vs. 90% expected heterozygosity). The Tahitian and the New Caledonian stocks share the same alleles, suggesting that the loss of alleles occurred during the common past of these populations. On the contrary, New Caledonian and Hawaiian populations share only one common allele at the three loci studied. Although the low genetic variability and the resulting inbreeding of the New Caledonian stocks do not seem to affect their present performance, the results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of the introduction of new stocks in order to increase the potential responses to new controlled or uncontrolled selective pressures. The introduction in New Caledonia of the Hawaiian domesticated stocks, which would provide the local shrimp industry with 40% of the allelic diversity of the species, is advised and preferred to the one of wild animals in order to take advantage (i) of the spontaneous selection which occurred during domestication and (ii) of their favourable sanitary “specific pathogen free” status (no presence of four viruses: WSV, YHV, IHHNV, TSV) which limits the risk of introduction of pathogens.     

Genetic comparison of experimental farmed strains and wild Icelandic populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Microsatellite DNA loci and the Pantophysin locus (Pan I) were used to investigate levels of genetic diversity within farmed strains of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and to compare them with the wild source population. A total of 282 farmed samples originating from a spawning ground off the south-west coast of Iceland were sampled in the years 2002 and 2003, and 258 wild cod were collected at the same spawning ground in the same years. The farmed strains exhibited a lower mean number of alleles and allelic diversity than the wild samples at the microsatellite loci. Significant differences were observed between wild and farmed samples both in allele and genotype frequencies at the Pan I locus. We argue that the genetic divergence of wild and farmed samples of Atlantic cod may be due to a small number of effective founding breeders contributing to the genetic variation of the farmed strains, inducing a reduction in allelic diversity. We discuss the potential effect of breeding practices on the genetic diversity of Atlantic cod.     

Genetic diversity of oriental river prawn(Macrobrachium nipponense De Haan)revealed by ISSR markers

日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)是中国分布范围广、经济价值较大的一种重要淡水虾类.随着养殖规模的不断扩大,如何保持养殖群体的遗传品质已引起了人们的重视.但迄今为止,养殖的日本沼虾均来自未经系统遗传选育的野生群体,而养殖病害的日趋严重和养成规格、品质的下降已严重影响到日本沼虾养殖产业的健康发展.研究野生群体的遗传结构和遗传分化,揭示其遗传多样性是制定合理有效的保护和管理策略的前提和基础.ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeats,简单重复序列中间区域)标记技术具有实验重复性好、信息量大、多态性高等优点,是一种理想的检测群体遗传变异的分子标记.因此,本研究应用ISSR标记技术对日本沼虾5个地理群体进行了初步的遗传分析,以期为合理开发和利用日本沼虾天然资源,以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供理论依据.本研究对采自江苏苏州、江西南昌、云南西双版纳、湖北宜都和新疆博湖的5个地理群体进行了初步研究.从50个ISSR引物中筛选出9个条带清晰、稳定性和重复性好,且产生相对较多条带的引物用于全部DNA样品的PCR扩增.对日本沼虾5个地理群体的群体遗传分析表明,在所有榆测到的清晰且可重复的142个有效位点中,多态位点有138个.物种水平上,多态位点百分率(PPL)、等位基因数(No)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)分别为97.18%、1.972、0.312、0.120和0.323.而在群体水平上,5个地理群体的多态位点百分率为29.58%～61.97%;等位基因数(No)为1.296～1.620;有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.165～1.281;Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.098～0.172;Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.147～0.267.从各个地理群体看,江西南昌群体的遗传多样性最高(PPB:61.97%,No:1.620,Ne:1.281,H:0.172,I:0.267),而湖北宜都群体最低(PPB:29.58%,No:1.296,Ne:1.165,H:0.098,I:0.147).群体内遗传多样度(HS)和总基因多样度(HT)分别为0.135和0.201,根据遗传多样性水平在群体内(HS)和群体间(HT-HS)的分化,各个群体之间的Nei's基因分化系数[GST=(HT-HS)/HT]是0.327.AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的38.59%,而61.41%的遗传变异源于群体内,群体之间表现出较高水平的遗传分化.与其他群体相比,新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体差异最小(FST:0.1923,遗传距离D:0.0542),而新疆博湖群体与云南西双版纳群体差异最大(FST:0.5950,D:0.1559).采用UPGMA法构建的分子系统树显示,5个地理群体明显地聚为2个族群,来自新疆博湖和江苏苏州的日本沼虾群体聚为一支,而江西南昌、湖北宜都和云南西双版纳的群体聚在一起.本研究使用9条引物对5个地理群体进行了扩增,共检测到138个多态位点,各群体的多态位点百分率(PPL)为29.58%～61.97%.与其他相关研究结果进行比较,发现对日本沼虾而言,ISSR技术是一个理想的检测群体遗传变异的分子标记.与其他群体相比,新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体各遗传参数均相近,且UPGMA系统树亦显示新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体的亲缘关系较近,推测它们可能来自同一个祖先群体.与其他野生群体相比,江西南昌群体的遗传多样性最高,该群体采自江西省鄱阳湖,鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖泊,它接纳赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河5大河及博阳河、漳田河、潼津河的来水经调蓄后由湖口注入长江,是一个过水性、吞吐型、季节型的湖泊.上游河流汇入鄱阳湖引起群体迁移使不同生态型的基因交流,增加了迁入地的遗传多样性.从遗传角度来讲,一个物种保持足够的遗传变异性是适应不同生境、生存和进化的首要保证.因此,较高水平的遗传多样性对于保护和利用野生群体具有重要意义.本研究表明,在日本沼虾的多样性研究方面,ISSR标记技术是一个非常有效的检测群体遗传变异的遗传标记.研究结果可以为合理开发和利用日本沼虾自然野生资源,以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供基础资料.